East India Company | Pakistan |
Establishment, Expansion and Decline . Established by the Timurid ruler of Kabul, Babur, who in 1525 conquered the Sultanate of Delhi (Lodhi Dynasty).
Upon Babur's death, the Empire was partitioned in three; son Humayun inherited Hindustan with Delhi. He was ousted in 1540; when, with the aid of
Safavid Persia, in 1556 he retook Delhi, he reestablished the Mughal Empire. His son Akbar (1556-1605) introduced a policy of religious tolerance and expanded the empire by conquering Sindh, Gujarat, Bengal. Aurangzeb (1658-1707) terminated the policy of religious toleration and so caused rebellions. He pursued a policy of military expansion, attempting the conquest of the Deccan. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire was a shadow of its former self. Hindu Maratha princes had established independent states for themselves; Muslim governors of Mughal provinces such as Awadh and Hyderabad in effect were rulers in their own right. The Mughal Empire was exposed to invasions from the west : Nadir Shah 1747, Durrani Afghans late 18th century to 1818. After the Sepoy Rebellion 1857-1858 the Mughal Empire was abolished, Delhi annexed by British India. Narratives : Mughal Empire Timelines : Mughal Empire Historical Atlas, Mughal Empire , South Asia Page Historical Atlas, Punjab , Jammu & Kashmir , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Assam Page Students' Papers : Kang, Su Yeon, Mughal Historiography (2012) Students' Papers : Na, Kunho, A World History of Synchretic Religions, 1450-1750 (2011) Students' Paper : Son, Bo Kyung, The History of Persecution of the Buddhist Faith (2011) Students' Paper : Lee, Dahyeon, National Historiography : Heroes and Villains in the History of India (2010) Students' Paper : Yeon, Haram, The History of Textiles in South Asia (2009) Students' Paper : Lee, Jin Hyuck, India in the 18th Century (2009) Students' Paper : Lee Yeonhwa, A Social History of Hindustan (2008) |
E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
Biography | Others |
D o c u m e n t s |
Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
Country Profiles | Current |
Article : Mughal Empire, from Wikipedia |
Historical | Mughal Perspective |
Ayeen Akbery; or, the institutes of the Emperor Akber, trsl. by Francis Gladwin,
vol.1, 1800,
vol.2, 1800, GB |
European Perspective |
G. Peruschi, Informatione del Regno e stato del gran Re di Mogor, 1597,
in Italian, GB G. Peruschi, Historica Relatio, De Potentissimi Regis Mogor, A Magno Tamerlane Orivndi ... 1598, in Latin, GB J. Rennell, Memoir of a map of Hindoostan: or the Mogul empire: with an introduction, illustrative of the geography and present division of that country 1788, GB C. de Courcy, Tableau religieux et politique de l'Indostan, ou, Precis historique des revolutiond de l'Inde, 1803, in French, GB Gegenwärtiger Zustand von Delhi und des Hofes des Grossmoguls, pp.1-19 in vol.1 of Ethnographisches Archiv, 1814, in German, GB J.B.J. Gentil, Memoires sur l'Indoustan ou Empire Mogol, 1822, in French, GB |
Links |
Category : Mughal Empire, from Wikipedia |
Organizations | Database of Organizations |
Libraries and Archives in South Asia Wiki |
Historical Dictionaries |
Banglapedia SikhiWiki The Sikh Encyclopedia Digital South Asia Library : Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909-1931 |
Portals |
Mughal India, from British Museum |
Timelines |
Clickable Timeline of Indian History, from kamat.com |
Accounts of History | General, Modern |
Article : Mughal Empire, from Wikipedia Mughal Dynasty, from India Net Zone The Mughal Empire, from Manas Mughal Empire 1526-1707, by Sanderson Beck The Rise and Fall of the Mughals, from South Asian History |
Other Asian Accounts |
Abd-al-Karim Ibn-Aqibat al-Kashmiri, The memoirs of Khojeh Abdukurreem, a Cashmirian of distinction, who acconpanied Nadir Shah, on his return from Hindostan to Persia, from whence he travelled to Baghdad, Damascus and Alelppo, and after visiting Medina and Mecca, embarked on a ship at the port of Jeddeh and sailed to Hooghly in Bengal: including the history of Hindostan, from a.D. 1739 to 1749 : with an account of the European settlements in Bengal, an on the coast of Coromandel, trsl. by F. Gladwin, 1788, GB S.R. Sharma, Mughal Empire In India 1526 1761 Part I 1934, IA S.M. Jaffar, The Mughal Empire From Babar To Aurangzeb, 1936, IA S.K. Bhuyan, Annals_Of_The_Delhi_Badshahate, 1947, IA; Assamese perspective |
European Accounts |
F. Catrou O.S.J., Histoire generale de l'Empire du Mogol: depuis
sa fondation jusqu'a present, 1715, in French, GB; the same,
1708 edition, GB N. Manucci, History of the Mogul dynasty in India: from its foundation by Tamerlane, in the year 1399, to the accession of Aurengzebe, in the year 1657, 1826, GB R. Orme, Historical fragments of the Mogul empire: Of the Morattoes, and of the English concerns, in Indostan, from the year MDCLIX, 1782, GB |
Specific Periods |
Downfall of the Mughal Empire, from India Net Zone F. Bernier, Histoire de la derniere revolution des etats du Grand Mogol, vol.1, 1671, vol.2, 1671, vol.3, 1671, in French, GB W. Francklin, The history of the reign of Shah-Aulum: the present emperor of Hindostaun. Containing the transactions of the court of Delhi, and the neighbouring states, during a period of thirty-six years: interspersed with geographical and topographical observations on several of the principal cities of Hindostaun., 1798, GB F. Bernier, The history of the late revolution of the empire of the Great Mogul, 1824, GB R.M. Caldecott, The life of Baber, emperor of Hindostan, 1834, GB |
Military |
The Art of Mughal Warfare, from India Net Zone Categories : Wars involving the Mughal Empire, Battles involving the Mughal Empire, from Wikipedia Category : Sikh Struggle against the Mughal Empire 1708-1799, from The Sikh Encyclopedia Articles Red Fort (Delhi), Agra Fort, Allahabad Fort, Lahore Fort, Salimgarh Fort, from Wikipedia |
Economy & Finances | General |
Article : Economic History of India : Mughal Empire,
from Wikipedia Economy in Mughal Empire, from History Tution Economy of Mughal Empire, from IndiaNetZone History of India |
Money & Finances |
India, from Global History of Currencies Om Prakash, Cashless Payment Mechanism in Mughal India : the Hundi Network, IEHC 2006 Sushil Chaudhury, No Ready Money ? No Problem. The Role of Hundis (Bills of Exchange) in Early Modern India (c.1600-1800), IEHC 2006 Revenue System of Mughal Dynasty, from IndiaNetZone History of India L. Sundaram, The Mughal Land Revenue System, 1929, IA India : Money, from Marteau Platform in Economic History M. Cizakca, Tax-Farming and Resource Allocation in Past-Islamic Societies; reference to Medieval Egypt, Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire |
Trade |
Jagjeet Lally, The Pattern of Trade in Seventeenth Century Mughal India :
towards an Economic Explanation Article : Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th Century |
Crafts |
Louvre, Three Empires of Islam,
Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Textile Art,
Metalwork, arms and armor: regional interactions and local specificities,
Hardstones, gems and ivory in Mughal India Indian Textiles : Trade and Production, from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Articles : Calico : History, Chintz, Jamdani : the Mughal Era (textiles), from Wikipedia Article : History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent : Early Common Era-Early Modern Era, from Wikipedia Article : History of Science and Technology in the Indian subcontinent : Late Middle Ages, from Wikipedia |
Agriculture |
Agriculture in Mughal India, from IndiaNetZone History of India B.D. Sharma, Origin and History of Potato in India, pp.149- in V.C. Sristava, History of agriculture in India, up to c. 1200 A.D., 2008, GB Red Chilly Pepper History, from India Curry On Mughal land reclamation, p.56 in J.F. Richards, The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World 2006, GB Irrigation System in Mughal India, from IndiaNetZone History of India Traditional Water Systems and Minor Irrigation Schemes, Kharagpur (covers regions of modern India) |
Social History |
Article Widow Burning, from Encyclopedia of Death and Dying Socio-Economic Conditions of Mughal India, from IndiaNetZone History of India P. Saha, Land Tenure System in India : A Historical Perspective, 2004 |
Ethnography |
Article : History of Hindustani : Islamic Empires,
from Wikipedia M. Alam, The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics, Modern Asian Studies vol.32 no.2 (May 1998), pp.317-349 M.A. Ghani, A History Of Persian Language And Literature At The Mughal Court Part I, 1929, IA |
Religion | General |
Islam |
The Mughal Empire, from BBC - Religion & Ethics :
Islam Jaffur Shurreeff, Qanoon-e-Islam: or, The customs of the Moosulmans of India , 1832, GB K. Sharma, Brief notes on Sufi influence during the Mughal period Article : Shi'a Islam in India : History, from Wikipedia R. Upadhyay, Sufism in India : Its origin, history and politics 2004 S.M. Ikram, Muslim Civilization in India, 1964 |
Hinduism |
Article : History of Hinduism : Mughal India, from Wikipedia Article : Persecution of Hindus in the Mughal Empire, from Wikipedia |
Din-i-Ilahi |
Article : Din-i-Ilahi, from Wikipedia |
Sikhism |
Article : History of Sikhism, from Wikipedia |
Jainism |
Article : Jainism in Delhi : Mughal Period, from Wikipedia |
Zoroastrianism |
Fezana Religious Education, History of the Parsis in India |
Judaism |
Jews in the Mughal Empire, from indojudaic.com Virtual Jewish History Tour : India; Article : History of the Jews in India from Wikipedia; articles contain no reference to Mughal Empire |
Christianity |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : India, from Kirken i Norge |
Regional History | Bengal |
Article : History of Bengal : Medieval Bengal, from Wikipedia J.N. Demeunier, Etat civil, politique et commerçant, du Bengale, vol.1, 1775, in French, GB A Short History of Bengal, Bengal under the Mughals, anon. Bangladesh Strategic and Development Forum, Mughal Rule of Bengal upto 1757 Bengal under Mughals: Consolidation of Islamic hegemony, from Bengal Genocide The Society of Bengal in the Mughal Period, from WikiEducator The decline of the Mughals in Bengal and the growth of the Nawabs, from Online Documentation O LKevel Bangladesh Studies |
Bihar |
Article : History of Bihar : Medieval Period, from Wikipedia Article Bihar, from Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909), posted by DSAL |
Deccan |
Deccan Policy of Mughal Dynasty, from IndiaNetZone History of India |
Gujarat |
Articles History of Gujarat : Muslim
Period, from Wikipedia A.M. Khan, The political and statistical history of Gujarat 1835, GB Religion in the Making of a Region : Perspectives from Gujarat, Workshop 2010 Article : Gujarat, from Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909), posted by DSAL |
Haryana |
Article : History of Haryana : Medieval Period, from Wikipedia |
Himachal Pradesh |
Article : Mughal Rule in Himachal Pradesh,
from Wikipedia |
Multan |
Humaira Dasti, Multan during Mughal Rule, 1525-1751, diss. |
Punjab |
Articles History of the Punjab : The Delhi
Sultanate and Mughal Rule, from Wikipedia Article : Sikh struggle against Mughal empire [1708 - 1799], from The Sikh Encyclopedia |
Rajasthan |
Article : History of Rajasthan : Medieval Period, from
Wikipedia |
Sindh |
Article : History of Sindh : Under the Umayyads, Abbasids and later Dynasties, from Wikipedia Khan, Ansar Zahid, Sindh under the Mughuls (A Socio-Political Study), diss. 2000 Law and Order in Mughal Sindh, posted on Chapati Mystery |
Uttar Pradesh |
Article : History of Uttar Pradesh : Mughal Empire, from Wikipedia |
Local History | Agra |
called Akbarabad in Mughal times Article : Agra : History, from Wikipedia F. Pritchett, Indian Routes : Agra Fort, the Early Mughal Capital |
Delhi |
capital of the Mughal Empire 1525-1540, 1556-1878; temporarily known as Shahjahanabad History of Delhi, from Welcome to Delhi Article : History of Delhi : 17th century to 19th century, from Wikipedia F. Pritchett, Indian Routes : Shahjahanabad 1638-1648, The Red Fort in Shahjahanabad, 1638-1648 |
Dhaka (Bengal) |
capital of Mughal Bengal since 1610, then called Jahangirnagar Article : Dhaka, from Banglapedia |
Fatehpur Sikri |
Mughal capital 1571-1585, then called Fatehabad Article : Fatehpur Sikri, from Wikipedia F. Pritchett, Indian Routes : Fatehpur Sikri 1570-1581 |
Kabul (Afghanistan) |
Article : Kabul : Timurid and Mughal Period, from Wikipedia |
Lahore (Punjab) |
Mughal Emperor Jahangir temporarily resided in Lahore Article : Lahore : Mughal Era, from Wikipedia F. Pritchett, Indian Routes : Lahore Fort, 1500s and on |
Patna (Bihar) |
Article : History of Patna : The Mughals, from Wikipedia Article Patna City, from Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909), posted by DSAL |
Sonargaon (Bengal) |
Article : Sonargaon, from Wikipedia Article : Sonargaon, from Banglapedia |
Surat |
major Mughal port until 1664 Article : Surat : History, from Wikipedia Article : Surat District, from Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909), posted by DSAL |
Institutions |
M.G. Singh, A Fist full of Memoirs :
Grand trunk road, Kabul to Bengal,Mughals, Sher Shah Sur, Chandragupta Maurya |
Cultural History |
Articles Mughal Paintings,
Mughal Architecture,
Mughlai Cuisine,
from Wikipedia Online Publications on the History of Indian Architecture, posted by ArchNet Famous India, travel agency site offering historical information & images on Indian temples, cities, shrines etc. Introduction to the Music of the Mughal Court, from Gardens of the Mughal Empire Mughal Contribution to Indian Literature, from Writinghood Ayesha Majeed, Costume Designing in the Mughal Era The Mughal Style of Architecture, from Culturopedia Mughal Paintings, from Culturopedia Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Mughal Art before 1600, Art of the Mughals after 1600 |
Biographies |
Article : Abu Fazl, p.51 in vol.1 of Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for
the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1833, GB Article : François Bernier, from Wikipedia N. Hanif, Biographical Encyclopedia of Sufis, 2000, GB |
Others |
History of Indian Science and Technology, from Indian Science Khan, Hussain, The Transition of Power from the Early Mughuls to Sher Shah Suri, diss. 1976 |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
World Statesmen : India, by Ben Cahoon; from
Rulers (B. Schemmel) I. Mladjov, Rulers of Muslim India, 1206- |
Exchange Rates |
The Marteau Early 18th-Century Currency Converter |
Documents | News Pamphlets |
Relation aus Mogor, pp.125- in IHS, Drei neue Relationes, Japon, Mexiko, Mogor,
1611, in German, GB Histoire de ce qui s'est pass?en Ethiopie, Malabar, Brasil et les Indes Ori?tales: Tir? des lettres escrites es ann?s 1620 iusques ?1624, in French, GB; search for Mogor |
Image Databanks |
Search Bridgeman Art, Culture & History Images for Mughal |
Archival Deposits |
Constitutions, Laws |
Treaties |
Category : Treaties of the Mughal Empire, from Wikipedia |
Document Surveys |
Ch.11 : De Scriptoribus Rerum Orientalium atque Asiaticarum, Par.8 : Indicarum rerum scriptores, pp.248-250 in
B.G. Struve, Selecta bibliotheca historica, 1705, in Latin, GB ;
a catalogue of narrative historical sources Catalogues of Oriental Manuscripts, at this site |
Document Collections |
Indian History Sourcebook Documents for the history of India, from Project South Asia South Indian Inscriptions (vol.10) : Moghul Dynasty of Delhi, from What is India |
Historical Maps |
Article : Cartography of India : Mughal Era Map : Mughal Empire at the death of Akbar 1605, from Wikipedia DSAL, Imperial Gazetteer of India, Atlas 1909, Atlas 1931 DSAL, J.E. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia Maps of India; Historical Maps of India, links from Rootsweb Mughal Maps (links), by FWP Map : Mughal Empire 1707, from India Map Atlas 2011 Maps : Mughal Empire 1525, 1605, 1707, 1761 from Majumdar Maps Map : Mughal Empire 1530, 1605, 1707, from Wikipedia Map : Indoaryan Language Groups (in South Asia), from Wikipedia |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
Secular |
Religious |
De la Religion de l'Empire du Grand Mogol, pp.483-556 in vol.4 of Jean Jovet,
L' Histoire Des Religions De Tous Les Royaumes Du Monde
, 1724, in French, GB |
Economic |
Article : Mogol, pp.595-608 in vol.92 of J.G. Krünitz,
Oekonomische Encyklopädie, 1803, in German Handel in Hindostan, oder im Reiche des grosen Moguls, pp.85-98, in : Friedrich Ludwig Langstedt, Geschichte des asiatischen Handels, 1803, in German, GB |
Geographical |
Historical |
Article : Mogol, pp.660-661 in vol.2 of L. Moreri,
Le grand dictionnaire historique, 1683, in French, GB L'Empire du Grand Mogol, pp.3-43 in J.J. Vaissette, Geographie historique, ecclesiastique et civile, 1755, in French, GB A Description of Hindustan, or the Empire of the Great Mogol, pp.204-480 in vol.6 of The Modern Part of an Universal History, 1759, GB Empire du Mogol, ou Indoustan, pp.87-200 in C. Dorville, Histoire des differens peuples du monde, 1770, in French, GB |
Travelogues |
Voyages de François Bernier 1-2, [1658-1669] 1830 D. Bartoli, Missione al Gran Mogor del P. Ridolfo Aqvaviva della Compagnia di Gesu , 1714, in Italian, GB |
Institutions | Archives |
National Archives of India, of Pakistan List of State Archives, from National Archives of India |
Musea |
National Museum, New Delhi Lahore Museum |
Monuments |
Archaeological Survey of India, Taj Mahal Museum, Agra |
Libraries |
Official Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag, from Wikipedia |
Coins, Banknotes |
The Coins and History of Asia, 1600 and before, has several subfiles on India Coins of the Mughal Empire, from Zeno Coins of Islamic Dynasties, from Nupam's Webpage for the Indian Coins Mughal Emperors of Hindostan, pp.586-699 in vol.2 of W. Marsden, Numismata orientalia illustrata, 1825, GB Coins with Couplets, Coins with Mint Epithets, Coins with Different Mints, Coins with Persian Months, Mughal Governor Issues, from P. Thakkar's Classic Gallery of Indian Numismatics |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | general |
RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
on South Asia |
General Bibliography of Pre-Modern History in South Asia, D. Ludden Bibliography on Topics Relevant to Indic Civilization, from Indic Studies |
Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
e-corpus Gallica Center for Research Libraries (CRL) |
on South Asia |
Digital Library of India Indcat, Online Union Catalogue of Indian Universities, from INFLIBNET, click Union Database Digitial Library of Indian History Books, from Indic Studies Packard Humanities Institute, Persian Literature in Translation |
Thesis Servers | on South Asia |
Pakistan Research Repository |
Online Journals | Guides |
Electronic Journals Online |
on South Asia |
South Asia Journals, from ELIN-NIAS;
India Journals, from ELIN-NIAS Asia Insights, from NIAS, 2002- |
General Accounts | on India |
B.D. Metcalf and T.R. Metcalf, A Concise History of India, Cambridge : UP 2002, 321 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. 954 M588c Vincent A. Smith, The Oxford History of India, (1919) Oxford : UP 2001, 945 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. 954 S642b Gordon Johnson, Cultural Atlas of India, NY : Facts on File 1996, 240 pp., illustrated, KMLA Lib.Sign. 954 J66c H.S. Bhatta, Military History of British India (1607-1947), New Delhi : Deep & Deep 1977, 256 pp. [G] Francis Watson, India. A Concise History, London : Thames & Hudson (1974) 1996, 192 pp. [G] |
on Mughal Empire |
John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge : UP (1993) 2002 KMLA Lib. Call Sign 954.02 R514m |
Specific Topics |
Muzaffar Alam, The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India. Awadh & the Punjab, Oxford : UP (1986) 1991 [G] |
Historical Dictionaries |
Surjit Mansingh, Historical Dictionary of India, New Delhi : Vision Books (1998) 2005 [G] S. Bhattachariya, A Dictionary of Indian History, NY : George Braziller 1967 [G] |