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Note : Internet search using the keyword "Mark", even if combined with "Grafschaft", frequently leads to sites refering to the Mark Brandenburg
or other unrelated matters. Mark is German for 'march', as well as the name of a historical weight unit which was also used to describe a currency unit.
Territorial History . The County of Mark split off the County of Altena in 1198. Originally a fief of the Princearchbishop of Cologne, Mark achieved immediate status in the Empire (independence from Cologne) in 1288. In 1368 the male line of the Counts of Kleve ended, and Count Adolf von der Mark inherited it, uniting Kleve and Mark in dynastic union; Kleve was elevated to duchy in 1417. In the Soest Feud 1444-1449 Mark acquired Soest and secured area around Hattingen and Bochum, hitherto contested by Cologne. In 1521, the Duchies of Jülich and Berg and the County of Ravensberg were added to the dynastic union. When the male line of Dukes ended in 1609, the complex of territories formally was split among Pfalz-Neuburg (Jülich, Berg) and Brandenburg (Kleve, Mark, Ravensberg). However, this agreement was not enforced until 1666, and Kleve-Mark were administrated by Pfalz-Neuburg until 1635, Kleve by the Spanish Netherlands 1635-1636, and then by the Dutch Republic, until Brandenburg effectively took control in 1666. By 1666 Brandenburg had risen to a significant military force. In the early 18th century, Brandenburg's army was essential to Imperial policy. So as to reward the Elector of Brandenburg for his services without actually having to pay, the Elector of Brandenburg in 1701 was elevated to King in Prussia. Further, if any territory in the Holy Roman Empire became 'vacant' because its male line extinguished, the Emperor decided the Prussian claim to be valid : Prussia acquired the County of Moers in 1702, the County of Lingen in 1702, the County of Tecklenburg in 1707, Prussian Geldern in 1714. Brandenburg already held Ravensberg since 1614 and had acquired Minden and Herford in 1648. In 1807 the Grand Duchy of Berg (a French vassall) annexed Mark; in 1815 the territory of Mark was restored to Prussia (Province Westfalen). Administrative History . The States of Mark (Landstände) had a say in the administration of the duchy. In consequence of the dynastic unions, common sessions of the States of Kleve and Mark, later of Kleve, Jülich, Berg, Mark and Ravensberg were held (in Düsseldorf); the States of Mark occasionally held separate sessions. The territory rather was part of a federation, maintaining its territorial autonomy. In 1609 Emperor Rudolf II. questioned the Pfalz-Neuburg and Brandenburg claims of inheritance and had Imperial troops occupy the territories. In the Jülich-Kleve War of Succession, combined Dutch-Brandenburgian-Palatine forces prevailed and the Emperor gave in (1614). When the Brandenburg administration became effective in 1666, the Berlin bureaucracy increasingly disregarded the privileges of the States of Mark. The County of Mark was subdivided in the Ämter Hamm, Kamen, Lünen, Schwerte, Unna, Blankenstein, Bochum, Hörde, Wetter, Altena, Iserlohn, Neuenrade, Plettenberg. Soest (with the Börde) and Lippstadt (condominium, shared with the County of Lippe) had special status. In 1752 the County was divided in the Kreise (circles) Hamm, Hörde, Wetter, Altena (again without Soest and Lippstadt). The Landtag (diet) of Mark is first documented for 1347. In 1419 the diets of Kleve and Mark merged. From Mark, the cities of Hamm, Kamen, Iserlohn, Lünen, Schwerte and Unna were represented. The diet of Kleve-Mark was abolished in 1721 and restored in 1722. It was finally abolished in 1806. Church History . The County of Mark was part of the Archdiocese of Cologne. While the Religious Peace of Augsburg 1555 reserved the right of the ruler to determine the confession of his subjects, the Count of Mark did not use that option; in the Duchy Catholicism and Lutheran Protestantism coexisted. When Pfalz-Neuburg and Brandenburg succeeded in 1609, they declared not to want to interfere with the faith of its citizens; now, Calvinism also made inroads (first synod 1611). Lutheran faith dominated. Kleve-Mark 1740-1815 Kleve-Mark 1666-1740 |
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German Mark Altena Bochum Dortmund Hamm Iserlohn Soest |
French Marck |
English Marck |
Latin Comitatus Marcae Tremonia Hammona, Hamum oppidum Susatia |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
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| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles | modern |
Article Grafschaft Mark, from Wikipedia, in German;
from Wikipedia, in English Grafschaft Mark, from GenWiki, in German |
| historical |
G. Natorp, Die Grafschaft Mark, 1859, in German, GB |
| Links, on History |
Internet-Portal Westfälische Geschichte (in German) Kategorie : Grafschaft Mark, from Wikipedia German edition |
| Organizations | Institutions |
| Societies | Links |
| County of Mark |
Historischer Verein für Dortmund und die Grafschaft Mark Article : Verein für Orts- und Heimatkunde in der Grafschaft Mark, from Wikipedia German edition |
| Genealogy |
Westfälischen Gesellschaft für Genealogie und Familienforschung |
| Reenactors | Habitare 1288 |
| Historical Dictionaries |
Hammwiki, in German Plettenberg-Lexikon, in German |
| Timelines |
| Accounts of History | General, Modern |
Article Grafschaft Mark, from Wikipedia, in German;
from Wikipedia, in English Grafschaft Mark, from GenWiki, in German Geschichte der Grafschaft Mark, by Thomas Hoeckmann (G); from Bochumer Maiabendgesellschaft (G) |
| General, Historical | Kleve-Mark |
A. Rhote, Chronica der durchlauctigen hochgebornen Fürsten und Herren zu Gülich,
Cleve, zu Berge 1594, in German, GB W. Teschenmacher, Clivia, Julia, Montia, Marchia, Ravensburgia, antiquae & modernae duplici hac facie ceu annalium partibus duabus repraesentatae, in quarum prima, de gentium harum origine, propagatione, nonemclatur? & topographi?veteri, moribus, lingu? ejusque charactere, ... accessit obvicinitatem, diversorumque conjugiorum & successiones haereditatiae quondam unionem Geldria, .. 1638, in Latin, GB W. Teschenmacher, Annales Cliviae, Juliae Montium 1721, in Latin, GB A.C. Borheck, Geschichte der Länder Cleve, Mark, Jülich, Berg, und Ravensberg: nach Teschenmacher und andern : nebst einer Geschichte der Stadt Duisburg am Rhein, vol.1 1800, vol.2 1800, in German, GB J.F. Knapp, Regenten- und Volks-Geschichte der Länder Cleve, Mark, Jülich, Berg, und Ravensberg : Von Karl dem Grossen bis auf ihre Vereinigung mit der preussischen Monarchie, 768-1815, vol.1 1831, vol.2 1836, vol.3 1836, in German, GB |
| Mark |
M.F. Esselen, Uebersicht der Geschichte der Grafschaft Mark, 1859, in German, GB J.D. von Steinen, Versuch einer Westphälischen Geschichte besonders der Grafschaft Mark vol.1 1749, vol.2 1749, vol.3 1749, vol.4 1749, vol.5 1749, vol.6 1749, in German, GB J.D. von Steinen, Westphälische, vol.1 1755, vol.3 1757, vol.1 1797, vol.4 1760, vol.5 1801, in German, GB |
| Administration | Institutions |
K.A.H. Schottmüller, Die Organisation der Centralverwaltung in Kleve-Mark vor der brandenburgischen Besitzergreifung im Jahre 1609, 1897, in German, IA O. Hoetzsch, Stände und Verwaltung von Cleve und Mark in der Zeit von 1666 bis 1697, 1908, in German, IA |
| Law |
| Military |
Zwei Kolorierte Französische Militärkarten von Bochum und Umgebung aus dem Siebenjährigen Krieg (1756-1763),
by E. Brand (G) Article : Jülich-Klevischer Erbfolgestreit, Article : Gulik-Kleefse Successieoorlog, from Wikipedia Dutch edition Article : War of the Jülich succession, from Wikipedia |
| Economy & Finances | Economic History |
Bross/Walter,
Socio-Economic Analysis of Northrhine-Westphalia; scroll down for : Brief overview of the historic development (of the Ruhr Area) |
| Mining |
The History of Mining in the Ruhr Area, from Pro Bergbau F. Harkort, Aeltere Geschichte des Steinkohlen-Bergbaues und der Eisen- und Stahl-Erzeugung in der Grafschaft Mark, 1855, in German, GB H. Streich, Vom frühen Erz-Bergbau im Märkischen Sauerland 1979, posted by Plettenberg-Lexikon M. Tiedt, Der frühe Bergbau an der Ruhr Was wäre Hagen ohne den Bergbau ?, from IG Bergbau Hagen-Sundern, in German |
| Metal Industry |
E.A. Jägerschmidt, Bemerkungen über einige metallische Fabriken der Grafschaft Mark
, 1788, in German, GB F. Harkort, Aeltere Geschichte des Steinkohlen-Bergbaues und der Eisen- und Stahl-Erzeugung in der Grafschaft Mark, 1855, in German, GB Article : Hammerwerke im Sauerland, from Wikipedia German edition |
| Social History |
J.F.J. Sommer, Handbuch über die ältern und neuern bäuerlichen rechtsverhältnisse in den ehemals grossherzoglich-bergischen, königlich-westphälischen und französischhanseatischen preussischen provinzen in Rheinland-Westphalen,
vol.2 of Geschichtliche und dogmatische Entwicklung der bäerlichen Rechtsverhältnisse in Deutschland, 1830, in German, GB E. Münster-Schröer, Hexenverfolgungen Jülich-Kleve-Berg, Vereinigte Herzogtümer, 2001, Historicum, in German |
| Ethnography |
| Religion | general |
| Catholic |
Die alte und neue erzdiözese Köln in Dekanate eingetheilt oder Das Erzbisthum Köln mit den Stiften, Dekanaten, Pfarreien und Vikarien sammt deren Einkommen und Collatoren wie es war ...
vol.1 1828,
vol.2 1828, in German, GB |
| Judaism |
Article : Geschichte der Juden in Hamm, from Wikipedia German edition K. Maser, Die Juden der Frei- und Reichsstadt Dortmund und der Grafschaft Mark , 1912, in German, europeana G. Köhn, Die Soester jüdische Gemeinde, in German |
| History of Regions | Fragments |
Article : Grafschaft Gimborn, from Wikipedia German edition Article : Soester Börde, from Wikipedia German edition |
| administrative divisions |
Article : Amt Altena (historisch),
Amt Blankenstein,
Amt Bochum,
Amt Hamm,
Amt Hörde,
Amt Iserlohn,
Amt Kamen,
Amt Lünen,
Amt Neuenrade,
Amt Neustadt,
Amt Plettenberg,
Amt Schwerte,
Amt Unna,
Amt Wetter, from GenWiki, in German |
| predecessors |
| other |
| Local History | Altena |
History of Altena, from Wikipedia (E);
from Stadt Altena (G) |
| Bochum |
History of Bochum, from Wikipedia,
from Wikipedia German edition Historisches, from Bochum-Stiepel |
| Gelsenkirchen |
History of Gelsenkirchen, from Wikipedia |
| Hagen |
History of Hagen, from Wikipedia German edition,
from Historisches Centrum Hagen in German |
| Hamm |
History of Hamm, from Wikipedia (E) Geschichte der Stadt Hamm (History of the City of Hamm), by Gabi und Jörg, in German Aus der Geschichte der Stadt Hamm (About the History of the City of Hamm), from Schulnetz Hamm, in German J.A. Möller, Kurze historisch-genealogisch-statistische Geschichte der Hauptstadt Hamm 1803, in German, GB |
| Iserlohn |
Article : Iserlohn : Geschichte, from Wikipedia German edition |
| Lippstadt |
History of Lippstadt, from Wikipedia |
| Lüdenscheid |
History of Lüdenscheid, from Wikipedia (E) F.H. Schumacher, Chronik der Stadt- und Landgemeinde Lüdenscheid 1847, in German, GB |
| Soest |
History of Soest, from Wikipedia (E) A. Geck, Topographisch-historisch-statistische Beschreibung der Stadt Soest und der Soester Börde 1825, in German, GB |
| Volmarstein |
N. Kindlinger, Geschichte der Familie und Herrschaft von Volmestein
vol.1, 1801,
vol.2, 1801, w. documents, GB |
| Witten |
History of Witten, from Wikipedia (E),
from Wikipedia (G) |
| Institutions |
Structurae : Northrhine-Westphalia Article : Ruhrschiffahrt, from Wikipedia German edition Kohlenschiffahrt auf der Ruhr zwischen 1780 und 1890, Binnenschifferforum 2008, in German Article : Westfälischer Hellweg, from Wikipedia German edition |
| Culture |
| Biographies | electronic |
| scans of print editions |
| Others |
Wasserburg Haus Kemnade, from Stadt Bochum (G) Förderverein Krenzer Hammer |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
Grafschaft Mark : Herrscher, from Wikipedia German edition |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers |
| Online Yearbooks | Staatskalender |
Niederrheinisch-Westphälischer Kreis-Kalender
1792, 1791, in German, GB |
| General, entries on G. |
