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Some historians date the existence of the polity of Adal back into antiquity, identifying it with the Aualites. Reference
to Adal, under this name, dates back to the 10th century. From 1285 to 1415, the region of Adal was controlled by the
Sultanate of Ifat. The Muslim Sultanate of Awdal (Adal, Adel) existed from c.1415 to 1555. Through the port of Zeila (Seilac) it had access
to maritime trade. At its climax, it controlled the city of Harar.
A Kingdom of Awdal (Adel, Adal) continues to appear in European books into the later 19th century.
By the mid 18th century, the polity of Adal had broken up into the Sultanate of Tadjoura and the territory of the Issa. From the late 1870s to 1884 the territory of Awdal was under the administration of Egypt; from 1884 to 1960 part of British Somaliland; from 1960 to the disintegration of Somalia part of the latter; since then part of unrecognized Somaliland (Awdal). The (north)westernmost government of Somalia / Somaliland is called Awdal. |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles | Current |
Article : Adal Sultanate, from Wikipedia |
| Historic |
| Links | on History |
Category : Kingdom of Adal, from Wikipedia |
| Timelines |
| Historical Dictionary |
| Organizations |
Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University |
| Timelines |
| Accounts of History | General, Modern |
Article : Adal Sultanate, from Wikipedia Awdal History, from Awdal Youth Foundation |
| General, Historical |
| Specific Periods |
Article : Ifat Sultanate, from Wikipedia |
| Military |
| Economy & Finances |
| Ethnography |
Article : Issa (Clan), from Wikipedia |
| Religion |
| History of Regions |
| Local History |
Article : Zeila, from Wikipedia History of Zeila, from Zeila TV |
| Institutions |
| Culture | M. Sheikh Farah, The History of Zeila and the Zeilii Folklore Dance in the Awdal Region, Camuud News |
| Biographies |
| Others |
Afrotropic Ecoregion, from WWF |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers |
| Online Yearbooks | International |
| Image Databanks |
19th century image of Zeila, posted by Wikipedia |
| Archival Deposits |
| Constitutions, Laws |
| Treaties | General Treaty Collections |
| Bilateral Treaty Collections |
| Document Collections |
| Historical Maps | map collections |
16th to 20th century maps of Africa, Melville J. Herskovits Library
of African Studies at Northwestern University Category : Old Maps of Somalia, from Wikipedia Category : Maps of the History of Somalia, from Wikipedia |
| entire country, hindsight/modern |
Maps : Ifat c.1300,
Sultanate of Adal c.1500, from Wikipedia Horn of Africa 70 A.D., 560 A.D., 1100 A.D., 1300 A.D., 1550 A.D., 1650 A.D., 1730 A.D., 1890 A.D., from Wikimedia Commons Eastern Hemisphere 1100 A.D., 1200 A.D., 1300 A.D., 1400 A.D., 1500 A.D., by Thomas Lessman |
| entire country, contemporary |
G. Mercator, Abissinorum sive Pretiosi Joannis imperii, 1530,
Northwestern University
Library Blaeu, Aethiopia superior vel interior vulgo Abissinorum sive Presbiteri Ioannis Imperium. 1650 Northwestern University Library G. de l'Isle, Carte de l'Egypte, de la Nubie de l'Abissinie &c. (c.1700) 1792, Northwestern University Library E. Bowen, A new and accurate map of Nubia & Abissinia, 1747, Northwestern University Library J. Pinkerton, Abyssinia, Nubia &c. 1814, Northwestern University Library |
| detail, hindsight/modern |
| detail, contemporary |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Adel, p.118 in vol.1 of Penny cyclopaedia of the Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1833, GB |
| Religious |
| Economic |
Adel, p.79 in C.G. Ludovici, Allgemeine Schatz-Kammer Der Kauffmannschafft oder
Vollständiges Lexicon aller Handlungen und Gewerbe So wohl in Deutschland als auswärtigen Königreichen und Ländern,
1743, in German, GB De la Cote d'Ajan, pp.184-185 in vol.1 of J.B.A.M. d'Hertereau, La parfaite intelligence du commerce, 1785, in French, GB Cotes d'Adel et d"Ajan, pp.32-33 in Tableau general du commerce de l'Europe, avec l'Afrique, les Indes orientales et l'Amerique, 1787, in French, GB |
| Political |
Royaume d'Adel, pp.483-485 in P. d'Avity, Le Monde, ou la Description generale de ses quatre parties,
Part 2 : Description de l'Afrique, 1637, Gallica Royaume d'Adel, pp.483-485 in P. d'Avity, Le Monde, ou la Description generale de ses quatre parties, Part 2 : Description de l'Afrique, 1643, GB Royaume d'Adel, pp.502-504 in P. d'Avity, Le Monde, ou la Description generale de ses quatre parties, Part 2 : Description de l'Afrique, 1660, GB |
| Geographical |
Das Königreich Adel oder Zeila, pp.653-654 in O. Dapper,
Umbstaendliche und eigentliche Beschreibung von Africa, 1670, in German, GB Royaume d'Adel, p.245 in vol.2 of J. Robbe, Methode pour apprendre facilement la geographie, 1687, in French, GB Royaume d'Adel, p.114 in D.M. du Plessis, Nouvelle géographie ou description exacte de l'univers, 1700, in French, GB Kingdom of Adel, pp.409-410 in vol.4 of C. Malte-Brun, Universal Geography, 1825, GB The Kingdom or Country of Somauli or Adel, p.358 in J. MacGregor, Commercial Statistics, 1850, GB Adal and East Africa, pp.480-481 in W.L. Bevan, The student's manual of modern geography, 1860, GB |
| Ethnographical |
La cote d'Ajan, p.123 in vol.3 of A. Wahlen, J.J. van Beveren,
Mours, usages et costumes de tous les peuples du monde, 1844, in French, GB |
| Historical |
Adel, Royaume, p.51 in vol.1 of L. Moreri,
Le grand dictionaire historique, 1683, in French, GB Adel, Royaume, p.109 in vol.1 of L. Moreri, Le grand dictionaire historique, 1740, in French, GB Royaume d'Adel, p.605-623 in vol.24 of G.T.F. Raynal, Histoire universelle, depuis le commencement du monde jusqu'à présent, 1765, in French, GB The Kingdom of Adel, pp.312-319 in vol.13 of W. Mavor, Universal History, Ancient and Modern, 1804, GB |
| Other |
| Tour Guides, Travelogues |
C.E.X. Rochet d'Hericourt, Voyage sur la cote
orientale de la mer Rouge, dans le pays d'Adel et le royaume de Choa, 1841, in French, GB C. Johnston, Travels in Southern Abyssinia, through the country of Adal to the Kingdom of Shoa, vol.1, 1844, GB |
| Institutions | Archives |
Ethiopian National Archives and Library Agency |
| Musea |
| Monuments |
| Libraries |
| State Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
| Coins, Banknotes |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| Bibliographies | general |
ISBN Database Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde (Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies) (site in German, most titles listed in English; numerous entries; publications mostly since 1970) RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library |
| on Awdal |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus |
| on Awdal |
| Online Journals | full text online |
|
Table of Contents Online |
| General Accounts |
| Specific Topics |
| Historical Dictionaries |
