Mughal Empire |
Between 1160 and 1187, Muhammad al-Ghuri conquered the Ghaznavid Empire; he continued to expand his territory, and in 1192 he razed
the Buddhist temple complex at Nalanda to the ground, in effect terminating the history of Buddhism in India. The Delhi Sultanate lasted from 1206 to 1526 and again from 1540 to 1555. Upon the death of Muhammad al-Ghuri, his governor of Delhi established the Mamluk Dynasty or Slave Dynasty (1206-1290; Mamluk Dynasty of Delhi, not to be confused with the Mamluk Dynasty of Cairo 1250-1517). The Mamluk Dynasty of Delhi was succeeded by the Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320, the Tughluq Dynasty 1320-1414, the Sayyid Dynasty 1414-1451 and the Lodhi Dynasty 1451-1526 and 1540-1555. Delhi was chosen as capital because of its strategic location, controlling the plain connecting the Jumna and Sutlej valleys (tributaries of the Ganges respectively Indus rivers). The core region of the Delhi Sultanate was the Upper Indus, Upper and Central Ganges Valley. It reached its largest extension under the early Tughluq Dunasty. The Bahmani Sultanate broke away in 1345, marking the beginning of the Deccan Sultanates. In the 13th and early 14th century, the Delhi Sultanate was able to defend itself against Mongol attacks; only in 1398 did Delhi fall to the army of Tamerlane (who died in 1405). The Sultanate of Delhi recovered. In 1526 Timurid Babur defeated the Lodhi Dynasty, took Delhi and established the Mughal Empire. The Lodhi had been defeated, but not eliminated; in 1540 Lodhi Sher Suri Shah expelled Mughal Emperor Humayun from Delhi; only in 1555 was the Lodhi Dynasty terminated by a returning Humayun. Islam was official religion, Farsi (Persian) the language of the court. During the Delhi Sultanate, the language of Urdu (Hindi with Arab, Turkic, Persian loanwords, written in the Arabic alphabet) emerged. The Delhi Sultanate was dominated by Turks of Central Asian extraction. Students' Paper : Son, Bo Kyung, The History of Persecution of the Buddhist Faith (2011) Students' Paper : Lee, Dahyeon, National Historiography : Heroes and Villains in the History of India (2010) Students' Paper : Yeon, Haram, The History of Textiles in South Asia (2009) Students' Paper : Lee Yeonhwa, A Social History of Hindustan (2008) |
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Country Profiles | Current |
Article : Delhi Sultanate, from Wikipedia Article : Delhi Sultanate, Encyclopaedia Iranica Karnataka Education : History Textbook, Chapter 13 : Consolidation of the Sultanate |
Historical | Asian Perspective |
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Portals |
Timelines |
Clickable Timeline of Indian History, from kamat.com |
Accounts of History | General, Modern |
A.L. Srivastava, The Sultanate of Delhi 711-1526 A.D., 1959, IA |
General, Historical | Mughal Accounts |
Muammad Qasim Hindu Shah Astarabadi Firishtah, The history of Hindostan
1768 edition vol.1, GB,
1768 edition vol.2, GB;
vol.1 1803, GB,
vol.2 1792, GB History of the rise of the Mahomedan power in India, till the year A.D. 1612 vol.1 1829, GB, vol.2 1829, GB, vol.3 1829, GB |
Other Asian Accounts |
European Accounts |
Specific Periods |
Article : Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi, Wikipedia Article : Khilji Dynasty, Wikipedia Article : Tughlaq Dynasty, from Wikipedia Article : Sayyid Dynasty, from Wikipedia Article : Lodi Dynasty, from Wikipedia |
Administration |
History Tuition : Administration of the Delhi Sultanate |
Military |
Article : Mongol Invasions of India, from Wikipedia N. Oliver, Tughlaqabad Fort, India Trips Guru, Siri Fort, Delhi Article : Tughlaqabad Fort, Wikipedia |
Economy & Finances | General |
India Net Zone, Economic Condition under Delhi Sultanate |
Money & Finances |
Trade |
Crafts |
Indian Textiles : Trade and Production, from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Article : History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent : Early Common Era-Early Modern Era, from Wikipedia Article : History of Science and Technology in the Indian subcontinent : Late Middle Ages, from Wikipedia Karnataka Education, History Textbook : Chapter 6 : History of Textile Industry in India |
Agriculture |
B.D. Sharma, Origin and History of Potato in India,
pp.149- in V.C. Sristava, History of agriculture in India, up to c. 1200 A.D., 2008, GB Traditional Water Systems and Minor Irrigation Schemes, Kharagpur (covers regions of modern India) |
Social History |
Article Widow Burning, from Encyclopedia of Death and Dying Education in Ancient and Medieval India Indian Women down the Ages India Net Zone : Society under the Delhi Sultanate India Net Zone : History of Higher Education in India |
Ethnography |
Religion | General |
Islam |
Jaffur Shurreeff, Qanoon-e-Islam: or, The customs of the Moosulmans of India
, 1832, GB Article : Shi'a Islam in India : History, from Wikipedia R. Upadhyay, Sufism in India : Its origin, history and politics 2004 S.M. Ikram, Muslim Civilization in India, 1964 Article : Chishti Order, Wikipedia |
Hinduism |
India Net Zone : Bhakti Movement Article : Bhakti Movement, Wikipedia |
Sikhism |
Article : History of Sikhism, from Wikipedia |
Jainism |
Zoroastrianism |
Fezana Religious Education, History of the Parsis in India |
Judaism |
Virtual Jewish History Tour : India;
Article : History of the Jews in India from Wikipedia |
Regional History | Andhra Pradesh |
Article : History of Andhra Pradesh : Kakatiyas, Wikipedia |
Bengal |
Article : History of Bengal : Deva Kingdom, Ilyas Shahi Dynasty, from Wikipedia J.N. Demeunier, Etat civil, politique et commerçant, du Bengale, vol.1, 1775, in French, GB |
Bihar |
Article : History of Bihar : Medieval Period, from Wikipedia Article Bihar, from Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909), posted by DSAL |
Deccan |
Gujarat |
Articles History of Gujarat : Medieval
Period, from Wikipedia A.M. Khan, The political and statistical history of Gujarat 1835, GB Religion in the Making of a Region : Perspectives from Gujarat, Workshop 2010 Article : Gujarat, from Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909), posted by DSAL |
Haryana |
Article : History of Haryana : Medieval Period, from Wikipedia |
Himachal Pradesh |
Article : History of Himachal Pradesh : Medieval History,
from Wikipedia |
Multan |
Punjab |
Articles History of the Punjab : The Delhi
Sultanate, from Wikipedia |
Rajasthan |
Article : History of Rajasthan : Medieval Period, from
Wikipedia |
Sindh |
Article : History of Sindh : Under the Umayyads, Abbasids and later Dynasties, from Wikipedia |
Tamil Nadu |
Article : History of Tamil Nadu : Delhi Sultanate, Wikipedia Article : Madurai Sultanate, Wikipedia |
Uttar Pradesh |
Article : History of Uttar Pradesh : Delhi Sultanate, from Wikipedia |
Local History | Agra |
called Akbarabad in Mughal times Article : Agra : History, from Wikipedia F. Pritchett, Indian Routes : Agra Fort, the Early Mughal Capital |
Delhi |
History of Delhi, from Welcome to Delhi |
Dhaka (Bengal) |
Article : Dhaka, from Banglapedia |
Kabul (Afghanistan) |
Article : Kabul : Timurid and Mughal Period, from Wikipedia |
Lahore (Punjab) |
F. Pritchett, Indian Routes :
Lahore Fort, 1500s and on |
Patna (Bihar) |
Article : History of Patna : The Mughals, from Wikipedia Article Patna City, from Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909), posted by DSAL |
Sonargaon (Bengal) |
Article : Sonargaon, from Wikipedia Article : Sonargaon, from Banglapedia |
Surat |
major Mughal port until 1664 Article : Surat : History, from Wikipedia Article : Surat District, from Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909), posted by DSAL |
Institutions |
M.G. Singh, A Fist full of Memoirs :
Grand trunk road, Kabul to Bengal, Mughals, Sher Shah Sur, Chandragupta Maurya |
Cultural History |
Online Publications on the History of Indian Architecture, posted by
ArchNet Famous India, travel agency site offering historical information & images on Indian temples, cities, shrines etc. Ministry of Culture, Government of India, Centre for Cultural Resources and Training, Indo-Islamic Architecture, Medieval Schools of Sculpture, Miniature Painting, Literary Arts, scroll down for Medieval Literature Article : Delhi Sultanate Literature, Wikipedia P. Sen, The Salient Features of Architecture under the Sultanate Period |
Biographies |
N. Hanif, Biographical Encyclopedia of Sufis, 2000, GB |
Others |
History of Indian Science and Technology, from Indian Science |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
World Statesmen : India, by Ben Cahoon; from
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Ch.11 : De Scriptoribus Rerum Orientalium atque Asiaticarum, Par.8 : Indicarum rerum scriptores, pp.248-250 in
B.G. Struve, Selecta bibliotheca historica, 1705, in Latin, GB ;
a catalogue of narrative historical sources Catalogues of Oriental Manuscripts, at this site |
Document Collections |
Indian History Sourcebook Documents for the history of India, from Project South Asia |
Historical Maps |
DSAL, Imperial Gazetteer of India, Atlas 1909,
Atlas 1931 DSAL, J.E. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia Maps of India; Historical Maps of India, links from Rootsweb Map : Indoaryan Language Groups (in South Asia), from Wikipedia Map : Delhi Sultanate, Wikipedia; Map : Delhi Sultanate, Wikipedia Map : Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi, 1206-1290, Wikipedia Map : Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320, from Wikipedia Map : Tughluq Dynasty 1320-1330, Wikipedia Map : Tughlaq Dynasty 1320-1398, Wikipedia Map : Sayyid Dynasty, World Navigator Map : Lodhi Dynasty, Maps of India T. Lessman's Atlas of World History : Eastern Hemisphere 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500 |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
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National Archives of India, of Pakistan List of State Archives, from National Archives of India |
Musea |
National Museum, New Delhi Lahore Museum |
Monuments |
Libraries |
Official Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Coins |
RBI Monetary Museum, Medieval Coinage of India www.numis.in, Sultanate Coins The Coins and History of Asia, 1600 and before, has several subfiles on India Coins of Islamic Dynasties, from Nupam's Webpage for the Indian Coins Coins with Couplets, Coins with Mint Epithets, Coins with Different Mints, Coins with Persian Months, Mughal Governor Issues, from P. Thakkar's Classic Gallery of Indian Numismatics M.A. Khan, Gold and Silver Coins of Sultans of Delhi, 1974, IA The Coins of the Sultans of Delhi in the British Museum, 1884, IA |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | general |
RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
on South Asia |
General Bibliography of Pre-Modern History in South Asia, D. Ludden Bibliography on Topics Relevant to Indic Civilization, from Indic Studies |
Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
e-corpus Gallica Center for Research Libraries (CRL) |
on South Asia |
Digital Library of India Indcat, Online Union Catalogue of Indian Universities, from INFLIBNET, click Union Database Digitial Library of Indian History Books, from Indic Studies Packard Humanities Institute, Persian Literature in Translation |
Thesis Servers | on South Asia |
Pakistan Research Repository |
Online Journals | Guides |
Electronic Journals Online |
on South Asia |
South Asia Journals, from ELIN-NIAS;
India Journals, from ELIN-NIAS Asia Insights, from NIAS, 2002- |
General Accounts | on India |
B.D. Metcalf and T.R. Metcalf, A Concise History of India, Cambridge : UP 2002, 321 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. 954 M588c Vincent A. Smith, The Oxford History of India, (1919) Oxford : UP 2001, 945 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. 954 S642b Gordon Johnson, Cultural Atlas of India, NY : Facts on File 1996, 240 pp., illustrated, KMLA Lib.Sign. 954 J66c H.S. Bhatta, Military History of British India (1607-1947), New Delhi : Deep & Deep 1977, 256 pp. [G] Francis Watson, India. A Concise History, London : Thames & Hudson (1974) 1996, 192 pp. [G] |
on Delhi Sultanate |
Specific Topics |