Calicut | Travancore |
Political History .
The Empire of Vijayanagar (Vijayanagara, Vijnayagar; in many old sources called Bisnagar) lasted from 1343 to 1646. At its greatest extent
it covered most of the modern states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Hinduism was the dominant religion, but within its borders communities of Muslims, Christians, Jains, Buddhists and Jews thrived. The Empire was multilingual, with Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Konkani, Kannada the major languages; temporarily it exerted control over Sri Lanka, Pegu and Tenasserim. It was a feudal empire, with many kings as vassalls. Disintegration began in 1565; increasingly, vassalls refused to accept the suzerainty of the Emperor of Vijayanagar, regarded themselves independent. Among them were the Zamorin of Calicut, the Nayaks of Madurai, Tanjore and Gingee. The Empire was terminated by an invasion of the Sultans of Bijapur and Golconda in 1646. Part of Vijayanagar territory was annexed by the invaders; the former vassalls of Tanjore, Madurai and Mysore became independent, as did the smaller states of Malabar. The name lived on . P. d'Avity 1620 refers to the Vijayanagar Empire as the Royaume du Narsinge. A Kingdom of Bisnagar continues to feature in historical sources of the late 17th and 18th century. |
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P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
Country Profiles | Current |
Article Vijayanagara Empire, from Wikipedia |
Historical |
Links |
Category : Vijayanagara Empire, from Wikipedia |
Organizations | Database of Organizations |
Libraries and Archives in South Asia Wiki |
on Vijayanagar |
Kerala Council for Historical Research,
Tamil Nadu Council of Historical Research Libraries and Archives in South Asia Wiki : Karnataka Historical Research Society (Dharwad, India), Andhra Historical Research Society (Rajahmundry, India) International Institute of Tamil Studies Department of Archaeology, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu Centre for Deccan Studies, Hyderabad |
Portals |
Vijayanagara Research Project India Digital Heritage Research Project : Indian Digital Hampi Hampi Online Vijayanagara Mapping Project South Dakota State Univ., Project South Asia |
Timelines |
Accounts of History | Current |
Vijayanagara Empire, from
Classical Kannada History, from Vijayanagara Coins History, from Hampi Online |
Historical |
G.P. Maffei, Le istorie dell' Indie Orientali,
edition of 1589,
edition of 1749, in Italian, GB F. Guerreiro, Indianische relation was sich in den Königreichen Pegu, Bengala, Bissnaga und etlich andern Ländern der gegen Auffgang gelegenen Indien von 1604 und etlich folgenden Jahren .. zugetragen, 1611, German trsl. of the Portuguese, GB R. Sewell, A Forgotten Empire, Vijayanagar: A Contribution to the History of India 1900, GB B.S. Row, A history of Vijayanagar: the never to be forgotten empire, 1905, GB |
Specific Periods |
Article : Origin of Vijayanagara Empire, from Wikipedia H. Heras, The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara, vol.1, 2005, IA |
Military | Wars, Battles |
R. Rikhye, Wars & Campaigns of Krishnadevaraya, Emperor of Vijaynagar, 1509-1529 2005 Articles Battle of Raichur, Battle of Talikota, from Wikipedia |
Forts |
P.S. Harish,
Significance of Forts during the Vijayanagara Period, 2007 Article : Vellore Fort, Chitradurga Fort, from Wikipedia |
Economy & Finances |
Social History |
Article : Society of Vijayanagara Empire, from Wikipedia Reddy caste and its significance and sub-sects, from We donate blood Article : Kamma (caste), from Wikipedia |
Ethnography |
Religion | Hinduism |
Article : Persecution of Hindus : During Islamic Rule of the Indian Subcontinent, from Wikipedia S. Nayyar, Basavanna & Vir Shaivism Lingayat Movement 2001 Civil Service India : Virasaiva or Lingayat Saivism |
Jainism |
Jainism in South India, from JainWorld,
by T.K. Tukol R. Ayyangar, Studies in South Indian Jainism 1922, IA History of Digambar Jains, from JainDharmOnline Article : Tamil Jain, Jainism in Kerala, from Wikipedia P.M. Joseph, History of Jainism in Andhra Pradesh Part 1, Part 2 Article : Jainism in Karnataka, from Wikipedia N. Sridhar, History : Jainism in Karnataka Jainism in Karnataka, from Classical Kannada |
by Region | Modern States | Andhra Pradesh |
History : Middle Ages, from AP Online Article : History of Andhra Pradesh : Mughal Era, from Wikipedia |
Karnataka |
Article : Political History of Medieval Karnataka,
from Wikipedia |
Kerala |
Tamil Nadu |
Article : History of Tamil Nadu :
Vijayanagar and Nayak Period, from Wikipedia |
Predecessors | Hoysala Empire 1026-1343 |
Articles : Hoysala Empire,
Hoysala administration, from Wikipedia Articles : Economy of the Hoysala Empire, Hoysala architecture, Hoysala literature, from Wikipedia Hoysala Dynasty, from Classical Kannada S. Settar, Hoysala Heritage 2008 Hoysala Coins, from Coin India (commercial site); Western Gangas and Hoysalas, from Oriental Coins Database Hoysalas Gold Fanam, from Lakdiva South Indian Inscriptions (vol.9, n.d.) : Miscellaneous Inscriptions in Kannada : Hoysalas, from What is India |
Kampili (-1336) |
Article : Kampili, from Wikipedia |
Pandyan Dynasty c.300 BCE-1345 |
Article : Pandyan Dynasty, from Wikipedia Medieval History of India : Pandya Dynasty, Pandya Dynasty of Madura, from IndiaNetZone Pandyas of Madura, from Oriental Coins Database South Indian Inscriptions (vol.14, 1986) : Pandya Inscriptions, from What is India |
Reddy Dynasty 1325-1448 |
Article : Reddy Dynasty, from Wikipedia South Indian Inscriptions (vol.10) : Reddy Dynasties, from What is India |
Warangal 1082-1323 |
Article : Warangal, from Wikipedia Article : Kakatiya Dynasty, from Wikipedia |
Yadava 850-1334 |
Article : Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, from Wikipedia Yadavas of Devagiri, from Oriental Coins Database South Indian Inscriptions (vol.9, n.d.) : Miscellaneous Inscriptions in Kannada : Yadavas, from What is India |
Successors | Madurai |
Article : Madurai Nayak Dynasty, from Wikipedia Feudatories and successors of Vijayanagar, from Oriental Coins Database |
Malabar Coast | Note : the statelets of Kochi (Cochin), Kolathiri (Cannanore), Samoothiri (Calicut), Venad (Travancore) and smaller units are dealt with in the chapter on the Malabar Coast) |
Mysore |
Article : Kingdom of Mysore, from Wikipedia |
Tanjore |
Article : Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom, from Wikipedia Feudatories and successors of Vijayanagar, from Oriental Coins Database |
Local History |
Article : Ancient City of Vijayanagara, from Wikipedia An Account of the Cities of Calicut and Bijanagur in the 15th century, translated from the Persic of Khondemir, pp.226-227 in vol.2 of The Asiatic Annual Register or a View of the History of Hindustan, 1801, GB |
Institutions |
Culture |
Article : Vijayanagara Architecture, from Wikipedia |
Biographies |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
Article Vijayanagara Empire, from Wikipedia;
has a list of rulers |
Documents | Historical Newspapers |
Image Databanks |
Archival Deposits |
Constitutions, Laws |
Chronicles |
D. Lopes (ed.), Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga,
manuscrito inedito do seculo XVI, 1897, SBB |
Treaties |
Document Collections |
S.K. Aiyangar, Sources of Vijayanagar history, 1919, IA;
K.A.N. Sastry, Further Sources Of Vijayanagara History,
1946, IA South Indian Inscriptions (vol.9, n.d.) : Miscellaneous Inscriptions in Kannada : Dynasties of Vijayanagara, from What is India South Indian Inscriptions (vol.16, 1988) : Telugu Inscriptions of the Vijayanagara Dynasty, from What is India Survey of Manuscripts in India, see Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu |
Individual Documents |
Bisnagar Conquest, and rule of Carnataca Lords, pp.205- in vol.1 of W. Taylor,
Oriental historical Manuscripts in the
Tamil Language translated, 1835, GB |
Historical Maps | Map Collections |
Overview, modern |
Maps : Eastern Hemisphere 1100 AD,
Eastern Hemisphere 1200 AD,
Eastern Hemisphere 1300 AD,
Eastern Hemisphere 1400 AD,
Eastern Hemisphere 1500 AD, by Thomas Lessman Map : Vijayanagara Empire, from Wikipedia Map : Pandya Territories 1251/1283, from Wikipedia |
Overview, contemporary |
Detail, modern |
Detail, contemporary |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
Secular |
Article : Bisnagar, p.250 in vol.3 pt.1 of Encyclopaedia Britannica,
1797, GB Article : Bisnagar, p.634 in vol.3 of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1834, GB |
Religious |
Economic |
Regno di Bisnagar, p.112 in vol.3 of Il mentore perfetto de negozianti,
ovvero guida sicura de' medesimi, ed istruzione, per rendere ad essi piu agevoli, e meno incerte le loro speculazioni, 1794, in Italian, GB |
Geographical |
The Kingdom of Bisnagar, pp.140-141 in L. Echard,
A most compleat compendium of geography general and special discribing all the empires kingdom and dominions in the whole world
1691, GB Kingdom of Bisnagar, p.105 in E. Wells, A treatise of ancient and present geography, 1706, GB Royaume de Bisnagar pp.282-284 in C. Noblot, Geographie universelle, historique et chronologique, ancienne et moderne, 1725, in French, GB Le Pays de Bisnagar, p.647 in A. du Bois, La Geographie moderne, naturelle historique & politique, 1736, in French, GB Bisnagar, p.157 in Expilly, La polychrographie en six parties 1756, in French, GB |
Historical |
Die Königreiche Narsinga, p.142 in G. Marcel, Conspectus historiae
universalis 1696, in German, GB Bisnagar, p.507 in vol.1 of J.C. Iselin, Neu-vermehrtes historisch- und geographisches allgemeines Lexicon, 1726, in German, GB Bisnagar, p.262 in vol.1 of L. Moreri, Le grand dictionnaire historique , 1731, in French, GB Royaume de Bisnagar, ou Carnate p.550 in S. von Pufendorf, Introduction a l'histoire moderne, generale et politique de l'univers, 1759, in French, GB Empire de Bisnagar, pp.5-10 in vol.19 of Histoire universelle: depuis le commencement du monde, 1762, in French, GB Empire of Bisnagar, pp.3-8 in vol.6 of The Modern Part of a Universal History, 1781, GB Canarinen, pp.115-116 in vol.1 of C.F. Koeppen, Universal-Lexikon der Völker- und Ländergeschichte, 1806, in German, GB |
Book Reviews |
Tour Guides, Travelogues |
Hampi Online : Chroniclers Article : Niccolo de Conti, from Wikipedia; Nicolo de Conti's account of Hampi (1420/1421), from Hampi Online Athanasius Nikitin (1469/1472), from Hampi Online; Brief Extract from the Travels of Athanasius Nikitin, a Native of Twer 1857, IA Abd er Razzak, Journey to Hindoostan, pp.13- in R.H. Major (ed.), India in the fifteenth Century, 1857, GB |
Institutions | Archives |
Kerala State Archives Department of Archives and Historical Research, Tamil Nadu Karnataka State Archives Department |
Musea |
Pazhassiraja Museum and Art Gallery, Kozhikode District Archaeological & Heritage Museum, Nizamabad Government Museum, Chennai |
Monuments |
Group of Monuments at Hampi, from UNESCO World Heritage Centre |
Libraries |
State Central Library, Kerala Article : Anna Centenary Library, from Wikipedia |
National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Coins, Banknotes |
Vijayanagara Coins Kerala Department of Archaeology, scroll down for Koyikkal Palace, Numismatic Museum Coins of Kerala, from Karsha Vijayanagar Coins, from Government Museum Chennai Medieval Indian Coinage : Vijayanagar Empire, from RBI South of India, pp.735-751 in vol.2 of W. Marsden, Numismata orientalia illustrata, 1825, GB |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | general |
RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
on Vijayanagara |
Vijayanagara Research Project : Bibliography Vijayanagara Mapping Project : References Kerala History Bibliography |
Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
e-corpus Gallica Center for Research Libraries (CRL) |
on India |
Digital Library of India Indcat, Online Union Catalogue of Indian Universities, from INFLIBNET, click Union Database Digitial Library of Indian History Books, from Indic Studies |
Online Journals |
General Accounts |
Burton Stein, Vijayanagara (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge : UP 1993 [G] |
Specific Topics |
Historical Atlasses |
C. Collin Davies, An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula, Oxford : UP, 2nd edition, 1959 [G] Historical and Cultural Maps, National Atlas of India Vol.8, published by National Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organisation, Calcutta 1983, edited by G.K . Dutt, S.K. Biswas [G] J.E. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia, Chicago : UP 1978 [G] |