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Livland Gubernia |
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Livland Gubernia |
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The territory of the historic Courland Gubernia became part of Terra Mariana in the course of the
conquest of the latter by the Brethren of the Sword in the 13th century. When Terra Mariana disintegrated in the 1560s, the Duke of Courland and Semigallia placed himself under the protection of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1562-1569), and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, by the Union of Lublin, became a protectorate of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795). In the 3rd Polish Partition of 1795, the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was annexed by the Russian Empire. It was transformed into Courland Gubernia; Stift Pilten was annexed. During World War I Courland was occupied by German troops. In 1920/1922 it became part of the Republic of Latvia. Courland 1795-1848 . Courland 1848-1880 . Courland 1880-1914 . Courland 1914-1920 Historical Atlas : Courland Page |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles | modern |
from Wikipedia |
| historical |
H. von Bienenstamm, Geographischer Arbiss der drei deutschen Ostsee-Provinzen Russlands
, 1826, in German, GB L. Brunier, Kurland: Schilderungen von Land und Leuten, 1868, in German, GB Courland, Livonia and Estonia. Confidential Handbooks No.57, 1919, from the British Foreign Office, posted on the Web by jewishgen.org |
| Links | on History |
Category : Courland, from Wikipedia Virtual Library History : Latvia; Internet Resources for Latvian Studies : History, from Slavweb, click history Virtual Library Eastern Europe, maintained in Germany, most sources in German |
| Organizations |
Courland Research Group Baltische Historische Kommission, page in German; Latvia's History Commission, from MOFA Latvia Latvijas Muzeju Biedriba (in Latvian) Latvian Genealogical Society; Association of the Four Baltic Noble Corporations, Livonia, Estonia, Courland, and Oesel (Baltische Ritterschaften); click Kurland (Kurländische Ritterschaft) Institut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen in Nordosteuropa at Universität Hamburg Latvijas Institute Latvijas Vestures Skolotaju Asociacija (Latvian History Teachers Association) |
| Historical Dictionaries |
| Timelines |
Courland, from Timetable of Latvian History, by Karlis R. Zikmanis |
| Accounts of History | General, Modern |
History of Latvia, from vernet History, Language, Identity and Culture of Latvia. A Brief Synopsis, from Lettland.nu |
| General, Historical |
O. von Ruthenberg, Geschichte der Ostseeprovinzen, Liv-, Esth-, und Kurland (1860) in German, posted on
Internet Archive |
| Specific Periods |
| Military |
J.P. Deane,
The law of blockade: as contained in the report of eight cases argued and determined in the High Court of Admiralty on the
Blockade of the Coast of Courland, 1854, 1855, GB Article : Crimean War, Latvian War of Independence, from Wikipedia |
| Economy & Finances |
The Virtual Matchbox Labels Museum : List of the Match Factories of the Russian
Empire, click Kurland Gubernia |
| Ethnography |
G.F. von Fircks, Die Letten in Kurland, 1804, in German, GB |
| Social History |
Courland and the Courlandic Knightage, from
Baltische Ritterschaften M. Lieven, Die Arbeitsverhältnisse des Grossgrundbesitzes in Kurland (1903) in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Religion |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses - Latvia, from Kirken i Norge C. Joubert, The tyranny of faith : a story of Courland (1906), posted on Internet Archive Jewish Virtual History Tour : Latvia, from Jewish Virtual Library; Latvia, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project Andres Andresen, The Reconfiguration of Lutheran Church Organization in the Baltic Region from the 1520s to 1917 Der kurländische Konsistorialbezirk, from Die evangelisch-lutherische Kirche in Russland 1914 |
| History of Regions |
| Local History |
| Institutions |
Search Lighthouse Explorer for Latvia |
| Culture |
Internet Resources for Latvian Studies : Culture, from Slavweb, click culture Alphabetism in the Baltic Provinces 1897, from Köztes Europa |
| Biographies |
Baltische Biographische Lexika (Baltic Biographical Lexica), in German |
| Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
| Lists of Bishops |
| Population Figures |
Historical Population Statistics : Latvia, from Population Statistics
at Univ. Utrecht |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers |
| Image Databanks |
Europeana Wikimedia Commons |
| Archival Deposits |
P.K. Grimsted, Archives and manuscript repositories in the USSR,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia, 1981, posted on Internet Archive Dokumentesammlung des Herder-Instituts, mainly Baltic documents |
| Constitutions, Laws |
Staatsrecht des Herzogtums Kurland 1795-1918, from verfassungen.eu,
in German |
| Document Collections |
| Historical Maps | links |
| overview, modern |
Maps : Europe in the Year 1800,
1900, from Euratlas |
| overview, historic |
K.R. Kupffer, Baltische Landeskunde : Atlas (1911) in German, posted on
Internet Archive Map : Russian Baltic administrative, c.1895, from Wikipedia (Meyers Konversationslexikon 5th edition 1893-1897) Map : Russian Baltic administrative, c.1890, from Retro Bibliothek (Meyers Konversationslexikon 4th edition 1885-1892) |
| detail, historic |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Article : Courland, pp.110-111 in vol.8 of
Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1837, GB |
| Religious |
Article : Russland, evangelische Kirche in,
pp.177-185 in vol.13 of Real-encyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, 1860, GB |
| Economic |
Libau (in Russia), pp.207-209 in vol.1 of P. Kelly,
The universal cambist, and commercial instructor, 1821, GB J. Chr. Nelkenbrecher, Allgemeines Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtskunde für Banquiers und Kaufleute (General Manual on Coinage, Measurement and Weights, for Bankers and Merchants) Berlin 1832, in German, entries Curland und Semgallen, posted by DTBSWS |
| Geographical |
The Government of Courland, pp.521-523 in vol.6 of C. Malte-Brun,
Universal geography, or, a description of all parts of the world,
1828, GB |
| Historical |
| Tour Guides |
K. Baedeker, La Russie: manuel du voyageur,
1897,
1902, in French, posted on Internet Archive K. Baedeker, Russland : Handbuch für Reisende, 1888, in German, posted on Internet Archive K. Baedeker, St. Petersburg und Umgebung: Handbuch für Reisende 1901, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Travelogues |
J. Carr, A northern summer: or, Travels round the Baltic, through Denmark, Sweden, Russia, Prussia
and part of Germany in the Year 1804, 1805, GB L. Ritchie, A journey to St. Petersburg and Moscow through Courland and Livonia , 1836, GB |
| Institutions | Archives |
| Musea |
| Monuments |
| Libraries |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Historical Flags of Courland, from FOTW Coat of Arms, Kurzeme, from International Civic Heraldry |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| Bibliographies | general |
Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
(Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies) (site in German, most titles listed in English;
numerous entries; publications mostly since 1970) RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library |
| on Courland |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus |
| on Courland |
| Online Journals | full text online |
| Contents Online |
| Online Yearbooks | full text online |
Mitauischer Kalender auf das Jahr 1838,
1839,
1840,
1841,
1842,
1847,
1848,
1852,
1853,
1854,
1855,
1856,
1857, in German, GB |
| General Accounts |
Andrejs Plakans, The Latvians, a Short History, Stanford : Hoover Institution Press 1995, 257 pp. Kevin O'Connor, The History of the Baltic States, Westport CT : Greenwood 2003, KMLA Lib.Sign. 947.9 O18h Reinhard Wittram, Baltische Geschichte. Die Ostseelande Livland, Estland und Kurland 1180-1918 (Baltic History. The Baltic Lands of Livonia, Estonia and Courland, 1180-1918), Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft (1954) 1973, in German David G. Kirby, The Baltic World 1772-1993, London : Longman 1995 |
