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The union of the states of the Brethren of the Sword (Terra Mariana) and of the Teutonic Knights disintegrated in 1525
when the Reformation had been introduced in the latter and the state of the Teutonic Knights was secularized. The
Reformation also made inroads in Terra Mariana. Terra Mariana disintegrated, and foreign powers competed for
territory : Denmark (in alliance with the
Russian Empire), Sweden
and Poland-Lithuania. After the devastating Livonian War
1558-1583, Denmark held on to the island of Oesel,
Sweden to Estonia, while the newly-formed Duchies of Livonia and
Courland,
as well as Stift Courland (Stift Pilten) adhered to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (until 1569; from then onward to the
Kingdom of Poland-Lithuania). The Duchy of Livonia (since 1659 Grand Duchy) was divided in Pernau (in Polish : Parnawa, in Estonian : Pärnu) Voivodship, Dorpat (in Estonian : Tartu) Voivodship and Wenden (in Latvian : Cesis) Voivodship. The city of Riga, located in Wenden Voivodship, maintained a degree of autonomy. In 1621 the Swedes conquered Riga and most of Livonia; the diet of (the Swedish-occupied parts of) Livonia swore allegiance to the King of Sweden (Swedish Livonia); the remainder - part of Wenden Voivodship without its administrative center - was integrated into Poland-Lithuania as Inflanty Voivodship. Livonia 1561-1621 Historical Atlas : Livonia Page List of Wars, Livonia Page |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles |
Articles : Duchy of Livonia,
Dorpat Voivodeship,
Parnawa Voivodeship,
Wenden Voivodeship, from Wikipedia |
| Links, on History |
Category : Livonia, from Wikipedia Kategori : Livland, from Wikipedia Swedish edition |
| Organizations |
Öpetatud Eesti Selts (Learned Estonian Society) Baltische Historische Kommission, page in German; Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes against Humanity; Latvia's History Commission, from MOFA Latvia Estonian Museum Association; Latvijas Muzeju Biedriba (in Latvian) Eesti Genealoogia Selts (Estonian Genealogical Society); Latvian Genealogical Society; Association of the Four Baltic Noble Corporations, Livonia, Estonia, Courland, and Oesel (Baltische Ritterschaften); click Estonia, Livonia, Oesel (Estländische Ritterschaft; Livländische Ritterschaft; Oeselsche Ritterschaft) Institut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen in Nordosteuropa at Universität Hamburg Latvijas Institute |
| Historical Dictionary |
Enzyklopädie des Europäischen Ostens, in German |
| Timelines |
| Accounts of History | general |
Uldis Balodis, Livonian History Gustav von Bergmann, Geschichte von Livland, nach bossuetischer Art entworfen 1776, in German, posted on Google Books E. Seraphim, Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands von der "Aufsegelung" des Landes bis zur Einverleibung in das russische Reich, vol.1, 1895, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Specific Periods |
| Historiography |
| Military |
Livland, Krieg, from Enzyklopädie des Europäischen Ostens,
in German The Livonian War (1558-1583), from Russia the Great, from Wikipedia William Urban, The Origin of the Livonian War, 1558, Lituanus 1983 Article : Andra Polska Kriget, 1600-1629, from Wikipedia Swedish edition Article Riga Castle, from Wikipedia |
| Economy & Finances |
Baltic Sea Trade, from Baltic Connections William Urban, Medieval Livonian Numismatics |
| Ethnography |
| Religion |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses, Estonia,
Latvia, from Kirken i Norge Jewish Virtual History Tour : Estonia, Latvia, from Jewish Virtual Library; Estonia, Latvia, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project Category : Religion in Estonia, Religion in Latvia, from Wikipedia Religion, Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia, from Estonica Patron Saint Index : Estonia, Patrons of Livonia Andres Andresen, The Reconfiguration of Lutheran Church Organization in the Baltic Region from the 1520s to 1917 Anton Fahne, Livland: Ein Beitrag zur Kirchen- und Sittengeschichte , 1875, in German, posted on Internet Archive A. Buchholtz, Geschichte der Juden in Riga bis zur Begründung der rigischen Hebräergemeinde im J. 1842, 1899, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| History of Regions |
| Local History |
History of Riga, from Municipal Portal of Riga Tartu History Timeline, from tartu.ee (Dorpat) Riga, History of, from vest_ang |
| Institutions |
Structurae : Estonia;
Search Lighthouse Explorer for Estonia, Latvia |
| Culture |
| Biographies |
Baltische Biographische Lexika (Baltic Biographical Lexica), in German J.F. von Recke, Allgemeines Schriftsteller- und Gelehrten-Lexikon der Provinzen Livland, Esthland und Kurland, vol.II : G-K, 1829, vol.III : L-R, 1831, Supplements vol.I : A-K, 1859, in German, posted on Internet Archive J.G. Frobien, Rigasche Biographieen, (1881) 1973, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Others |
Palearctic Ecoregion, from WWF F.G. von Bunge, Einleitung in die Liv-, Esth- und curländische Rechtsgeschichte und Geschichte der Rechtsquellen, 1849, in German, posted on Internet Archive F.G. von Bunge, Geschichte des Gerichtswesens und Gerichtsverfahrens in Liv-, est- und Curland, 1874, posted on Internet Archive |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
World Statesmen : Livonia |
| Image Databanks |
Europeana Wikimedia Commons |
| Archival Deposits | Online |
Digital Archive, from Estonial National Archive |
| Archival Deposits | Catalogue Online |
Estonia Documents, at Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People,
Jerusalem P.K. Grimsted, Archives and manuscript repositories in the USSR, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia, 1981, posted on Internet Archive Dokumentesammlung des Herder-Instituts, mainly Baltic documents |
| Document Collections |
Baltic Connections : Exhibition K.E. Napiersky (ed.), Russisch-Livländische Urkunden, 1868, documents until 1603, in German and Russian, posted on Google Books Briefe und Urkunden zur geschichte Livlands in den jahren 1558-1562 1865, posted on Internet Archive |
| Individual Documents |
J.G.L. Napiersky, Die Erbebücher der Stadt Riga, 1384-1579,
1888, posted on Internet Archive Das Liber Redituum der Stadt Riga 1881, posted on Internet Archive Bodeckers Chronik livl?ndischer und rigascher Ereignisse, 1593-1638 1890, posted on Internet Archive Salomon Henning's Lifflendische churlendische Chronica von 1554 bis 1590 ; und, Bericht in Religionssachen, 1857, posted on Internet Archive |
| Historical Maps |
Baltic Provinces Ethnic, 1987, from Köztes Europa Old City Maps, from NLE Cartography Collection Old geographical maps from the NLE Cartography Collection K.R. Kupffer, Baltische Landeskunde : Atlas (1911) in German, posted on Internet Archive List of Maps of the (former Swedish) Baltic Provinces, kept in RA Stockholm, Krigsarkivet, some of them clickable; comment in Swedish Maps, on Uldis Balodis, Livonian History Category : Maps of Livonia, from Wikimedia Commons |
| Institutions | Archives |
State Archives of Latvia |
| Musea |
Category : Museums in Estonia, from Wikipedia List of Museums in Latvia, from Wikipedia |
| Monuments |
| Libraries |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Coat of Arms, Vidzeme, from International Civic Heraldry |
| Coins |
The Coinage of the Baltic Countries, by
Girts Eisters Search Coin Archives for Livonia Search Early Dated Coins for Livonia William Urban, Medieval Livonian Numismatics Swedish Livonia and Riga, from Medieval Coinage |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| on Estonia, Latvia |
Estonian National Bibliography, from Slavic and East European Library Eesti Rahvus Bibliograafia (Estonian National Bibliography) National Bibliography Databases, from National Library of Latvia Baltische Historische Kommission, Publikationen (in German) |
| on Livonia |
|
on Specific Issues Concerning Livonia |
Baltic Amber Bibliography Estonia Publikationen, from IKGN Livland, from Computatio |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online |
| on Eastern Central Europe |
National Library of Estonia : E-Library Central and Eastern European Online Library Virtual Library Eastern Europe, maintained in Germany, most sources in German |
| Online Journals | full text online |
Livländische Geschichtsliteratur
vol.2 1884,
vol.4 1904, posted on Internet Archive Baltische Monatsschrift 1859, posted on Internet Archive |
| General Accounts | on Eastern Europe |
Kevin O'Connor, The History of the Baltic States, Westport CT : Greenwood 2003, KMLA Lib.Sign. 947.9 O18h Reinhard Wittram, Baltische Geschichte. Die Ostseelande Livland, Estland und Kurland 1180-1918 (Baltic History. The Baltic Lands of Livonia, Estonia and Courland, 1180-1918), Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft (1954) 1973, in German |
| on Estonia or Latvia |
Toivo U. Raun, Estonia and the Estonians, Stanford : Hoover Institution Press 2001 [G] Andrejs Plakans, The Latvians, a Short History, Stanford : Hoover Institution Press 1995, 257 pp. |
| Specific Topics |
| Historical Atlas |
Latvijas Vestures Atlants, Riga 1998 [G] |
| Historical Dictionary |
Tojvo Miljan, Historical Dictionary of Estonia, Lanham Md. : Scarecrow 2004 Andreis Plakans, Historical Dictionary of Latvia, Lanham Md : Scarecrow 2008 |
