History by Country . A . B . C . D . E . F . G . HI . JK . L . M . N . OP . QR . S . TUV . WXYZ

India Maldives
First posted on May 26th 2002, last revised on February 22nd 2009






Sri Lanka since 1994
Sri Lanka 1983-1994
Sri Lanka 1972-1983
Ceylon 1956-1972
Ceylon 1948-1956

British Ceylon 1931-1948
British Ceylon 1918-1931
British Ceylon 1880-1918
British Ceylon 1815-1880

Click here for the History of the Kingdom of Kandy (Udarata)

Historical Atlas, South Asia Page


Students' Paper : Lee, Seung Heon, History of Transportation in South Asia (2009)
Students' Paper : Kim, Kyung Mook : History of the Civil War in Sri Lanka, since 1983






WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES
Country Profiles from BBC Country Profiles; from World Desk Reference ; from Nations Encyclopedia; from Index Mundi; from Wikipedia; from Index Mundi; from CIA World Factbook, Countries : Sri Lanka
Library of Congress Country Studies : Sri Lanka; from World Wide Gazetteer
Links, General from Library of Congress, Portals to the World
from BUBL, from dmoz
from Lanka Library; Category : Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia; Sri Lanka, from Post-Colonial Web; Categorie : Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia Dutch edition
Links, on History from Lanka Library; from Lakdiva; from UC Berkeley Library; Category : History of Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia; Categorie : Geschiedenis van Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia Dutch edition; History of Sri Lanka, from Post-Colonial Web
Historical Maps WHKMLA Historical Atlas
Atlas of Sri Lanka, from Wikimedia Commons
Schwartzberg, Historical Atlas of South Asia, posted by DSAL
Talessman's Atlas, series of maps of the Eastern Hemisphere 1300 BC - 1500 AD
Search Atlas of Mutual Heritage for Ceylon, Arippi, Avissawella, Batticaloa, Chilaw, Colombo, Delft Island, Elephant Pass, Fort Frederick, Fort Hammenhiel, Hultsdorf, Kalpitya, Kalutara, Kandy, Manmar, Nielwelle, Panama, Fort Starfort
Maldives & Sri Lanka, from Asian Linguistic Maps
Maps Bellin Ceylon 1750, Jaffenapatam 1761, Point de Galle 1751, posted by FWP
Timelines from timelines.ws, a website exploiting US newspaper articles, very detailed on the 20th century; from BBC News; from Tikalanka
Accounts of History History of Ceylon / Sri Lanka, from www79.pair.com, 9 chapters; from Lonely Planet; from Sri Lanka Web Window
A Short History of Lanka, by Humphry William Codrington (1926), posted by Rhajiv Ratnatunga (xcovers period until 1833)
The True History of Sri Lanka, anonymous, detailed, list of kings
History of Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia
De Fonseka Family Website, on the history of Ceylon / Sri Lanka
Dutch Portuguese Colonial History, by Marco Ramerini, scroll down for Ceylon
from Crime and Society. A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World (Robert Winslow)
Sri Lanka, the Untold Story, by K.T. Rajasingham, posted by ATimes, at least 35 chapters
Encyclopedia Entries Articles Ceylon; Colombo, Kandy, Jaffna, Kurunegala, Trincomalee, Batticaloa, Galle, from EB 1911; from Catholic Encyclopedia (1908, Ceylon); Articles Ceylon, Dschaffna, Kandi, Trinkonomali, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German
Article Colombo, from Catholic Encyclopedia
J. Chr. Nelkenbrecher, Allgemeines Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtskunde für Banquiers und Kaufleute (General Manual on Coinage, Measurement and Weights, for Bankers and Merchants) Berlin 1832, in German, entries Ceylon oder Ceylan, Colombo, posted by DTBSWS
Articles Calpentyn, Adamsbjerget, Ceylon, Arippo, Colombo, Jaffnapatam, Trinkonomale, Galle, Point de, Negombo, from Geografisk-Statistisk Haandbog 1858-1863, in Danish
E.G. Balfour, The cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, commercial, industrial, and scientific; products of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures (1885), vol.1, vol.2, vol.3, posted on Internet Archive; search for Ceylon
G.Th. Landmann, A universal gazetteer; or, Geographical dictionary of the world (1835), posted on Internet Archive; search for Ceylon
Article : Ceylon, from Röll, Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens (Encyclopedia of Railroads) 2nd ed. 1912-1923, in German
Politics Political Resources on the Net : Sri Lanka; Governments on the WWW : Nepal; Article Politics of Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia
G.J. Lerski, Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon, from marxists.org
History of the Liberal Party of Sri Lanka
A Short History of the LSSP (Lanka Sama Samaja Party), by Leslie Goonewardene
History, of Sri Lanka's Parliament
Buddhist Monks and Politics in Sri Lanka, by James J. Hughes
Article GCSU Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia (trade union)
Sri Lanka Profile, from International Crisis Group
Military Wars of Sri Lanka, from ACED; History of Sri Lanka Army; Orders, Decorations and Medals of Sri Lanka, from ODM; Military of Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia
Armed Conflicts Report - Sri Lanka, from Ploughshares; Sri Lanka Assessment, from SATP; LTTE, from Global Security; History of the Conflict, from Sinhaya; History of the Sinhalese/Tamil Conflict by Leena Palamkunnel
Economy & Finances A Global History of Currencies : Sri Lanka
Article Economy of Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia
The Economy and Economic History of Sri Lanka, by Thayer Watkins
The History of Ceylon Tea, from Dilmah; from Wilson Teas, from Explore Sri Lanka, from Mlesna Teas, from Sri Lanka Tea Board; Taylor, Lipton and the Birth of Ceylon Tea, from Tea Muse
Cinnamon, from UCLA Biomedical Library
The History of Sri Lanka Coffee, from Hansa Coffee
History of Employers Federation of Ceylon
History of the Auditor General's Department, Sri Lanka
What was the Exchange Rate then ?, service provided by Economic History Services
Sri Lanka's Internet World Stats
Index of Economic Freedom : Sri Lanka 2006, from Heritage Foundation
Nicola Palmer, Defining a Different War Economy : The Case of Sri Lanka, from Berghof Handbook
The Origin, from Ceylon Chamber of Commerce; History of National Chamber of Commerce of Sri Lanka
Colombo Stock Exchange, click : about CSE, Historical Milestones
Global Integrity : Sri Lanka 2007
Enterprise Sri Lanka, from Economy Point
Economic Impact of Sri Lanka's Civil War, from AEI
Ethnography Languages of Sri Lanka (8), from Ethnologue
Minorities at Risk, Sri Lanka : Indian Tamils, Sri Lankan Tamils
Country Report : Sri Lanka, from U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants
Forced Migration Online, Research Guide Sri Lanka, from FMO, 2004/2005
History, from Ceylon Tamils
International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Sri Lanka
Imtiaz Ahmed, Communal Conflict in Modern Sri Lanka : Search for a Resolution, from IJP
Chronological Events in the History of Sri Lankan Malays, by Tony P. Miskin
Sri Lanka, from Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre; Profile of Internal Displacement : Sri Lanka, from UNHCR
South Asia, from World Cultures Encyclopedia
World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Sri Lanka
Eleanor Pavey, Case Studies : The massacres in Sri Lanka during the Black July riots of 1983 , from Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
Refugee Studies Centre : Narrating Displacement : Oral Histories of Sri Lankan Women 2003, from Forced Migration Online
Religion Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Sri Lanka, from Kirken i Norge
Category Religion in Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia
History of Methodism in Sri Lanka, from GBGM-UMC
History of Budhism in Sri Lanka, from Sinhalanet
Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by Portuguese, from Christian Aggression
Buddhism and Caste in India and Sri Lanka, by Jeffrey Samuels
The Church of Ceylon, from Anglican Communion
A Brief History of the Muslims of Sri Lanka, from Sri Lanka Genealogy Website
Ceylon, from Roman Catholic Hierarchy
Patron Saint Index : Ceylon
Between Hammer and Anvil : Sri Lanka's Muslims, from CPA Media
History of Regions Provinces of Sri Lanka, Divisions of Nepal, from www.statoids.com
Article Provinces of Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia
History of Cities History of Colombo, from Wikipedia
History of Trincomalee, from Wikipedia
History of Batticaloa, from Wikipedia
History of Galle, from Wikipedia
History of Jaffna, from Wikipedia
Institutions History, from Sri Lanka's Broadcasting Corporation; History, of Sri Lanka Telecom; of Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation
History, from Sri Lankan Airlines; Ceylon, Sri Lanka, from Airline History
Brief History of Sri Lanka Railways; The Railways of S.L., from Info Lanka
Article Education in Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia; History of University of Moratuwa, of University of Colombo, of Ceylon Technical College, of Trinity College, Kandy
History of Sri Lanka Post
History of Colombo Observatory, from Institute of Commonwealth Studies
History, of Department of Archaeology, Sri Lanka
Newspapers in Ceylon, from Sri Lanka Genealogy Website
Structurae : Sri Lanka; Search Lighthouse Depot for Sri Lanka
Bibliographies Sri Lanka, from Terrorism and Political Violence : An International Bibliography
Sri Lanka, from The Online Books Page
Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde (Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies), keyword Sri Lanka (site in German, most entries in English; hundreds of entries; publications mostly since 1970)
Search RHS Bibliography for Ceylon, Sri Lanka
Search UK National Archive Online Library for Ceylon, Sri Lanka
Search DBNG for Ceylon etc.
Search Asian Development Bank (ADB) Publications for Sri Lanka
Food and Culture (Bibliography) : South Asia
D. Ludden, Bibliography on South Asian Agrarian History (c.1990)
Bibliography on Topics Relevant to Indic Civilization, from Indic Studies
Labor in South Asia, a Bibliography, from UC Berkeley Library
Biographies Category : Sri Lankan People, from Wikipedia
Others Historical Perspective, from Sri Lanka Ministry of Foreign Affairs, other chapters linked; History of PRC-Sri Lankan Relations, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC; India-Sri Lanka Relations, from Ministry of External Affairs, India; EU Relations with Sri Lanka, official; Russian-Sri Lankan Relations, from Russian Embassy in Sri Lanka; Japan-Sri Lanka Relations, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan; Article Foreign Relations of Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia
Sri Lanka, from UK Food Online, history of Sri Lankan cuisine
Alcohol and Drugs History Society : Sri Lanka
Landmarks in the history of soil science in Sri Lanka, by R.B. Mapa
Disaster History by Country : Sri Lanka, from Relief Web; Category Disasters in Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia
Articles History of Cricket in Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka at the Olympics, Sport in Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia
Crime and Society. A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World : Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Directory, from Peace Corps Online
Indo-Malayan Ecoregion, from WWF
Sanderson Beck, Tibet, Nepal and Ceylon 1800-1950

WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS
Lists of Statesmen from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon); from Rulers (B. Schemmel); from Regnal Chronologies; from World Rulers (E. Schulz, illustrated)
List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka, from Wikipedia
Lists of Ambassadors Chronological List of Ambassadors (from France to Sri Lanka and the Maldives), from Ambafrance; U.S. Ambassadors to Sri Lanka, from NNDB; Chinese Ambassadors to Sri Lanka, from PRC MOFA; Liste der Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Colombo (Sri Lanka), from Wikipedia German edition
Population Figures Historical Population Statistics : Sri Lanka, from Population Statistics
City Population : Sri Lanka, from City Population
Document Collections Documents for the history of Sri Lanka, from World History Archives; Colombo Postcards (before 1947), Sri Lanka Postcards, from Harappa
List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Sri Lanka, from ILO, 39 docs. since 1948
P & O Navigation Timetables; lines destined to Bengal and further east stopped at Colombo
Internet Law Library : Sri Lanka
Constitution, from Official Website of Sri Lanka
Documents of Sri Lanka - Acts and Ordinances, Papers, from SATP
Peace Agreements Digital Collection : Sri Lanka, from United States Institute of Peace
Truth Commissions : Sri Lanka, from United States Institute of Peace
Search Hansard for Ceylon
Online Newspapers links from Online Newspapers, from World Newspapers
News from Sri Lanka, from SPUR, a lot political-historical (pro-Sinhalese)
Election Results from Psephos (since 1999); from IFES Election Guide (since 1999); from Elections and Electoral Systems
Archives National Archives of Sri Lanka, from TANAP
Methodist Missionary Society Archives 1791-1948, from IDC Publishers, have files on Ceylon
Huntington Archive of Buddhist and Buddhist-related Art, Sri Lanka
UNESCO Archives Portal : Government Archives, National Asia Pacific, one entry for Sri Lanka, scroll down
Libraries in Sri Lanka, from LibDex
Tentative List : Sri Lanka, World Heritage List, scroll down for Sri Lanka, from UNESCO World Heritage
Sri Lanka, from Showcaves
Search Janus (catalogues of archives and manuscript collections held throughout Cambridge) for Ceylon, Sri Lanka
Search ARCHIEVEN.NL for Ceilon, Ceylon, Sri Lanka
National Symbols Flag, from FOTW; Coat of Arms, from International Civic Heraldry; National Anthem, from National Anthems Net
Coins, Banknotes Banknotes of Ceylon / Sri Lanka, from World Currency Museum; of Ceylon / Shri Lanka, from Ron Wise's World Paper Money; from Zeno
Coins, from The coins and history of Asia (until 1600); from Lakdiva Coins Collection, from Zeno
Search Coin Archives for Ceylon, Sri Lanka
Stamps Rare Ceylon Stamps, from Sandafayre Stamp Gallery; Ceylon 1857-1902, 1902-1920, from Stamps Catalogue 1840-1920 by Evert Klaseboer
Others License Plates of Sri Lanka, from License Plates of the World, from Sri Lanka
Ceylon : Colombo, from Tram Views of Asia
Historic Picture Postcards, from Postcardman, commercial site
Search Delcampe Picture Postcards for Ceylon
Images of Ceylon
Airline Timetable Images : Sri Lanka
Medals of Sri Lanka, from OMSA

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Online Libraries Project Gutenberg, Online Catalogue, keywords Ceylon
Internet Archive
Tamil Electronic Library
Online Journals South Asia Journals, from ELIN-NIAS; Sri Lanka Journals, from ELIN-NIAS
Asia Insights, from NIAS, 2002-
General Accounts Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Macropaedia, Vol.28, pp.167-180 Article Sri Lanka. KMLA Lib.Sign. R 032 B862h v.28
Patrick Peebles, The History of Sri Lanka, Westport CT : Greenwood 2006, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 954.93 P373h
S.W. Baker, Eight years in Ceylon (1902), posted on Internet Archive
J.E. Tennent, Ceylon (1859), posted on Internet Archive
A. Clark et al., Ceylon (1910), posted on Internet Archive
D. Obeyesekere, Outlines of Ceylon history (1911), posted on Internet Archive
J. Cordiner, A Description of Ceylon (1807), posted on Internet Archive
J. Capper, Old Ceylon, sketches of Ceylon life in the olden time (1877), posted on Internet Archive
H. Cave, The ruined cities of Ceylon (1904), posted on Internet Archive
L.F. Liesching, A Brief Account of Ceylon (1861), posted on Internet Archive
Th. Skinner, Fifty years in Ceylon. An autobiography (1891), posted on Internet Archive
H. Sharp, Notes on vernacular education in Ceylon (1919), posted on Internet Archive
S.C. Chitty, The Ceylon gazetteer: containing an account of the districts &c. of Ceylon (1834), posted on Internet Archive
H.Ch. Sirr, Ceylon and the Cingalese: Their History, Government, and Religion .. (1850), posted on Internet Archive
H.J. Suckling, Ceylon: A General Description of the Island, Historical, Physical .. (1876), posted on Internet Archive
J.C. Willis, Ceylon, a handbook for the resident and the traveller (1907), posted on Internet Archive
Economic History IHS : International Historical Statistics : Africa, Asia & Oceania 1750-2000, edited by B.R. Mitchell, Basingstoke : Palgrave MacMillan 4th ed. 2003
Specific Periods G.C. Mendis, Ceylon under the British, New Delhi : (1952) Asian Educational Services 2005 [G]
S.G. Perera, The Jesuits in Ceylon, New Delhi : (1941) Asian Educational Services 2004 [G]
Donald Ferguson, The Earliest Dutch Visits to Ceylon, New Delhi : (1930) Asian Educational Services 1998 [G]
P. Ramanathan, Riots and Martial Law in Ceylon, 1915, New Delhi : (1916) Asian Educational Services 2003 [G]
P.E. Pieris, Ceylon and the Hollanders 1658-1796, New Delhi : (1918) Asian Educational Services 1999 [G]; online at Internet Archive
E.W. Perera, Memorandum upon Recent Disturbances in Ceylon (1915), posted on Internet Archive
P.E. Pieris, Ceylon and the Portuguese, 1505-1658 (1920), posted on Internet Archive
W. Geiger, Mahavamsa : the great chronicle of Ceylon (1912), posted on Internet Archive
R.G. Anthonisz., Report on the Dutch Records in the Government Archives at Colombo: With Appendices (1907), posted on Internet Archive
Memoir of Hendrick Zwaardecroon, Commandeur of Jaffnapatam (afterwards Governor-General of Nederlands India) 1697. For the guidance of the council ot [sic] Jaffnapatam, during his absence at the coast of Malabar (1911), posted on Internet Archive
Ph. Baldaeus, Wahrhaftige ausführliche beschreibung der berühmten ostindischen kusten Malabar und Coromandel, als auch der insel Zeylon: samt dero angräntzenden und untergehörigen reichen, fürstentühmen, ländern, städten ... so wol auch der merkwürdigsten kriegshändel, belägerungen, feld- und seeschlachten, sonderlich zwischen den Portugesen und Holländern, handel-und kaufmannschaften: durchgehends verzieret mit neuen landkahrten und abbildungen der vornehmsten städte, festungen, trachten, thiere, früchte, &c. so in India selbst nach dem leben gezeichnet, und folgends mit fleiss zu kupfer gebracht: benebst einer umständlichen und gründlichen entdeckung der abgötterey der ost-indischen heyden, Malabaren, Benjanen, Gentiven, Bramines &c. .. (1672) in German, posted on Internet Archive
Historical Dictionaries Terry M. Mays, Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping, Lanman Md. : Scarecrow 1996 [G]
S.W.R. de A. Samarasinghe, Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka, Rowman & Littlefield 1997