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First posted in 2000, last revised on November 18th 2008






Note : in the 13th century the name Prussia was applied to territory on the Baltic Sea to the east of the Vistula River. This area, then inhabited by the heathen Prussians, was conquered by the Knights of the Teutonic Order, who established a state there. When the Teutonic Order took control of Pomerelia (i.e. the area on the western bank of the lower Vistula) in 1309, the name Prussia gradually was extended over it as well.
During the Prussian Civil War, The State of the Teutonic Order broke in two (1466) - Royal Prussia and the truncated State of the Teutonic Order, which in 1525 was converted into a Duchy, hence Ducal Prussia.
The Margraviate of Brandenburg since 1415 was ruled by the Zollern or Hohenzollern Dynasty. When the line of the Dukes in Prussia died out in 1618, the Hohenzollern inherited. Residing in Berlin, they were Margraves of Brandenburg, Electors of the Holy Roman Empire and Dukes in Prussia.
The Treaty of Westphalia 1648 brought further territorial acquisition : Further Pomerania and the Princebishopric of Minden. Ravensberg, Kleve and Mark were secured in 1666, Magdeburg and Halberstadt in 1680.
Technically, these territories were separate political entities, held together only by a common dynasty, but maintaining territorial estates, laws. The Hohenzollern Dynasty pursued the policy of establishing central intitutions and gradually forging the various statelets into one state. The army and the emerging bureaucracy were major instruments in that policy.
In 1701 Emperor Leopold I. elevated Margrave Friedrich III. to the status of King in Prussia (in, because he did not control all of Prussia). In 1772, King Friedrich II. (Frederick the Great) acquired West Prussia in the First Polish Partition, and now assumed the title King of Prussia.
In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved. Now the name Kingdom of Prussia was extended over all Hohenzollern territories. When the German Empire was established in 1871, the Kingdom of Prussia continued to exist as a federal state within it. In 1918, the Kingdom of Prussia was proclaimed the Free State of Prussia. It discontinued to function in 1945 and was disolved in 1947.




Prussia 1933-1947 . Germany
Prussia 1919-1933 . Germany
Prussia 1871-1919 . Germany

Prussia 1862-1871
Prussia 1849-1862
Prussia 1848-1849
Prussia 1815-1847
Prussia 1807-1815
Prussia 1786-1807 . Holy Roman Empire
Prussia 1763-1786 . Holy Roman Empire
Prussia 1740-1763 . Holy Roman Empire
Prussia 1701-1740 . Holy Roman Empire

Hohenzollern State 1648-1701 . Holy Roman Empire

Provinces 1815-1947 : Prussia (1829-1878), East Prussia (-1829, 1878-), West Prussia (-1829, 1878-), Posen (Poznan), Silesia, Pomerania (Pomerania), Brandenburg, Province of Sachsen (Saxony), Schleswig-Holstein, Hannover, Hessen-Nassau, Westphalia, the Rhine Province, Hohenzollern (since 1850), Neuchatel (Neuenburg, until 1857)
Territories of the Hohenzollern State, until 1806 : Brandenburg, Pomerania, (East) Prussia, Silesia, East Frisia, Tecklenburg, Lingen, Ravensberg, Minden, Mark, Kleve, Moers, Obergeldern, Neuchatel (Neuenburg)

Historical Atlas, Prussia Page
List of Wars, Brandenburg-Prussia 1618-1871


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Students' Paper : Roh, Yong Ho : The Rise of the Ruhr Area, Germany's Industrial Heartland, in the 19th Century (2007)







WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES
Country Profiles from Wikipedia
from Preussen Web, in German
Articles Prussia, from EB 1911
Article Preussen, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German
Article Preussen, from Brockhaus Konversationslexikon 1894-1896, in German
Links, General Category : Prussia, from Wikipedia
Links, on History Virtual Library : History : German History, from Univ. Erlangen; Brandenburg-Preussen, from Univ. Rostock
Category : History of Prussia, from Wikipedia
Historical Dictionaries
Historical Maps click here
Timelines from Preussen-Chronik, in German
from timelines.ws
Accounts of History Articles Brandenburg-Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia, Free State of Prussia, from Wikipedia
Encyclopedia Entries Articles Prussia; Provinces : East Prussia (Ostpreussen), West Prussia (Westpreussen), Posen, Silesia (Schlesien), Brandenburg, Pomerania (Pommern), Prussian Saxony (Provinz Sachsen), Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover (Hannover). Hesse-Nassau (Hessen-Nassau), Westphalia (Westfalen), Rhine Province (Rheinprovinz); Cities : Berlin, Breslau, Danzig, Königsberg, Stettin, Magdeburg, Halle, Kiel, Altona, Hanover, Münster, Bielefeld, Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, Elberfeld, Barmen, Düsseldorf, Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), Cologne (Köln), Coblenz (Koblenz), Saarbrücken, Frankfort-on-Main (Frankfurt), Cassel (Kassel), from EB 1911
Articles Prussia, Silesia, Westphalia, Breslau, Gnesen-Posen, Culm, Ermland (Warmia), Berlin, Brandenburg, Magdeburg, Saxony, scroll down for Prussian province, Schleswig, Hanover, Hesse, Münster, Hildesheim, Paderborn, Cologne, Trier, from Catholic Encyclopedia 1907
Articles Prussia, Berlin, Posen (Prov.), Danzig, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Cologne, Dortmund, Essen, from Jewish Encyclopedia 1901-1906
Article Preussen, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German
Article Preussen, from Brockhaus Konversationslexikon 1894-1896, in German
Article Prussia, from Cyclopedia of Political Economy, Political Science and Political History of the United States (J.J. Lalor 1899)
J. Chr. Nelkenbrecher, Allgemeines Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtskunde für Banquiers und Kaufleute (General Manual on Coinage, Measurement and Weights, for Bankers and Merchants) Berlin 1832, in German, entries Aachen, Berlin, Bielefeld, Breslau, Cleve, Coblentz, Cöln, Danzig, Düsseldorf, Elberfeld, Elbing, Erfurt, Frankfurt/Oder, Halberstadt, Iserlohn, Königsberg, Magdeburg, Memel, Minden, Mühlhausen, Münster, Naumburg, Stettin, Stralsund, Trier, posted by DTBSWS
J. Chr. Nelckenbrecher, Taschenbuch eines Banquiers und Kaufmanns enthaltend eine Erklärung aller ein- und ausländischen Münzen ..., Berlin : Wever 1769, in German, entries Berlin, Breslau, Frankfurt an der Oder, Königsberg, Stettin, posted by DTBSWS
Military see here
Economy & Finances Article Prussian Thaler, from Wikipedia
Article Königlich Preussische Porzellan-Manufaktur, Berlin, from Wikipedia, in German
Oliver Wavell Grant, Doers Industrialisation Push up Social Inequality ? New Evidence on the Kuznets Curve from Nineteenth Century Prussian Tax Statistics (2002)
Ethnography
Religion Mennonite History : Living in Prussia, from From Prussia to Russia to North America : 300 Years, by Stanley M. Harder (1998)
History of Regions Die Länder des Deutschen Reiches 1871-1945, from Verwaltungsgeschichte by M. Rademacher (The Lands of the Reich 1871-1945, from Administrative History) in German
Articles Provinces of Prussia, East Prussia, West Prussia, Pomerania, Margraviate of Brandenburg, Province of Brandenburg, Province of Posen, Province of Silesia, Province of Saxony, Schleswig Holstein, Hannover, Hessen-Nassau, Westphalia, Rhine Province, from Wikipedia
History of Cities History of Klaipeda (Memel), Sovetsk (Tilsit), Kaliningrad (Königsberg), Elblag (Elbing), Gdansk (Danzig), Chelmno (Kulm), Torun (Thorn), Byggoszcz (Bromberg), Poznan (Posen), Gniezno (Gnesen), Wroclaw (Breslau), Opole (Oppeln), Legnica (Liegnitz), Szczecin (Stettin), Stralsund, Greifswald, Potsdam, Berlin, Frankfurt / Oder, Cottbus, Brandenburg, Flensburg, Kiel, Altona, Hanover (Hannover), Hildesheim, Osnabrück, Göttingen, Kassel, Frankfurt / Main, Bielefeld, Münster, Dortmund, Bochum, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Duisburg, Krefeld, Düsseldorf, Cologne (Köln), Aachen, Wuppertal (former Barmen, Elberfeld), Koblenz, Trier, Wilhelmshaven, from Wikipedia
Die Geschichte von Potsdam (The History of Potsdam), from Cosmopolis, in German
Geschichte Berlins, from Chronik Berlin, in German
Institutions Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Jahresberichte für Deutsche Geschichte, 1925-1938, in German
Biographies
Bibliography Prussia, from The Online Books Page
Brandenburg-Preussen, from Bibscout

WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS
Lists of Statesmen from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon)
Titles of European Rulers : Brandenburg / Prussia
Population Figures
Document Collections Documents on German History for the preparation of history class, from psm-data (in German and/or English)
German legal documents (laws, constitutions) 1871-today, from Documentarchiv, in German only
Primary Documents to the History of Germany from Eurodocs
Documents in German History : Texts and Translations, from Univ. of Newcastle, exclusively on the 18th century, mostly in German and English
Historische Quellen, posted by the Louise Schroeder Gymnasium München
Prussian state finance, 1688-1806, from ESFDB
Verfassungen Preussens (Constitutions of Prussia), from Verfassungen.de, in German
Amtspresse Preussens, from Staatsbibliothek Berlin
Election Results Article Elections in the Free State of Prussia, from Wikipedia
Archives, Musea, Libraries Repositories of Primary Sources : Europe : Germany, from Univ. of Idaho; scroll further down. Mostly Archive Webpages
National Symbols Flags, from FOTW
Coins, Banknotes Coins of Prussia, from World Coin Image Gallery, from Coin Pictures
Banknotes before 1871, from German Notes, scroll down for Prussia
Stamps Rare German States Stamps, from Sandafayre Stamp Gallery; Stamps Prussia, from Stamps Catalogue 1840-1920 by Evert Klaseboer
Others

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Online Libraries Prussia, from The Online Books Page
Gutenberg Library Online, keyword Prussia
on German History Eleanor L. Turk, The History of Germany, London : Greenwood 1999, 231 pp.
Mary Fulbrook, A Concise History of Germany, Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press 1991, 263 pp.
Institut für Geschichte der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, ed., Deutsche Geschichte in Daten, Berlin (Ost) : Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften 1967 [G]
General Accounts Leopold von Ranke, Preussische Geschichte (1878) Leipzig : Hoffmann und Campe, n.d., in German [G]
Preussen, Versuch einer Bilanz, Exhibition Catalogue, Hamburg : RoRoRo 1981, 5 volumes, in German [G]
Hans-Joachim Schoeps, Preussen, Geschichte eines Staates, Berlin : Propyläen 1966, in German [G]
Herbert Tuttle, History of Prussia (1888), from Internet Archive
Specific Periods Philip C. Dwyer, Modern Prussian History 1830-1947, Harlow : Pearson Education 2001
Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich II. of Prussia called Frederick the Great, Vol.1 (1865), Vol.II (1905), Vol.III (1905) Vol.IV (1865), Vol.V, Vol.VI (1865), from Internet Archive
Sources Carnegie Endowment, The Treaties of 1785, 1799, and 1828 Between the United States and Prussia, as Interpreted in .. (1918), posted on Internet Archive
A treaty of amity and of commerce between the United States of America, and His Majesty, the King of Prussia (1786), posted on Internet Archive
Yearbooks Article : Prussia, in : International Year Book 1898 pp.643-644 [G]
Entry : Prussia, in : Statesman's Year Book 1918 pp.951-962 [G]