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In 1199 to 1237 the Brethren of the Sword (also referred to as Livonian Order) by conquest established a crusader state
which was referred to as Terra Mariana in Latin. In 1237 the state was forcibly placed under the state of the Teutonic
Order, but maintained its separate administrative structure. Defeat in the Battle on Lake Peipus 1242 marked the end of
territorial expansion; the subjugation of the native peoples was completed by 1290. The hitherto pagan native population
was forcibly converted to Christianity (Roman Catholicism). The Terra Mariana were again divided into territory under the direct administration of the Livonian order, and in Princebishoprics (Riga, Dorpat, Ösel-Wiek and Pilten). In 1346 Estonia was acquired from Denmark. The Reformation resulted in the disintegration of the state of the Teutonic Order. Livonia (with Courland, Estonia and Oesel) remained a unit until 1561, when it also disintegrated; the Livonian diet (now only for Livonia proper, without Courland, Oesel and Estonia) paid homage to the Grand Duke of Lithuania; Ösel and Pilten became an apanage of Duke Magnus; Estonia paid homage to the King of Sweden, Courland became Duchy, vassall of the King of Poland. Political control of the region was contested in the lengthy and devastating Livonian War 1558-1583. Livonia 1525-1561 Livonia 1346-1525 Livonia 1199-1346 The Baltic Countries before the Crusades (-1199) Historical Atlas : Livonia Page List of Wars, Livonia Page Terminology : before the conquest by the Brethren of the Sword, the territory which was to become Terra Mariana was inhabited by a number of ethnicities : Livonians, Curonians, Latvians and Estonians. The Brethren of the Sword came to be called the Knights of the Livonian Order, their state "Livonian Confederation". Ethnic Livonians made up only a small part of the original population (living in the north of western Courland, thus even outside of what from 1561 to 1918 was referred to as Livonia / Livland). In 1918 the territory of former Terra Mariana (Courland and Livland Gubernia) were absorbed by Latvia and Estonia; Latvian and Estonian historiography emphasises that the establishment of the Duchy of Livonia in 1561 marks the establishment of a new political entity, and that for the earlier period the term "Terra Mariana" should be used. Publications of documents from the years 1199 to 1561 often have lengthy titles, for example the Liv-, Esth and Churländisches Urkundenbuch; the term "Terra Mariana" appeals because of its brevity. |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles |
Articles : Terra Mariana, from Wikipedia Articles : Livländische Konföderation, from Wikipedia German edition |
| Links, on History |
Category : Livonia, from Wikipedia Kategori : Livland, from Wikipedia Swedish edition |
| Organizations |
Öpetatud Eesti Selts (Learned Estonian Society) Baltische Historische Kommission, page in German Estonian Museum Association; Latvijas Muzeju Biedriba (in Latvian) Eesti Genealoogia Selts (Estonian Genealogical Society); Latvian Genealogical Society; Association of the Four Baltic Noble Corporations, Livonia, Estonia, Courland, and Oesel (Baltische Ritterschaften); click Estonia, Livonia, Oesel (Estländische Ritterschaft; Livländische Ritterschaft; Oeselsche Ritterschaft) Institut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen in Nordosteuropa at Universität Hamburg Latvijas Institute |
| Historical Dictionary |
Enzyklopädie des Europäischen Ostens, in German |
| Timelines |
Robert von Toll, Chronologie der Ordensmeister
über Livland, der Erzbischöfe von Riga und der Bischöfe von Leal, 1879, in German, posted on
Internet Archive |
| Accounts of History | general |
Uldis Balodis, Livonian History Gustav von Bergmann, Geschichte von Livland, nach bossuetischer Art entworfen 1776, in German, posted on Google Books |
| Specific Periods |
Articles : Terra Mariana, from Wikipedia Articles : Livländische Konföderation, from Wikipedia German edition E. Seraphim, Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands von der "Aufsegelung" des Landes bis zur Einverleibung in das russische Reich, vol.1, 1895, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Historiography |
| Military |
Article : Livonian Crusade, from Wikipedia Livland, Krieg, from Enzyklopädie des Europäischen Ostens, in German |
| Economy & Finances |
Baltic Sea Trade, from Baltic Connections William Urban, Medieval Livonian Numismatics |
| Ethnography |
| History of Regions |
Peter Wilhelm Baron von Buxhövenden,
Beiträge zur Geschichte der Provinz Oesell,
1838, posted by Google Books |
| Local History |
Tartu History Timeline, from tartu.ee (Dorpat) Riga, History of, from vest_ang F.G. Bunge, Die Stadt Riga im dreizehnten und vierzehnten Jahrhundert. Geschichte, Verfassung und Rechtszustand (1878) 1968, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Institutions |
Article : Livonian Brothers of the Sword,
from Wikipedia |
| Culture |
| Biographies |
Baltische Biographische Lexika (Baltic Biographical Lexica), in German J.F. von Recke, Allgemeines Schriftsteller- und Gelehrten-Lexikon der Provinzen Livland, Esthland und Kurland, vol.II : G-K, 1829, vol.III : L-R, 1831, Supplements vol.I : A-K, 1859, in German, posted on Internet Archive J.G. Frobien, Rigasche Biographieen, (1881) 1973, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Others |
Palearctic Ecoregion, from WWF F.G. von Bunge, Einleitung in die Liv-, Esth- und curländische Rechtsgeschichte und Geschichte der Rechtsquellen, 1849, in German, posted on Internet Archive F.G. von Bunge, Geschichte des Gerichtswesens und Gerichtsverfahrens in Liv-, est- und Curland, 1874, posted on Internet Archive |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
World Statesmen : Livonia |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Lists of Bishops |
Articles : Liste der Erzbischöfe von Riga,
Liste der Bischöfe von Kurland,
Liste der Bischöfe von Ösel-Wiek,
Liste der Bischöfe von Dorpat (Tartu),
from Wikipedia German edition |
| Population Figures |
| Image Databanks |
Europeana Wikimedia Commons |
| Archival Deposits | Online |
Digital Archive, from Estonial National Archive |
| Archival Deposits | Catalogue Online |
Estonia Documents, at Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People,
Jerusalem P.K. Grimsted, Archives and manuscript repositories in the USSR, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia, 1981, posted on Internet Archive Dokumentesammlung des Herder-Instituts, mainly Baltic documents |
| Document Collections |
Baltic Connections : Exhibition F.G. von Bunge, Liv-, Est- und Kurländisches Urkundenbuch und Regesten vol.II : 1301-1367, 1855, vol.III : supplements, 1368-1393, 1857, vol.VI : supplements 1875, 2nd Series vol.1 : 1495-1500, 1900, 2nd Series vol.2 : 1501-1505, 1905, posted on Internet Archive Monumenta Livoniae Antiqua. Sammlung von Chroniken, Berichten, Urkunden und andern schriftlichen Denkmälern und Aufsätzen, welche zur Erläterung der Geschichte Liv-, Ehst- und Kurland's dienen, vol.1 1835, vol.2 1839, vol.3 1840, vol.4 1844, vol.5 1847, posted on Internet Archive Briefe und Urkunden zur Geschichte Livlands in den jahren 1558-1562 1865, posted on Internet Archive |
| Individual Documents |
Livländische Reimchronik 1844, posted on Internet Archive J.G.L. Napiersky, Die Erbebücher der Stadt Riga, 1384-1579, 1888, posted on Internet Archive Das Liber Redituum der Stadt Riga 1881, posted on Internet Archive Salomon Henning's Lifflendische churlendische Chronica von 1554 bis 1590 ; und, Bericht in Religionssachen, 1857, posted on Internet Archive The chronicle of Henry of Livonia trsl. by James A. Brundage, 1961, posted on Google Books |
| Historical Maps |
click here Baltic Provinces Ethnic, 1987, from Köztes Europa Old City Maps, from NLE Cartography Collection Old geographical maps from the NLE Cartography Collection K.R. Kupffer, Baltische Landeskunde : Atlas (1911) in German, posted on Internet Archive Livland um 1270, Entstehung Livländische Städte, from EEO, text in German Maps, on Uldis Balodis, Livonian History Map : Medieval Livonia 1260, from Wikipedia |
| Institutions | Archives |
State Archives of Latvia |
| Musea |
Category : Museums in Estonia, from Wikipedia List of Museums in Latvia, from Wikipedia |
| Monuments |
| Libraries |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Coat of Arms, Vidzeme, from International Civic Heraldry |
| Coins |
The Coinage of the Baltic Countries, by
Girts Eisters Search Coin Archives for Livonia Search Early Dated Coins for Livonia William Urban, Medieval Livonian Numismatics |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| Bibliographies | general |
Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
(Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies) (site in German, most titles listed in English;
numerous entries; publications mostly since 1970) RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library |
| on Estonia, Latvia |
Estonian National Bibliography, from Slavic and East European Library Eesti Rahvus Bibliograafia (Estonian National Bibliography) National Bibliography Databases, from National Library of Latvia Baltische Historische Kommission, Publikationen (in German) |
| on Livonia |
|
on Specific Issues Concerning Livonia |
Baltic Amber Bibliography Estonia Publikationen, from IKGN Northern Crusades Bibliography, from Crusades Encyclopedia Lynn Nelson, A Bibliography of the Order of St. Mary of the Teutons, from ORB Livland, from Computatio |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online |
| on Eastern Central Europe |
National Library of Estonia : E-Library Central and Eastern European Online Library Virtual Library Eastern Europe, maintained in Germany, most sources in German |
| Online Journals | full text online |
Livländische Geschichtsliteratur
vol.2 1884,
vol.4 1904, posted on Internet Archive Baltische Monatsschrift 1859, posted on Internet Archive Estonian Journal of Archaeology, years 2000-2006 / vols. 4-10 online Acta Historica Tallinensia, years 2000-2006 / vols.4-10 online |
| General Accounts | on Eastern Europe |
Kevin O'Connor, The History of the Baltic States, Westport CT : Greenwood 2003, KMLA Lib.Sign. 947.9 O18h Reinhard Wittram, Baltische Geschichte. Die Ostseelande Livland, Estland und Kurland 1180-1918 (Baltic History. The Baltic Lands of Livonia, Estonia and Courland, 1180-1918), Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft (1954) 1973, in German |
| on Estonia or Latvia |
Toivo U. Raun, Estonia and the Estonians, Stanford : Hoover Institution Press 2001 [G] Andrejs Plakans, The Latvians, a Short History, Stanford : Hoover Institution Press 1995, 257 pp. |
| Specific Topics |
| Historical Atlas |
Latvijas Vestures Atlants, Riga 1998 [G] |
| Historical Dictionary |
Tojvo Miljan, Historical Dictionary of Estonia, Lanham Md. : Scarecrow 2004 Andreis Plakans, Historical Dictionary of Latvia, Lanham Md : Scarecrow 2008 |
