Terminology : European sources from 1498 into the 20th century refer to Kerala as "the Malabar Coast". Only after independence were the Indian states
reorganized based on the regionally spoken languages; Kerala is the state where Malayalam is the dominant language. The terms "Malabar Coast" and "Kerala" roughly coincide.
Political History : Until c.300 CE, Kerala was divided by Puzhinadu (north), the Cheras (center) and Ay (the south). By c.700 CE, northern Kerala was held by Alupa, central and southern Kerala by the Chera Dynasty. The Chera Dynasty ended in 1102. After that, Kerala fragmented further politically. In 1498, when Vasco da Gama arrived, the most prominent states in Kerala were Kolathiri (capital Cannanore), Samoothiri (the land of the Zamorin, capital Calicut) and Venad. The Portuguese attempt to conquer the regional trade center of Calicut failed. So instead, they supported a smaller rival, Cochin (Kochi). In the 17th century, the Dutch (the V.O.C.) replaced the Portuguese as the leading European trading nation on the Malabar coast. Denmark and France (Mahe) also established trading factories. Cochin, from having been a Portuguese satellite, had changed into a V.O.C. satellite (although relations between the V.O.C. and Cochin were uneasy). During the 18th century the V.O.C. declined; in 1763 Samoothiri (Calicut) was conquered and annexed by Mysore. In 1792 Mysore ceded Malabar District (with Calicut) to the East India Company, in 1799 South Kannara District (with Cannanore); both areas came under direct rule (Madras Presidency). Cochin and Travancore (an enlarged Venad) after some resistance accepted indirect rule. Following independence (Republic of India) 1947, Kerala State was formed in 1956 by merging Malabar District (with Mahe, annexed 1954), Cochin and Travancore with parts of South Kannada District. Students' Papers : Cho, Hwi Gue, Methods and Results of Communication in First Time Encounters : the Cases of da Gama, Columbus, Magellan, Cortes, and Pizarro (2012) Students' Papers : Myeong Do Hyeong, The Clash of Cultures in Malabar : Encounters, Conflict and Interaction with European Culture, 1498-1947 (2012) |
E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
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D o c u m e n t s |
Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
Country Profiles | Current |
Article : History of Kerala, from Wikipedia |
Historical |
D. Barbosa, A description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar :
in the beginning of the sixteenth century, trsl. and ed. by H.E.J. Stanley, 1866, GB J.C. Visscher, Letters from Malabar, tr.: to which is added an account of Travancore, and fra Bartolomeo's travels in that country, trsl. by H. Drury, 1862, GB |
Links |
Category : History of Kerala |
Organizations | Database of Organizations |
Libraries and Archives in South Asia Wiki |
on Kerala |
Kerala Council for Historical Research Kerala Department of Archaeology |
Historical Dictionaries |
Digital South Asia Library : Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909-1931 |
Timelines |
Accounts of History | Current |
Article History of Kozhicode, from Wikipedia History and Culture, from Government of Kerala |
Historical |
G.P. Maffei, Le istorie dell' Indie Orientali,
edition of 1589,
edition of 1749, in Italian, GB; numerous Calecutr references Keralolpatti (The Origin of Malabar), 1868, in Malayalam, GB |
Specific Periods |
Portuguese Discovery of the Passage to India, pp.71-, Portuguese Conquest of India
in vol.1 of H. Murray,
Historical and descriptive account of British India, 1832, GB An Account of the Franks in Malabar, and of their villainous Proceedings in that country, pp.74- in Zayn al-Din Abd al-Aziz al-Malibari, Tohfut-ul-mujahideen, Oriental Translation Fund 1833, GB; trsl. by D. Lopez : Historia dos Portugueses no Malabar, in Portuguese, 1898, IA Calicut, pp.55- in L.V. de Camoes, The Lusiad, trsl. by W.J. Mickle, 1773, GB G.T.F. Raynal, A philosophical and political history of the settlements and trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies, vol.1 1804, vol.2 1804, vol.3 1804, vol.4 1804, vol.5 1804, vol.6 1804, GB Ram Chandra Rao Punganuri, Memoirs of Hyder and Tippoo: rulers of Seringapatam, written in the Mahratta language, trsl. by C.P. Brown, 1849, GB List of feudal states in Kerala, from Wikipedia J. Biddulph, The Pirates of Malabar, 1907, GB Maddy's Ramblings, Malabar Hill and the Pirates of Malabar [16th to 19th Century] The First Indian Mutiny against the British - 1800 Mutiny - and Massacre of 150 British at Attingal Palace in Travancore, [actually a well-illustrated history of Kerala until 1850, covers Cochin, Calicut as well] M. Ramerini, The Portuguese in Cochin [title should read : the Portuguese in Kerala] M. Ramerini, The Dutch in Kerala (Malabar) |
Administration |
H. Wigram, A Commentary on Malabar Law and Custom, 1882, IA L. Moore, Malabar Law and Custom, 1905, IA |
Military | Wars |
Article : Samoothiri-Polarthiri war, from Wikipedia The Shade of Swords : Inhuman Acts by Portugues Agressors in India, excerpts from M.J. Akbar's book 'The Shade of Swords' Article : Mysore Invasion of Kerala (1763-1792), from Wikipedia Article : Travancore-Dutch War 1741, from Wikipedia Quilon and Cochin : a punitive expedition and a failed siege 1661-1662, The second siege of Cochin 1662, from T. Mostert, Chain of Command : The military system of the Dutch East India Company 1655-1663, thesis 2009 |
Revolts |
Historic Alleys : Manjeri Moplahs Revolt against Tipu
Article : Malabar Rebellion (Moplah Rebellion 1921), from Wikipedia The Malabar Campaign (1921), from The Keep Military Museum |
Forts |
Malabar Days : Cannanore Fort Article : Cranganore Fort, from Wikipedia |
Units |
British Empire Armed Forces : Units :
77th Moplah Rifles,
78th Moplah Rifles |
Economy & Finances | Currency & Finances |
Trade | Arab Trade |
S. Tripati et al., An Indo-Arabian Type of Stone Anchor from Kannur, Kerala, West coast of India, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol.34 (1) 2005, pp.131-137; [on Malabar-Arab Trade] Historic Alleys : Chau ju-kua's Chu fan Chi and Malabar H.K. Randathani, Makhdums of Ponnani M.H. Ilias, Narrating the History of Malabar's Omani Connection with Special Reference to the Life Histories of Cheraman Perumal and Saiyyid Fadl Moplah, 2011 Historic Alleys : The Zainuddin Makhdum's of Malabar Ibn Khoury, The Stars of Arab Navigation in Ibn Magid's Works, 1990, GB; Ibn Magid lived in the 15th century, sailed the Indian Ocean |
China Trade |
Historic Alleys : Chau ju-kua's Chu fan Chi and
Malabar |
Portuguese Trade |
P.M.C. Malekandathil, Portuguese Cochin and the maritime Trade of India, 1500-1663,
thesis 2010 |
Dutch Trade (V.O.C.) |
India. Shores without end, from Tanap; scroll down for Malabar, Coromandel The Dutch in Kerala (Malabar), from Colonial Voyage (Marco Ramerini) S. Anjana, From Merchant-Warriors to Landlords : the Changing Appearances of the V.O.C. in Cochin 1663-1795, 2007 Gewesten : Malabar, from V.O.C. Kenniscentrum, in Dutch Malabar, from De V.O.C. site, in Dutch Lijst van commandeurs van Malabar, from Wikipedia Dutch Edition Colonial Imprints in India : the Dutch, from IHR Blog Ramachandran Vaidyanadhan, Communication history of the Dutch in India (review) |
Danish Trade (Danish India) |
Nick Balmer, Murdoch Brown,
Malabar Days 2007 M. Ramerini, Chronology of Danish Colonial Settlements, [lists Calicut factory 1752-1791] |
French Trade (French India) |
A. Martineau, Les origines de Mahe de Malabar, 1917, in French, IA N. Balmer, Mahe, its establishment & its role under the EIC. Part 1, Malabar Days 2008 |
Navigation |
Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center : The Indian Ocean in World History S. Tripati et al., An Indo-Arabian Type of Stone Anchor from Kannur, Kerala, West coast of India, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol.34 (1) 2005, pp.131-137; [on Malabar-Arab Trade] J. Edye, Description of the various Classes of Vessels constructed and employed by the Natives of the Coasts of Coromandel, Malabar, and the Island of Ceylon, pp.1-15 in vol.1 of Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , 1834, GB |
Shipbuilding |
Article : The Kadakkarapally Boat, from Wikipedia R. Nath, Shipbuilding in India, Indian Defence Review 2007, [historical overview; chapter "The Medieval Period 1378-1797" on Malabar] The Shipbuilding Industry of Beypore, from kozhicode.com |
Manufacture |
Article : Black Pepper, from Wikipedia |
Agriculture |
Article : Calico (textile), from Wikipedia Calico Entries, in N. Cox, K. Dannehl, Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities, 1550-1820 2007, posted by British History Online |
Social History | General |
G. Panikkar, Malabar and its folk, 1900, IA |
Class Society |
Article : Caste System in Kerala, from Wikipedia Articles : Nair, Tharavad, from Wikipedia Historic Alleys : Thomas Baber and the Nairs of Malabar F. Fawcett, Nayars of Malabar, vol.III, 1915, IA Article : Malayala Kshatriya, from Wikipedia Countries and their Culture : South Asia : Nayar Article : Caste system among Indian Christians, from Wikipedia R. Prakash, Dalit Consciousness and its perspective on the basis of PRDS History in Kerala 2003 An Evaluation of the History of Pentecostal Dalits in Kerala |
Slavery |
Historic Alleys : Damon, the Malabar Slave N.P. Chekkutty, Malabar, 1811: The long road to freedom from slavery , 2011 |
Social Unrest, Change |
Article : Mappila Riots 1836-1921, from Wikipedia Indian Saga : Congress : Moplah Rebellion Correspondence on Moplah outrages in Malabar vol.1 1849-1853, 1863, GB vol.2 1863, IA G. Ravilochanan, Origin of Muslim Appeasement - Mahatma Gandhi and Moplah Rebellion, 2009 J. John, The Portuguese and the socio-cultural changes In Malabar: 1498-1663, thesis 2010 |
Health |
J. Thwaites, A concise essay on the medical treatment of Malabar coolies employed on the
Coffee Estates of Ceylon and India, 1865, GB |
Marriage, Women |
P. Kodoth, Framing Custom, Directing Practices : Authority, Property and Matriliny under Colonial Law in Nineteenthy Century Malabar, 2002 |
Ethnography |
H.K. Randathani, The Arab Immigrants - a Study on the Hadrami Diaspora in Malabar |
Religion | General |
Article : Religions of Kerala, from Wikipedia |
Hindu |
Article : Hinduism in Kerala, from Wikipedia S.G. Grady, A treatise on the Hindoo law of inheritance 1868, GB; reference to Malabar Introduction to Temples of Kerala |
Buddhism |
Introduction to Temples of Kerala Blog Entry : Buddhism and Jainism in Kerala, 2008, Malhar |
Jain |
Article : Jainism in Kerala, from Wikipedia Introduction to Temples of Kerala Blog Entry : Conversion of Jains to Islam in Kerala, 2008 Blog Entry : Buddhism and Jainism in Kerala, 2008, Malhar P. Krueger, History of Jainism in Kerala |
Muslim |
Article : Mappila, from Wikipedia |
Jewish |
Articles : Paradesi Jews,
Cochin Jews, from Wikipedia M.S. Sofaer, J.A. Waronka, The Synagogues of Kerala Article : Cranganore, from Jewish Virtual Library |
Syriac Christian |
Article : Saint Thomas Christians (Nasrani Christians), from Wikipedia M. Geddes, The history of the Church of Malabar, 1694, GB J. Hough, The history of Christianity in India vol.1 1839, vol.2 1839, vol.4 1845, vol.5 1860, GB T. Yeates, Indian Church history, 1818, GB E. Philipos, The Syrian Christians of Malabar: otherwise called the Christians of s. Thomas 1869, GB J.C. Panjikaran, The Syrian Church in Malabar, 1912, IA G. Menachery, W. Chakkalakkal, Kodungallur - The Cradle of Indian Christianity [Cranganore - Mizilis], 2000 |
Catholic |
Residenza di Calicut, pp.42-47 in F. Barreto O.S.J.,
Relatione delle missioni e christianita che appartengono alla provincia di Malavar della compagnia di Giesu, 1645, in Italian, GB Article : Latin Catholic Diocese of Quilon, from Wikipedia Diocese of Kannur, History |
by Region | Kochi (Cochin) |
F. Day, The land of the Permauls: or Cochin, its past and its present 1863, GB |
Kolathunadu (Cannanore) |
Article : Kolathunadu, from Wikipedia Article : Arakkal Kingdom, from Wikipedia B.M. John, The Ali Rajas of Cannanore: status and identity at the interface of commercial and political expansion, 1663-1723, thesis Leiden 2007 Review of G. Bouchon, Mamale de Cananor. Un adversaire de l'Inde portugaise (1507-1528) Annales, Annee 1977 Volume 32 Numero 4 pp.711-713; from Tangentialia 2008 B.M. John, The Ali Rajas of Cannanore: status and identity at the interface of commercial and political expansion, 1663-1723, thesis Leiden 2007 |
Kozhikode (Calicut) |
Article Saamoothiri / Zamorin, from Wikipedia An Account of the Cities of Calicut and Bijanagur in the 15th century, translated from the Persic of Khondemir, pp.226-227 in vol.2 of The Asiatic Annual Register or a View of the History of Hindustan, 1801, GB Category : Kozhikode, from Wikipedia |
Venad (Quilon) |
Article : Venad, from Wikipedia |
Travancore |
The First Indian Mutiny against the British - 1800 Mutiny - and Massacre of 150 British at Attingal Palace in Travancore, [actually a well-illustrated history of Kerala until 1850, covers Cochin, Calicut as well] M. Janerthanan, History of the Nayars of South Travancore, thesis 2010 |
Others |
Local History |
A. Martineau, Les origines de Mahe de Malabar, 1917, in French, IA |
Institutions |
Others |
A.E. Freitas Cavalleiro e Sousa,
De Portugal a Calecut, monographia historico-critica do descobrimento do caminho maritimo da India, 1898, in Portuguese, IA |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
World Statesmen : Calicut (Kozhikkode) Calicut, from Indian Princely States, by H. Soszynski Venad Monarchs, till 16th Century, from Wikipedia |
Documents | Historical Newspapers |
Image Databanks |
Category : Historical Images of Kozhikode,
from Wikimedia Commons T. Cussans c.1820, Entrance to Fort Cannanore (British Library), posted by Europeana |
Archival Deposits |
Search National Archives (UK);
Janus Search ARCHIEVEN.NL; Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Lisbon, Portugal; Vatican Secret Archives Search Tamil Nadu Archives; Goa Departmrent of Archives and Archaeology; Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia |
Constitutions, Laws |
Treaties |
Biker, J.F.J., Collecçao de tratados e concertos de pazes que o estado da India Portugueza fez com os reis e senhores com quem teve
relaçoes nas partes da Asia e Africa Oriental desde o principio da conquista ate ao fim do secolo XVIII. Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional,
vol.1 1881, covering 1507-1643, posted on Internet Archive;
vol.2 1882, covering 1604-1719, posted on Internet Archive;
vol.3 1883, covering 1661-1739, posted on Internet Archive;
vol.4 1884, covering 1510-1699, posted on Internet Archive;
Vol.5 1885, covering 1606-1717, posted on Internet Archive;
vol.6 1885, covering 1708-1750, posted on Internet Archive;
vol.7 1885, covering 1753-1762, posted on Internet Archive;
vol.8 1885. covering 1762-1794, posted by Internet Archive;
vol.9 1885, covering 1790-1798, posted on Internet Archive;
vol.10 1885, covering 1725-1840, posted on Internet Archive;
vol.11 1886, covering 1799-1839, posted on Internet Archive;
vol.12 1886, covering 1746-1851, posted on Internet Archive;
vol.13 1887, covering 1719-1885, posted on Internet Archive;
search for Calecut, Calicut W. Logan, A collection of treaties, engagements and other papers of importance relating to British affairs in Malabar, 1879, IA |
Document Surveys |
British Library, Help for Researchers, Malayalam
Language Collections Catalogues of Oriental Manuscripts, at this site |
Cartularia |
Bullarium patronatus Portugalliae regum in Ecclesiis Africae, Asiae atque Oceaniae,
vol.1 : 1171-1600, 1868,
vol.2 : 1601-1700, 1861, in Latin, GB; search for Collicuthia Collecçao de monumentos ineditos para a historia das conquistas dos Portuguezes, em Africa, Asia e America, Seria I : Historia de Asia, vol.1, 1858, vol.1 pt.2, 1859, vol.2 pt.1, 1860, vol.3 pt.1, 1862, vol.3 pt.2, 1863, vol.4 pt.1, 1864, vol.4 pt.2, 1866, vol.5, 1868, in Portuguese, GB; search for Calecut E. Moor (ed.), A Compilation of all the Government and General - Government - General - Brigade and Garrison Orders - Minutes of Council - Commands of the Hon. Company - or Regulations, from whatever Authority Promulgated, from the year 1750 to 31st of July 1801, that are now in force and operating on the discipline or expoenditure of the Bombay Army , 1801, GB; search for Calicut Selection of Records of the Madras Government : The Dutch in Malabar, trsl. of selections 1 and 2, 1911, IA J.E. Heeres (ed.), Corpus Diplomaticum Neerlando-Indicum, Verzameling van politieke contracten en verdere Verdragen door de Nederlanders in het Oosten gesloten, van Privilegiebrieven aan hen verleend, enz., vol.1 1907, covering 1596-1650, posted on Internet Archive; here English-language ToC |
Document Collections |
H.K. s'Jacob (ed.), De Nederlanders
in Kerala 1663-1701. De memories en instructies betreffende het commandement Malabar van de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie
1976, RGP |
Individual Documents |
Historical Maps | Map Collections |
DSAL, Imperial Gazetteer of India, Atlas 1909,
Atlas 1931 DSAL, J.E. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia Malabar Maps, search David Rumsey Map Collection Search CHINDEU for Malabar Atlas of Mutual Heritage, posted by Nationaalarchief Leen Helmink, The Secret Atlas of the Dutch East India Company Kaarten, from V.O.C. Kenniscentrum |
Overview, modern |
Map : Location of the Kingdom of Zamorins in
India, from Wikipedia Maps : Eastern Hemisphere 1100 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1200 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1300 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1400 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1500 AD, by Thomas Lessman Map : Kerala in the 12th Century, from Wikipedia Map : Kerala in the Late Middle Ages, from Wikipedia Map : Kerala in the 15th Century, from Wikipedia Map : Kerala in the 17th Century, from B.M. John, The Ali Rajas of Cannanore: status and identity at the interface of commercial and political expansion, 1663-1723, thesis Leiden 2007 |
Overview, contemporary |
Map of the Malabar Coast, 17th c., from V.O.C. Warfare An atlas of the southern part of India, including plans of all the principal towns & cantonments, reduced from the grand trigonometrical survey of India, shewing also the Tenasserim provinces, 1854, IA Madras, Mysore, Goa (Constable 1893), from Historical Maps of India Travancore, Trichinopoli and Ceylon (Constable 1893), from Historical Maps of India |
Detail, modern |
Detail, contemporary |
Calicut (Braun 1572), from Wikipedia Atlas of Mutual Heritage, posted by Nationaalarchief; search for Calicut Historic Cities : Asia, India : Calicut, Cannanore Quilon 1505 (anon., 1600), from Wikipedia Quilon 1661 (W. Schouten 1670), from Wikipedia Mahe 1819 (CAOM), from CHINDEU |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
Secular |
Calicut, p.405 in vol.2 of Encyclopaedia Americana,
1835, GB Article Calicut, Quilon, Cochin, Malabar, from EB 1911 |
Religious |
Articles : Diocese of Quilon,
Archdiocese of Verapoly, from Catholic Encyclopedia |
Economic |
Malabar, p.34 in vol.3 of C.G. Ludovici, Allgemeine Schatz-Kammer Der Kauffmannschafft
, 1742, in German, GB Calicut, p.657 in W. Beawes, Lex mercatoria rediviva : or, The merchant's directory, 1773, GB Calicut, p.125 in vol.1 of P. Kelly, Universal Cambist, 1811, GB Calicut, pp.325-327 in W. Milburn, Oriental Commerce, 1813, GB Calicut, pp.61-62 in W. Dickinson, Universal Commerce, 1818, GB Calicut, pp.118-119 in W. Anderson, The London commercial dictionary, and sea-port gazetteer, 1819, GB Calicut, p.120 in G.T. Flügel, The merchant's assistant, or, Merchantile instructer, 1834, GB Malabar, p.94 in P. Kelly, Oriental Metrology, 1834, GB |
Geographical |
Kingdom of Calicut, pp.152-157 in D. Barbosa,
A description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar: in the beginning of the sixteenth century, 1866, GB Calicut, in S. Franck, Weltbuch: spiegel vnd bildtnis des gantzen Erdtbodens , 1542, in German, GB Il regno di Calicut, p.187 in vol.2 of Claudio Tolomeo, Geografia cioe descrittione vniuersale della terra, 1598, in Italian, GB Il Re di Calecut ou Malavar, pp.441-443 in G.P. Belli, Geografia istorico-politica , 1689, in Italian, GB Calicut, p.47 in J.B. Bourguignon d' Anville, A geographical illustration of the map of India, 1759, GB Calicut, p.330 in J. Payne, Universal geography formed into a new and entire system 1794, GB Malabar, pp.459-468 in vol.5 of L.P. Anquetil, Precis de l'Histoire Universelle ou Tableau historique presentant les vicissitudes des Nations ... , 1799, in French, GB Calicut, p.206 in J. Hudden, The Oriental Navigator, 1801, GB Calicut, p.237 in J. Pinkerton, Modern Geography, 1804, GB Calicoet, pp.276-277 in vol.1 of G. Bruining, Algemeen Aardrijkskundig Woordenboek, 1821, in Dutch, GB Calicut, pp.209-210 in vol.3 of C. Malte-Brun, Universal Geography, 1825, GB Calicut, pp.536- in J. Walker, A gazetteer of Southern India, 1855, GB Calicut, pp.176-177 in E. Thornton, A Gazetteer of the territories under the government of the East India Company and of the native States on the continent of India , 1858, GB Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909-1931, Entries Calicut vol.9 pp.289-291, Cannanore vol.9 pp.298-299, Cochin vol.10 pp.340-355, Malabar vol.17 pp.53-72, Quilon vol.21 pp.21-23, DSAL |
Historical |
Das Königreich Malabar, pp.141-142 in G. Marcel, Conspectus historiae
universalis 1696, in German, GB Collicuthia, p.138 in P. Braccioloni Historiae de varietate fortunae libri quatuor, 1723, in Latin, GB Calicut, p.165 in Abu Zayd Hasan ibn Yazid Sirafi, al-tajir Sulayman, Ancient accounts of India and China, ed. by E. Renaudot, 1733, GB Malabar, pp.234-236 in vol.1 of T. Salmon, Modern history or the present state of all nations, 1744, GB Zamorin, p.1164 in Suppl. vol.6 of J.C. Beck, Neu-vermehrtes Historisch- und Geographisches Allgemeines Lexicon, 1744, in German, GB Calecut, pp.737-738 in vol.2 of J.P. Schmidt, Allgemeine Geschichte der Handlung und Schiffahrt, 1754, in German, GB |
Book Reviews |
Malabar, pp.267-270 in vol.10 of
The History of the works of the learned, or, An impartial account of books lately printed in all parts of Europe, 1708, GB Malabar, p.280-286 in vol.26 of Maandelyke uittreksels, of Boekzaal der geleerde waerelt, 1728, in Dutch, GB 'Jornada of Dom Alexis de Menezes : A Portuguese account of the Sixteenth century Malabar' edited by Dr. Pius Malekandathil NSC Network |
Parliamentary Debates |
British Parliament 1784, Debate on Tippoo Sultan, pp.105-129 in
History of the proceedings and debates of the House of Lords, vol.30, 1791, GB |
Travelogues | pre 15th century |
Ibn Battuta, Descriptio terrae Malabar, trsl. into Latin by H. Apetz, 1819, GB Abd er Razzak, Journey to Hindoostan, pp.13- in R.H. Major (ed.), India in the fifteenth Century, 1857, GB E. Renaudot, Anciennes Relations Des Indes Et De La Chine, De deux Voyageurs Mahometans (Abu-Zaid Hasan Ibn-Yazid, Sulaiman at-Tagir), 1718, in French, GB Journey overland to India and Abyssinia, by Covilham and de Payva, pp.288-291 in vol.2 of R. Kerr, A general history and collection of voyages and travels, 1824, GB; Pero da Covilhao, from Discoverers Web; Article : Pro de Covilha, from Wikipedia Zheng He's Inscription, posted by M. Los |
15th, 16th century |
L. de Varthema, The travels of Ludovico di Varthema : in Egypt,
Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix : in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508, edited by J. Winter Jones,
Hakluyt Society 1863, GB; extensive coverage of Calicut J.P. Berjeau, Le Second voyage de Vasco da Gama a Calicut : relation flamande editee vers MDIV, 1881, in Flemish/French, IA; Calcoen, a Dutch narrative of the second voyage of Vasco da Gama to Calicut, printed at Antwerp 1874, IA |
17th century |
Voyage of Captain Walter Peyton to India : Occurrences at Calicut (1616), pp.232-239 in vol.9 of R. Kerr (ed.),
A general history and collection of voyages and travels
, 1813, GB The Kingdom of Calicut, pp.119-128 in S. Purchas' narrative, in Early travels in India: being reprints of rare and curious narratives of old travellers in India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries : first series, comprising Purchas's Pilgrimage and Travels of van Linschoten, 1864, GB Calecut, pp.265-289 in M. Schipano, Viaggi di Pietro Della Valle il pellegrino, 1663, in Italian, GB Quanto successe in detta citta, e di la in Calecut, sin dentro la serra, pp.85-89 in Prima Speditione All'Indie Orientali del P. F. Giuseppe di Santa Maria 1666, in Italian, GB Calecut pp.256-259 in Voyages de Mr de Thevenot contenant la relation de l'Indostan, des nouveaux Mogols et des autres peuples & pays des Indes, 1684, in French, GB |
18th century |
Franz Pyrard's Reisen und Abenteuer : Calicut, p.123 in vol.2 of
Neue Litteratur und Völkerkunde, 1787, in German, GB |
19th century |
Calicut, pp.223-224 in A. Delano,
A narrative of voyages and travels in the northern and southern hemispheres, 1817, GB Calicut, pp.169-186 in R.F. Burton, Goa, and the Blue Mountains: or, Six months of sick leave, 1851, GB |
Institutions | Archives |
Kerala State Archives |
Musea |
Pazhassiraja Museum and Art Gallery, Kozhikode |
Monuments |
Libraries |
State Central Library, Kerala |
National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Coins |
Kerala Department of Archaeology,
scroll down for Koyikkal Palace, Numismatic Museum Coins of Kerala, from Karsha CoinIndia : The Coin Galleries : Cannanore NumisMaster Coin Price Guide : Indian Princely States, Cannanore, Cochin, Travancore, India Portuguese, Cochin, India Dutch Oriental Coins Database : Cannanore, Cochin, Travancore |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | general |
RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
on Kerala/Malabar |
Kerala History Bibliography Historia Asiae : Littus Malabaricum, pp.167-168 in vol.8 of J.D. Reuss, Repertorium commentationum a societatibus litterariis editarum, 1810, GB Ch.11 : De Scriptoribus Rerum Orientalium atque Asiaticarum, Par.8 : Indicarum rerum scriptores, pp.248-250 in B.G. Struve, Selecta bibliotheca historica, 1705, in Latin, GB ; Par.10 : Aliis certas tantum provinciae Indiae Orientalium descripserunt, pp.252-253; a catalogue of narrative historical sources Scriptores de littore Malabarico, pp.4-5 in vol.2.2 of Struve/Meusel, Bibliotheca Historica 1786, GB J.J. Gotthold, World Bibliographical Series 85 : Indian Ocean, Oxford : Clio 1988 [G] |
Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
e-corpus Gallica; Digitale Bibliografie Nederlandse Geschiedenis; Biblioteca Nacional Digital, from Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal Center for Research Libraries (CRL) |
on India |
Digital Library of India |
thesis servers |
Shodh Ganga, server of Indian theses Leiden University Repository (NL, Open Access) Search Narcis (server for theses from the Netherlands) for V.O.C. |
Online Journals |
General Accounts |
Specific Topics |
J. Roxburgh MacClymont et al., Pedro Cabral, Viartis 2009; especially chapter 14, Whilst in India, pp.112-123 [on Cabral's visit, 1500] [G] |
Historical Atlasses |
C. Collin Davies, An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula, Oxford : UP, 2nd edition, 1959 [G] Historical and Cultural Maps, National Atlas of India Vol.8, published by National Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organisation, Calcutta 1983, edited by G.K . Dutt, S.K. Biswas [G] J.E. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia, Chicago : UP 1978 [G] |
Encyclopedia, Yearbook Entries |