Literature on the History of East Africa |
History of Zanzibar : Narrative . References : Online Secondary Sources . Online Primary Sources . Bibliographic and Print Sources |
NARRATIVE until 1699 . 1699-1856 . 1856-1890 . 1890-1964 . Since 1964 See also History of the Swahili Coast, History of Tanzania |
Pre-1699 Visited by Arab traders since the 8th century, Islam had been introduced by the early 12th century. There was regular trade between the cities of the Swahili Coast, among which Zanzibar, and Arabia (Oman), Persia and India. The Shirazi Persians, according to legend descendants of Ali ben Sultan Hasan (975), migrated to Zanzibar and the Comores which they subjugated; over time, numerous Shirazi sultanates emerged on these islands. Major trade commodities were ivory, rubber, Katanga copper and African slaves. Early in the 16th century Portugal came to dominate trade on the Indian Ocean. In 1503 they established a trading station. They were ousted by a coalition of Kilwa and the Sultanate of Oman in 1698. 1699-1856 The city of Zanzibar soon outshadowed the old city of Kilwa as the trade hub of the East African coast. From 1741, Zanzibar was a remote outpost of the Sultanate of Oman, an island of some economic importance, with an ethnically mixed population due to intermarriage of African, Arabian, Persian and Indian immigrants. The predominant religion was Islam. When there was a power struggle over succession in Oman in 1741, the Governor of Mombasa used the opportunity to virtually declare his independence; Mombasa was ruled by the Mazru'i Dynasty. In 1841, Sultan Sayyid Said of Oman (1804-1856) moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. In 1856, his Sultanate was partitioned, son Majid inheriting the Sultanate of Zanzibar. 1856-1890 The Sultanate extended beyond the island of Zanzibar, including the islandof Pemba further north. The Sultan's suzerainty was recognized along the coast of nearby East Africa, up north to the Witu Region (modern Kenya). Zanzibar was a trade center, slaves and ivory being the dominant commodities. The cultivation of Cloves had been introduced in 1818, and it became the major plantation crop on the island. Cornevin describes mid 19th century Zanzibar as the world's largest market for cloves, ivory and slaves. Zanzibar became the prime outlet of a growing network of caravans which opened up Africa's interior. Imported wares, mainly rifles and ammunition, provided the owners of caravans with the means to establish and expand theur business and base of power. In 1873 the British Navy compelled Sultan Bargash to abolish slave trade). The British have long played a role as advisers to the Sultan of Zanzibar. In 1877, Sultan Bargash, in communication with the Germans, refused a British protectorate; in 1880, Germany's chancellor Bismarck rejected a request by the Sultan of Zanzibar for a German protectorate. In 1886, Britain and Germany, both interested in the acquisition of colonies, agreed on partitioning the mainland territories of the Sultanate, ostensibly to suppress the slave trade the Sultan had nominally abolished and was unable to suppress, technically while respecting the Sultan's sovereignty. Britain would receive British East Africa (Kenya), while Germany would go on to establish German East Africa (Tanzania). Zanzibar, i.e. the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, remained independent until 1890. 1890-1964 In 1886, Britain and Germany signed a treaty according to which the territory of the Sultanate of Zanzibar on the African continent was split up between the Germans and the British; the island of Zanzibar itself, with the island of Pemba was to remain independent. In 1890, Germany and Britain signed another treaty. Germany recognized Zanzibar and Pemba as located within the British sphere of interest, and ceded German claims over Wituland, Benadir (Italian Somaliland) and Uganda in exchange for the much smaller and less populated island of Heligoland, located in the North Sea, as well as the Caprivi Strip linking German South West Africa with the Zambezi river. The conception that Germany would have ceded Zanzibar to Britain in the treaty of 1890 is a widespread misconception. Germany never exercised a protectorate over Zanzibar and in 1890 only accepted the establishment of a British protectorate over that hitherto independent island sultanate. The British treated Zanzibar as a protectorate. The dynasty of the Sultans continued (now limited to Zanzibar and Pemba), advised by the British consul general (until 1913), from then by the British resident. In 1914 World War I broke out; British/South African troops stationed in Kenya and on Zanzibar and German troops stationed in German East Africa facing each other. The island of Mafia, part of German East Africa, was occupied by the British navy in 1914. Until 1916 the situation on the Kenyan/Tanganyikan border was a stalemate; then British troops penetrated into German East Africa; German commander von Lettow-Vorbeck switched to guerilla warfare, holding out until the war in Europe was over. After World War I, German East Africa, now named Tanganyika, as a B mandate of the League of Nations, was granted to Britain. Little changed on Zanzibar, which continuously was treated as a British protectorate. There was no British attempt to settle the island. The island, having lost it's economic hinterland in 1886 - the mainland ports of Mombasa (Kenya) and Daressalaam (Tanganyika) had taken over the port functions for these areas - now depended on it's main export product, cloves. In 1926, a Legislative Assembly was introduced which took over the function of the advisory council. The laws of Zanzibar (based on Islamic law, new decrees influenced by British law) were first codified in 1922. British residents : 1930-1937 Sir R.S. Rankine, 1937-1940 Sir J.H. Hall. According to a census undertaken in 1931, the population of Zanzibar and Pemba combined was 250,000, of them 199,750 Africans, 34,000 Arabs, 16,000 Indians, 250 Europeans. Until 1936 the Indian rupee, the Omani pice and Zanzibar currency board coins were simultaneously used. In 1936 Zanzibar joined the East African Currency Board, the standard coin being the East African Shilling. Zanzibar and Pemba continued to dominate world clove production. After World War II, universal adult suffrage was introduced and political parties emerged, the ZNP and ZPPP representing the Arab population element and ASP the Africans. In 1963, first self-government was introduced, then independence declared. In 1963, Zanzibar was admitted to the United Nations. Since 1964 A revolt in January 1964 overthrew the elected government. The republic was declared; Sultan Jamshid Ibn Abdallah went into exile. ZNP and ZPPP were dissolved. Many Arabs and Indians left the country; Zanzibar merged with Tanganyika, forming the new state of Tanzania. In 1967, the island of Zanzibar had 204,000 inhabitants, Pemba another 150,000. In 1984 Zanzibar adopted a constitution. Historical atlas, Zanzibar Page .. Tanzania Page .. British East Africa Page Students' Paper : Sung Ji Yun, History of Nutrition in East Africa (2012) |
Country Profiles | Modern |
from BBC Country Profiles Article : Zanzibar, from Wikipedia Sansibar, from Deutsche Schutzgebiete, in German Almanach de Saxe-Gotha, Sultanate of Zanzibar |
Historical |
Col. Sykes, Notes on the Possessions of the Imaun of Muskat, on the Climate and Productions of Zanzibar, and on the Prospects of African Discovery from Mombas Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 23 1853, IA R. Burton, Zanzibar, vol.1 1872, vol.2 1872, Burtoniana Great Britain, Central Office of Information, Zanzibar, Island of Cloves 1963, IA |
Links | General |
Category : Zanzibar, from Wikipedia |
on History |
Category : History of Zanzibar, from Wikipedia |
Organizations |
Zanzibar Department of Archives, Museums and Antiquities |
Historical Dictionaries |
East Africa Living Encyclopedia |
Timelines |
Search Google News Archive for Zanzibar, click Timeline Antor, Zanzibar Historical Events, timeline 1900-2000 |
Accounts of History | Current |
Article : History of Zanzibar, from Wikipedia History of Zanzibar, from Zanzinet |
Historical |
Specific Periods |
Islam and the Catholic Crusade Movement in Zanzibar, by
Khatib M. Rajab al Zinjibari Omani Arab Rule in Zanzibar M. Walsh, Killing the King: The Demonization and Extermination of the Zanzibar Leopard 2007, Scribd R.N. Lyne, Zanzibar in Contemporary Times: A Short History of the Southern East in the Nineteenth Century 1905, IA |
Historiography |
Military |
Orders, Decorations and Medals : Zanzibar, from Jean Paul le Blanc Article : Abushiri Revolt, Anglo-Zanzibar War, Zanzibar Revolution, from Wikipedia M. White, Death Tolls for the Multicides of the Twentieth Century, Zanzibar Massacre 1964 History and the Sock Merchant, The shortest War in History : Anglo-Zanzibar War of 1896 |
Economy & Finances |
Entry Zanzibar - see Tanzania,
from Global History of Currencies, by Bryan Taylor Currency Boards and Dollarization by Kurt Schuler; click for Tanzania (on Zanzibar) L. Simonin, Underground Life: or, Mines and miners, 1869, GB; p.256 lists Zanzibar as a coaling station South Africa, Department of Mines and Industries, Report on trade conditions in British East Africa, Uganda and Zanzibar (1919), IA Zanzibar's Commercial Empire, from East Africa, the Western Indian Ocean Basin, and the World Economy, 1760 to 1880 from College Board AP World History E. Krain et al., The Natural and Economic History of the Coconut in Zanzibar, The Palm Enthusiast (Journal of the South African Palm Society) vol.19 no.2 pp.7-20 (2002) |
Ethnography |
G. Dale, The peoples of Zanzibar, their customs and religious beliefs (1920),
IA |
Religion |
Catholic Diocese of Zanzibar Julius Nyerere, Father of the Nation, Nyerere against Islam in Zanzibar and Tanganyika Agha Mehdi, Short history of Shias in Zanzibar L. Declich, The Mundiris of Zanzibar: Three Generations of Ibadi Ulama' at the Sultan's Court (1800-1900) 2004 Frank Weston, Anglican Bishop of Zanzibar : Our Present Duty 1923, Project Canterbury |
by Region | J.M. Merklin, Countries and Territories of the 20th Century, 2009 : British Protectorate of Zanzibar Sultanate 1900-07-08, 1908-07-08, 1918-07-08, 1928-07-08, 1938-07-08, 1948-07-08, 1958-07-08, Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar 1968-07-08, Revolutionary Council of Zanzibar 1978-07-08, 1988-07-08, 1998-07-08, 2008-07-08, |
Local History |
History, from Stone Town.org B.A. Levy, The Maritime History Project : Seaports of the World, Zanzibar E. Steere, Some Account of the Town of Zanzibar 1869, Wikisource A. Juma, Unguja Ukuu on Zanzibar : An archaeological study of early urbanism, thesis Uppsala 2004 |
Institutions |
Structurae : Zanzibar City;
search Lighthouse Explorer for Zanzibar Zanzibar Revolutionary Government : Zanzibar Port Corporation, from Seaport Homestead |
Cultural History |
A. Steere, A Handbook of the Swahili Language, as Spoken at Zanzibar (1890),
IA |
Biographies |
African Women Bibliographic Database Dictionary of African Christian Biography Project Canterbury, H.M. Smith : Frank (Weston), Bishop of Zanzibar 1926 |
Environmental History |
Others |
Afrotropic Ecoregion, from WWF |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon),
from Rulers (B. Schemmel); scroll down for Zanzibar Regnal Chronologies : Eastern Africa, scroll down for Zanzibar |
Lists of Consuls |
W. Gilbert, Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), thesis Wesleyan Univ. 2011 |
Statistical Data | Population Figures |
from Population Statistics (Jan Lahmeyer), scroll down for
Pemba N, S, Zanzibar N, W, S |
Election Results |
from African Elections Database, since 1957 |
Documents | Historical Newspapers | Hemerotheques |
Online Newspapers |
Individual Articles |
Online Yearbooks - Zanzibar Entries |
Statesman's Year-Book, Zanzibar
1886, pp.757-758, IA,
1887, pp.783-786, IA,
1888, pp.787-790, IA,
1889, pp.797-800, IA,
1890, (Zanzibar omitted), IA,
1891, pp.192-195, IA,
1892, pp.198-202, IA,
1894, pp.199-202, IA,
1895, pp.199-202, IA,
1896, pp.199-202, IA,
1898, (Zanzibar omitted), IA,
East Africa : Zanzibar
1899, pp.197-200, IA,
1903, pp.210-214, IA,
1913, pp.180-184, IA,
1919, pp.184-190, IA,
1921, pp.186-192, IA |
Staatskalender |
British Online Archives, Zanzibar Blue Books 1913-1947 |
Image Databanks |
Systematic Collections General |
Systematic Collections Specialist |
Accidental Collections |
Universal Collections Items on Zanzibar |
License Plates, from License Plates around the World Maritime Timetable Images, British India Steam Navigation Co.; P&O Line, Zanzibar listed as port of call |
Archival Deposits |
British Provenience Search National Archives (UK) for Zanzinar Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Archive Records Durham University, Special Collections Catalogue, Wylde Family, Papers of W.H. Wylde relating to general consular business, particularly with regard to the west and east coasts of Africa, various expeditions and slavery Archives Hub UK, Papers of Robert Lambert Playfair and other members of the Playfair family Sir Robert Lambert Playfair (1828-1899). He moved to Zanzibar as Political Agent in 1862 where he remained until his retirement from the army as Lieutenant-Colonel and his appointment as Consul-General of Algeria in 1867. National Archives (UK) India Office Records, Aitchison, C U (comp), A collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries [revised and continued up to 1 June 1906]: Vol 13 Turkish Arabia, Aden and South coast of Arabia, Somaliland, R Shoa, and Zanzibar. Calcutta, 1909 IOR/V/27/271/46 1909 U.S. Provenience National Archives (U.S.), Guide to Federal Records, Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State 84.3 Records of Consular Posts 1790-1963 : Tanzania (Zanzibar), 1834-1956 University of Chicago, Slave Trade, material relating to the slave trade presented to the British House of Commons in the nineteenth century Duke University Libraries Rubenstein Collection, Guide to the Cataloged Collections in the Manuscript Department of the William R. Perkins Library, Duke University, Charles Harris Allen Papers 1893-1902; One letter from Lord Curzon, 1897, criticizes statements by Allen and Joseph A. Pease concerning the government's policy about slavery on Zanzibar. Other Provenience M. Walsh, The Lost Library, Books and Typescripts of Zanzibar , East African Notes and Records 2013 Ibadism: Thoughts and Practices of Ibadiyya, Zanzibar History, list of documents |
Constitutions |
Laws |
Search World Intellectual Property Organization website for Zanzibar A. Imbert, Le droit abadhite chez les Musulmans de Zanzibar & de l'Afrique orientale (1903) in French, IA United Republic of Tanzania, Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar Act, 1964, Apr. 25 1964, World Intellectual Property Organization The Constitution of Zanzibar, 1984, World Intellectual Property Organization |
Treaties |
UK Treaties Online, search for Zanzibar Zanzibar, pp.1289- in vol.12 of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776-1949, 1974, GB Treaty Great Britain - Zanzibar, Sept. 20 1875, posted by P. Davis Wikipedia Article : Moresby Treaty 1822, between Captain Moresby (UK) and the Sultan of Zanzibar; explanation, not the treaty text |
Consular Reports |
Despatches from United States consuls in Zanzibar, Zanzibar, British Africa, 1836-1908
vol.2 1969, IA Despatches from Dr. Seward, H. M. Acting Political Resident at Zanzibar, to Lord Stanley, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1866, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London 11, IA J.F. Gjersø, Vice-Consul Haggard's Report of Aug. 25 1884, The Civilising Mission Muscat : Island of Zanzibar, pp.367-368 in vol.3 of E. Flagg, Report on the Commercial Relations of the United States with All Foreign Nations, 1857, GB |
Historiography |
Document Surveys |
Government Publications relating to Zanzibar, 1860-1963 1979 |
Document Collections |
B. Moritz, Sammlung arabischer Schriftstücke aus Zanzibar und Oman (1892) in German,
IA C.U. Aitchison, A Collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries, vol.13 (1909), IA; Vol 13 Turkish Arabia, Aden and South coast of Arabia, Somaliland, R Shoa, and Zanzibar |
Individual Documents |
UN Security Council, Resolutions, Resolution 184 : Admission of new Members to the UN: Zanzibar,
16 Dec 1963 UN General Assembly, Resolutions, 18th Session, Resolution 1975 : Admission of Zanzibar to Membership of the United Nations, 16 Dec. 1963 Church Missionary Society, The Slave Trade of East Africa, Christian Observer 1869, Wikisource |
Historical Maps | collections |
Africa, Modern |
Africa 1905,
1912,
1938,
1959,
1967,
1993, J. de Salas Vara del Rey Distribution of African Languages, map from Muturzikin |
Africa, Contemporary |
Map of 1821 by William C. Woodbridge, from Yale Univ. Library,
has COAST OF ZANGUEBAR extend from Zambezi estuary to Juba River Historical Map of Africa 1885, Nations Online Project Africa 1885, PCL, UTexas Africa 1909, World Maps Online Africa 1910, Emerson Kent Africa 1913, Zonu |
Zanzibar, Modern |
Zanzibar, Contemporary |
Dalrymple, Plan of the island of Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa from a french ms. 1784, Gallica A. Bertrand, Plan de Zanzibar, 1846, Gallica R. de Lannoy de Bissy, Carte de l'Afrique a l echelle de 1:2 000 000 42. Zanzibar 1885, 42. Zanzibar 1892, Gallica Zanzibar 1905, GeoGreif Zanzibar 1906, 1907, 1932, Probert Encyclopedia Deutsch-Ostafrika 1912, Deutsch-Ostafrika 1919, from Deutsche Schutzgebiete Völkerkarte Deutsch-Ostafrika n.d., GeoGreif Verwaltungs- und Verkehrskarte Deutsch-Ostafrika n.d., GeoGreif |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
Secular |
Articles Zanzibar (city),
Zanzibar (Sultanate),
Pemba, EB 1911, Classic Encyclopedia, Internet Archive Wayback Machine Article Sansibar, in Meyers Konversationslexikon 4th ed. 1885-1892, in German, Retrobibliothek Article Zanzibar, Suaheli Kysten, Pemba, Mombas, Quilon, from S. Anskjaer, Geografisk-Statistisk Haandbog 1858-1863, in Danish Article Zanzibar, from The New Student's Reference Work 1914, Wikisource |
Religious |
Article : Zanzibar, from Catholic Encyclopedia 1907 |
Economic |
Zanzibar Protectorate p.324 in J. MacFarlane,
Economic geography, c. 1910, GB |
Geographical |
Das Sultanat Sansibar, from Jaduland, text :
Ritter, Länder- und Völkerkunde, 1904 (in German) |
Ethnographical |
E. Reclus, A.H. Keane, The Earth and its Inhabitants Africa vol.4 : South and East Africa, 1890, IA : Zanzibar pp.301-336 E. Reclus, A.H. Keane, Africa and its Inhabitants vol.4 1899, IA; Zanzibar pp.326-336 |
Historical |
Parliamentary Debates |
Search Hansard for Zanzibar |
Travelogues |
R.F. Burton, Zanzibar: City, Island, and Coast (1872), IA F.B. Pearce, Zanzibar : the island metropolis of eastern Africa (1920), IA E. Younghusband, Glimpses of East Africa and Zanzibar (1910), IA R.D. Payne, In Zanzibar, 1925, IA |
Memoirs |
Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar. Emily Ruete born Sayyida, Princess of Zanzibar and Oman, Princeton (1888) : Markus Wiener 2000 [G];
1888 English edition online at IA G.L. Sulivan, Dhow chasing in Zanzibar waters and on the eastern coast of Africa. Narrative of five years' experiences in the suppression of the slave trade (1873), IA Zanzibar and East Africa 1893, pp.279-350 in vol.1 of R. Rodd, Social and Diplomatic Memories 1922, IA |
Institutions | Archives |
Zanzibar National Archives |
Musea |
The Palace Museum, from Zanzibar Web |
Monuments |
Libraries |
The Zanzibar Museum, from Zanzibar Web |
Official Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag, from FOTW; pre-1890 flag, from
FOTW |
Coins, Banknotes |
Banknotes of Zanzibar, from World Currency Museum;
from Ron Wise's World Paper Money Coin Catalogue of Zanzibar, from Numismaticon Coins of Zanzibar, from Coins of the World; Search Coin Archives for Zanzibar |
Stamps |
Rare Zanzibar Stamps, from Sandafayre Stamp Gallery;
Zanzibar Stamps 1895-1926, from Stamps Catalogue 1840-1920 by Evert Klaseboer |
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND PRINT SOURCES Bibliographies . Online Libraries . Thesis Servers . Online Journals . General Accounts . Specific Topics . Historical Dictionaries . Statistical Data . Yearbooks |
Bibliographies | general |
Search ISBN Database RHS Bibliography, search for Zanzibar; Search UK National Archive Online Library for Zanzibar |
on Zanzibar | survey of bibliographies |
bibliographic database |
general bibliographies |
specialist bibliographies |
serial publications |
booksellers |
Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
Gallica;
Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek International Boundary Studies |
on Zanzibar |
Aluka, African Online Digital Library (AODL),
African Digital Library (ADL) Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Universitätsbibliothek, Sammlungen, click : Kolonialbibliothek |
Thesis Server |
Registry of Open Access Repositories : Tanzania Open Access Theses and Dissertations |
Online Journals |
Directory of Open Access Journals |
General Accounts |
Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar. Emily Ruete born Sayyida, Princess of Zanzibar and Oman, Princeton (1888) : Markus Wiener 2000 [G];
1888 English edition online at IA Robert Nunez Lyne, Zanzibar in Contemporary Times (1905), NY : Negro Universities Press 1969 [G] |
Specific Topics |
Les debuts de l'esclavagisme arabe de Zanzibar (1810-1850), from Robert Cornevin, Histoire du Congo, Paris 1970 pp.53-54;
La Grande Offensive des Negriers de Zanzibar et de Khartoum (apres 1860); from ditto pp.73-77 [G] |
Historical Dictionaries |
Laura S. Kurtz, Historical Dictionary of Tanzania, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1978 [G] |
Statistical Data |
IHS : B.R. Mitchell, International Historical Statistics. The Americas 1750-2000, London : Palgrave 2003 [G] |
Yearbook Entries | Britannica Book of the Year |
Zanzibar, 1913 p.645 [G] British East Africa, 1944 p.127, 1945 pp.124-125, 1946 pp.146-147, 1947 pp.149-150, 1948 pp.139-140, 1949 pp.118-120, 1950 pp.127-128, 1951 pp.124-125, 1952 pp.122-123, 1953 pp.123-124, 1954 pp.121-124, 1955 pp.181-183, 1956 pp.120-122, 1957 pp.180-182 [G] Zanzibar, 1958 p.759, 1959 p.758, 1960 p.758, 1961 p.758, 1962 p.748, 1963 pp.861-862, 1964 pp.870-871 [G] |
Statesman's Yearbook |
Zanzibar, 1895 pp.199-202, 1898 pp.182-185, 1901 pp.198-201, 1905 pp.214-218, 1910 pp.175-179 [G] British East Africa : Zanzibar , 1919 pp.184-190, 1924 pp.193-198, 1925 pp.197-202, 1926 pp.201-206, 1928 pp.199-204, 1929 pp.200-205, 1932 pp.203-208, 1937 pp.223-227 [G] Zanzibar, 1943 pp.214-219, 1970-1971 pp.450-452, 1975-1976 pp.496-498 [G] |
Americana Annual |
Zanzibar, 1927 p.904, 1928 p.836, 1930 p.830, 1931 p.814, 1932 p.780, 1933 pp.817-818, 1934 pp.650-651,
1935 pp.785-786, 1936 pp.799-800, 1937 p.765, 1938 p.764, 1939 p.837, 1940 pp.846-847 [G] British East Africa, 1930 pp.129-131, 1931 pp.125-126 [G] Zanzibar, 1943 pp.859-860, 1944 pp.808 [G] British East Africa, 1945 p.115; Zanzibar Protectorate p.816 (on events of 1944) [G] British East Africa, 1946 pp.120-123, 1947 pp.98-100, 1957 pp.102-104, 1961 pp.93-96, 1962 pp.91-94 [G] Zanzibar, 1963 p.753, 1964 pp.732-733 [G] |
Other |
Zanzibar, in : International Year Book 1898 pp.926-927 [G] East Africa - Zanzibar, in : Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events 1894 p.246 [G] South and East African Year Book and Guide, 49th edition 1949 pp.764, 852-856 [G] History of Zanzibar, pp.12-13; Zanzibar pp.106-113, in : Year Book and Guide to East Africa 1963 [G] |