 |
| Jammu & Kashmir (India) |
 |
 |
 |
Khyber Pakhtunkhai |
|
In 1947 the British withdrew from India. The political visions of the Muslim League (a Muslim State in India called Pakistan, with
Punjab, Kashmir and Sindh as core areas) and of the Indian National Congress (a
Republic of India comprising of a multi-ethnic, multi-religious, unpartitioned India) conflicted. Both the Muslim League and the
Indian National Congress regarded India's 500+ princely states as remnants of a feudal past. The Maharaja of
Jammu & Kashmir (a Hindu) opted for the
Republic of India, much to the surprise of many of the Muslim inhabitants of
Jammu & Kashmir, which made up the overwhelming majority of the population. Political upheaval followed, with the opponents of the Maharaja being supported by Pakistani forces, the princely administration by the Indian forces; Jammu & Kashmir was partitioned, separated by the Line of Control (1948). Several Indo-Pakistani Wars (1965, 1971) and the actions of guerillas called liberation fighters by one, terrorists by the other side, have failed in changing the political map in Jammu & Kashmir. The Pakistani-administrated part of Jammu & Kashmir was partitioned in two : Azad (Jammu and) Kashmir, and the Federally Administrated Northern Areas. Formally, Azad Kashmir is not part of Pakistan, but a separate state. When the Election Commission of Pakistan describes the territory of Pakistan as comprising "the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier and Balochistan, the Islamabad Capital Territory i.e. the Federal Capital, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATAs) and such states and territories as are or may be included in Pakistan whether by accession or otherwise", Azad Kashmir and the Federally Administrated Northern Areas (since 2009 : Gilgit-Baltistan) may be interpreted as "such states and territories as are or may be included in Pakistan whether by accession or otherwise". During the 1950s and 1960s, Azad Kashmir was frontier area where military concerns took precedent over civilian matters. In the mid 1970s, measures were taken to develop the regional political and social infrastructure; the University of Azad Kashmir was established in 1974, a flag for Azad Kashmir chosen in 1975. The issue of Jammu & Kashmir remains unresolved, as Pakistan regards the Indian part of Jammu and Kashmir as illegally occupied by the Republic of India, while the Republic of India regards Azad Jammu & Kashmir as illegally occupied by Pakistan. The 2005 earthquake centering on Muzaffarabad focussed world attention on Azad Kashmir, an area for which information is scarce, even in the age of the internet. For the History prior to 1947, see Jammu & Kashmir (Princely State) Timeline : Jammu & Kashmir Historical Atlas : Jammu & Kashmir, British India, India, Pakistan Pages |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
|
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES as Kashmir is a disputed territory, users are advised to use discretion, as many of the sources linked below are biased in one way or another. The webmaster of WHKMLA is not responsible for the content of external websites. |
| Country Profiles |
Articles Azad Kashmir (India) Azad Kashmir, official website Kashmir Flashpoint, from BBC News Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, from Indian Embassy, Washington |
| Links |
Conflict in Kashmir, Selected Internet Resources, from UC Berkeley
Library |
| Organizations |
Kashmir Study Group Kashmir Heritage |
| Historical Dictionaries |
| Timelines |
see here Kashmir Timeline, by Justin Podur, since 1925 Timeline Conflict over Kashmir 1947-2002, from CNN; Timeline Kashmir 2003-2004, from The Guardian; from SATP; from Kashmir Information Timeline of the Kashmir Cnflict, from Wikipedia |
| Accounts of History | Current, on Kashmir |
History of Kashmir,
Jammu and Kashmir, from Wikipedia History of Jammu and Kashmir, from Webindia 123 History of Kashmir, from Kashmir Information, from Kashmir News Network L.N. Dhar, An Outline of the History of Kashmir, posted by Koausa Kashmir, History of a Flashpoint, from Buzzle.com |
| Current, on Azad Kashmir |
History of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, from
Region Azad Kashmir, from Mirpur's First Entertainment Website |
| Historical |
| Specific Periods |
History of the Kashmir Conflict, from Wikipedia Short History of Kashmir Dispute, from IEER |
| Politics |
Kashmir National Identity Campaign (KNIC, UK) |
| Military |
Jammu and Kashmir Assessment, from SATP Kashmir, from Global Security Articles Line of Control, Kargil War, from Wikipedia |
| Economy & Finances |
Economy, from Region Azad Kashmir Agriculture, from Region Azad Kashmir |
| Social History |
Kashmir and IDP's, from IDP World Citizenship |
| Ethnography |
Jammu and Kashmir : Distribution of Languages, from
Kashmir Study Group India, from Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Map : Jammu and Kashmir, Principal Languages 1981, from Wikipedia Shams Rehman, Diaspora and Development: the case of British Kashmiris from Azad Kashmir, KNIC Shams Rehman, British Kashmiris : Earliest British in Kashmir and Kashmiris in Britain |
| Religion |
Jammu & Kashmir, Distribution of Religions, from
Kashmir Study Group |
| Local History |
Article : Mirpur : History, from Wikipedia Article : Muzaffarabad : History, from Wikipedia |
| Institutions |
Article University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (1974),
from Wikipedia |
| Culture |
| Biographies |
| Others |
Article Simla Agreement (1972), from Wikipedia Jennifer Crook, War in Kashmir and its Effect on the Environment, ICE Case Studies 1998, Samantha Hulkower, Kashmir: Melting Glaciers, Boiling Conflicts, ICE Case Studies 2007 |
| DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon), scroll down |
| Population Figures |
Historical Population Statistics : Pakistan, by State (Province), from Population Statistics, at UUtrecht Population of Cities : Pakistan : Azad Kashmir, from City Population |
| Election Results |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers |
Jammu & Kashmir News Archive (since 1997);
Kashmir Herald, Archive, 2001-2005 The History of Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh, from World History Archives Life Magazine, 1936-1972, Search for "Kashmir", search all issues; 203 Kashmir articles, GB |
| Modern Newspapers |
| Image Databanks |
Photos of Kashmir, by Peter Langer |
| Archival Deposits |
Search National Archives (UK) Search Janus |
| Constitutions, Laws |
Kashmir Legal Documents, from Kashmir Information |
| Treaties |
| Document Collections |
UN Resolutions on Kashmir, from fisiusa Documents, from Fouq Library (www.kashmiri.info) Jammu and Kashmir Documents, from SATP Baharistan-i-Shahi, ch.1, ch.2, ch.3, ch.4, ch.5, ch.6, ch.7, ch.8 |
| Historical Maps |
Location of places in Azad Kashmir, from TAGEO Maps, from Kashmir Study Group Kashmir, from Asian Linguistic Maps Map, from Kashmir Heritage |
| Parliamentary Debates |
Hansard (British Parliament) |
| Tour Guides, Travelogues |
| Residence Memoirs |
| Institutions | Archives |
| Musea |
| Monuments |
| Libraries |
National Library of Pakistan |
| Official Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
State Flag, from Azad Jammu & Kashmir (of 1975) |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| Bibliographies | general |
RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
| on Kashmir |
from Kashmir : Hope for the Future |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus International Boundary Studies Gallica Search DBNG for Bengalen etc. |
| on Kashmir |
Tibetan & Himalayan Digital Library Pakistan Research Repository Fouq Library, articles on the Kashmir Issue Indcat, Online Uinion Catalogue of Indian Universities, from INFLIBNET, click Union Database Digital Library of India History of India Digital Library |
| Online Journals |
| Online Yearbooks |
| General Accounts |
| Specific Topics |
| Yearbooks |
