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The territory of the historic Duchy of Courland and Semigallia became part of Terra Mariana in the course of the
conquest of the latter by the Brethren of the Sword in the 13th century. When Terra Mariana disintegrated in the 1560s, the Duke of Courland and Semigallia placed himself under the protection of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1562-1569), and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, by the Union of Lublin, became a protectorate of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795). In the 3rd Polish Partition of 1795, the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was annexed by the Russian Empire. It was transformed into Courland Gubernia; Stift Pilten was annexed. Courland 1561-1641 . Courland 1641-1795 Historical Atlas : Courland Page |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles | Modern |
Articles : Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, from Wikipedia Articles : Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen, from Wikipedia German edition The Duchy of Courland, by Ray A. Ceaser |
| Historical |
Courland, Livonia and Estonia. Confidential Handbooks No.57, 1919, from the British Foreign Office, posted on the Web by
jewishgen.org |
| Links, on History |
Category : Duchy of Courland and Semigallia,
from Wikipedia Virtual Library History : Latvia; Internet Resources for Latvian Studies : History, from Slavweb, click history |
| Organizations |
Courland Research Group Latvijas Muzeju Biedriba (in Latvian) Latvian Genealogical Society; Association of the Four Baltic Noble Corporations, Livonia, Estonia, Courland, and Oesel (Baltische Ritterschaften) Institut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen in Nordosteuropa at Universität Hamburg Latvijas Institute |
| Historical Dictionary |
Enzyklopädie des Europäischen Ostens, in German |
| Timelines |
Courland, from Timetable of Latvian History, by Karlis R. Zikmanis |
| Accounts of History | general, modern |
History of Latvia, from vernet History, Language, Identity and Culture of Latvia. A Brief Synopsis, from Lettland.nu |
| general, historical |
K.W. Cruse, Curland unter den Herzögen,
vol.1, 1833,
vol.2, 1833, in German, GB O. von Ruthenberg, Geschichte der Ostseeprovinzen, Liv-, Esth-, und Kurland (1860) in German, posted on Internet Archive E. Seraphim, Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands von der "Aufsegelung" des Landes bis zur Einverleibung in das russische Reich (1895) in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Specific Periods |
| Military |
Article : Great Northern War,
from Wikipedia |
| Economy & Finances |
| Social History |
Courland and the Courlandic Knightage, from
Baltische Ritterschaften Friedrich Georg von Bunge, Geschichtliche Entwickelung der Standesverhältnisse in Liv-, Esth- und Curland bis zum Jahre 1561, 1838, in German, GB |
| Ethnography |
| Religion |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses, Latvia, from Kirken i Norge Jewish Virtual History Tour : Latvia, from Jewish Virtual Library; Latvia, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project Category : Religion in Latvia, from Wikipedia Andres Andresen, The Reconfiguration of Lutheran Church Organization in the Baltic Region from the 1520s to 1917 Geographical Regions for the JewishGen Latvia Database : Courland Gubernia |
| History of Regions |
| Local History |
| Institutions |
| Culture |
Internet Resources for Latvian Studies : Culture, from Slavweb, click culture |
| Biographies |
Baltische Biographische Lexika (Baltic Biographical Lexica), in German J.F. von Recke, Allgemeines Schriftsteller- und Gelehrten-Lexikon der Provinzen Livland, Esthland und Kurland, vol.II : G-K, 1829, vol.III : L-R, 1831, Supplements vol.I : A-K, 1859, in German, posted on Internet Archive Ch.A. Tiedge, Anna Charlotte Dorothea: Letzte Herzogin von Kurland (1823) in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Others |
Palearctic Ecoregion, from WWF F.G. von Bunge, Einleitung in die Liv-, Esth- und curländische Rechtsgeschichte und Geschichte der Rechtsquellen, 1849, in German, posted on Internet Archive F.G. von Bunge, Geschichte des Gerichtswesens und Gerichtsverfahrens in Liv-, est- und Curland, 1874, posted on Internet Archive |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
World Statesmen : Courland> |
| Population Figures |
Historical Population Statistics : Latvia, from Population Statistics
at Univ. Utrecht |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers |
Kranten Historisch [historical newspapers] |
| Online Yearbooks |
Europäisches genealogisches Handbuch : Hertzog von Curland,
1752 pp.94-95,
1756 pp.98-99,
1763 pp.107-108,
1766 pp.112-113,
1768 pp.114-115,
1770 pp.115-116,
1772 pp.111-112,
1774 pp.109-110,
1776 pp.109-110,
1780 pp.116-117,
1782 pp.118-119,
1784 pp.119-120,
1786 pp.122-124,
1788 pp.117-119,
1790 pp.121-123,
1792 pp.114-116,
1794 pp.111-113, in German, GB J.Ch. Poncelin de la Roche Tilhac, Etat des Cours de l'Europe et des Provinces de France pour l'annee ... vol.1 MDCCCLXXXIV 1783 p.274, vol.2 MDCCCLXXXV, 1785, pp.293-294, in French, GB |
| Image Databanks |
Europeana Wikimedia Commons Military Orders of Kurland, from Orders of the World |
| Archival Deposits | Online |
| Archival Deposits | Catalogue Online |
P.K. Grimsted, Archives and manuscript repositories in the USSR,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia, 1981, posted on Internet Archive Dokumentesammlung des Herder-Instituts, mainly Baltic documents |
| Document Collections |
| Historical Maps | links |
| overview, modern |
Maps : Europe in the Year 1500,
1600,
1700,
1800, from Euratlas |
| overview, historic |
K.R. Kupffer, Baltische Landeskunde : Atlas (1911) in German, posted on
Internet Archive List of Maps of the (former Swedish) Baltic Provinces, kept in RA Stockholm, Krigsarkivet, some of them clickable; comment in Swedish |
| detail, historic |
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Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
| Religious |
| Economic |
La Curlande, la Prusse, la Pomeranie, in vol.1 of J. Savary de Bruslons,
Dictionnaire Universel De Commerce, 1723, in French, GB Of the Trade of Courland, Prussia and Pomerania, pp.713-714, in W. Beawes, Lex mercatoria rediviva, 1773, GB Liebau, p.146, in vol.2 of S. Ricard, Traite general du commerce, 1781, in French, GB |
| Political |
Churland, pp.573-575 in F.L. Bressler, Die Heutigen Christlichen Souverainen
von Europa, 1698, in German, GB Churland, pp.573-575 in F.L. Bressler, Des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Haupt und Glieder, nebenst dem angräntzenden Schweitzerland, 1699, in German, GB Le Duc de Curlande, pp.48-55 in vol.4 of F.L. Bressler, Les Souverains du Monde, 1718, in French, GB Le Duc de Curlande, pp.42-53 in vol.5 of F.L. Bressler, Les Souverains du Monde, 1734, in French, GB Du Duc de Courlande, pp.575-576 in vol.2 of J.R. de Missy, Le Ceremonial diplomatique des cours de l' Europe, 1739, in French, GB Gouvernement de Curlande, pp.659-671 in vol.2 of G. de Real de Curbon, La science du gouvernement, 1762, in French, GB Courland, pp.216-217 in vol.3 of E. Toze, The present state of Europe, 1770, GB |
| Geographical |
La Courlande, in A. du Bois, La Geographie moderne, naturelle historique & politique
1736, in French, GB Article : Curlande, p.483 in Encyclopedie Methodique : Geographie, 1783, in French, GB |
| Historical |
The Present State of Poland : Courland, p.739 in vol.1 of Th. Salmon,
Modern history or the present state of all nations, 1744, GB Geschichte von Curland bis zur Huldigung Ernst Johanns und Bestätigung des bironischen Hauses in der Regierung desselben, pp.467-560 in vol.14 of Allgemeine Weltgeschichte, 1777, in German, GB Livonie et Courlande pp.87-115 in vol.22, Duche de Courlande jusqu'en 1717, pp.398-415 in vol.34 of Maximilian-Samson-Friedrich Schöll, Cours d'histoire des Etats Europeens, depuis le bouleversement de l'empire romain d'Occident jusqu'en 1789, 1832, in French, GB |
| Travelogues |
J. Bernoulli, Reisen durch Brandenburg, Pommern,
Preussen, Curland, Russland und Pohlen in den Jahren 1777 und 1778
vol.1, 1779,
vol.2, 1779,
vol.3, 1779, in German, GB |
| Institutions | Archives |
National Archives of Latvia Regional State Archives, Jelgava |
| Musea |
| Monuments |
| Libraries |
Latvian National Library |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Historical Flags of Courland, from FOTW Coat of Arms, Kurzeme, from International Civic Heraldry |
| Coins |
Coinage of the Baltic Countries :
Duchy of Courland, 1561-1795 |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| Bibliographies | general |
Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
(Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies) (site in German, most titles listed in English;
numerous entries; publications mostly since 1970) RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library |
| on Courland |
Bibliography of Courland's Colonial Policy, by Marco Ramerini |
| Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
e-corpus Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Elektronische Angebote; Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Digitale Sammlungen; Gallica Scandinavian Digital Libraries and Projects, from Wess Web; Project Runeberg; Sveriges Nationalbibliotek : Digitale Samlingar |
| on Courland |
National Library of Latvia : Digital-Library Central and Eastern European Online Library Virtual Library Eastern Europe, maintained in Germany, most sources in German |
| Online Journals | full text online |
| Contents Online |
| General Accounts |
Andrejs Plakans, The Latvians, a Short History, Stanford : Hoover Institution Press 1995, 257 pp. Kevin O'Connor, The History of the Baltic States, Westport CT : Greenwood 2003, KMLA Lib.Sign. 947.9 O18h Reinhard Wittram, Baltische Geschichte. Die Ostseelande Livland, Estland und Kurland 1180-1918 (Baltic History. The Baltic Lands of Livonia, Estonia and Courland, 1180-1918), Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft (1954) 1973, in German David G. Kirby, The Baltic World 1772-1993, London : Longman 1995 |
