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| 1670-1737 |
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Etruria 1799-1808 |
| The Duchy of Tuscany, 1737-1799 |
In 1737 the male line of the Medici dynasty ended, and Francis of Lorraine succeeded to the throne, the husband of Maria Theresia and soon elected German Emperor (1745-1765); thus the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty was established in Florence, which would, with interruptions 1799 and 1801-1814, last until 1860.
Under Francis and his son Peter Leopold, trade was encouraged by the removal of trade barriers; privileges were cancelled. The inquisition was abolished in 1782; a number of monasteries were suppressed.
A 1750 edict redefined the status of noblemen, in an attempt to turn them into a class of public servants. The Gregorian Calendar was introduced in 1750.
The Accademia dei Georgofili, founded in 1753, became a center of Enlightenment thought; Cesare Beccaria, in Milan, argued for the abolition of torture the death penalty, which Tuscany was the first country in Europe to implement (1786); torture was abolished the same year.
In 1763/1764, Tuscany suffered from a severe famine.
Grand Duke Leopoldo and bishop Ricci of Pistoia in 1786 held a synod which passed decrees which Pope Pius condemned as Jansenist/Gallican in 1794. The synod attempted to free the Tuscan church of the influence of Rome. In 1799 Grand Duke Ferdinando III. was forced by the French to abdicate; in 1798 he had permitted a detachment of Neapolitan troops (during the Neapolitan invasion of the Papal State (First War of the Coalition), from where they aimed to expel the French) to land in Livorno.
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EXTERNAL LINKS |
Article Tuscany, from Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 edition Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Cesare Beccaria, biography from criminology.fsu.edu The Last Guillotine of the Maremma, Book Review, on the history of the death penalty in Tuscany Article : Synod of Pistoia, from Catholic Encyclopedia, 1912 edition History of the Order of St. Stephen (Tuscany, 1561-), from Chivalric Orders Anno 1737 : Muore L'Ultimo Medici, from Cronologia, in Italian Anno 1765 : Leopoldo II nel Granducato di Toscana, from Cronologia, in Italian Anno 1767 : Leopoldo II "riillumina" la Toscana, from Cronologia, in Italian Anno 1770 : Le Riforme di Leopoldo in Toscana, from Cronologia, in Italian From the 16th century to Napoleon, from Tuscan Archipelago |
| DOCUMENTS |
Heraldry in Tuscany, from heraldica.com Tuscany, historical flags, from FOTW List of Grand Dukes of Tuscany, from World Statesmen : Italian States to 1860 by Ben Cahoon George Chalmers: [A] collection of treaties between Great Britain and other powers. (London 1790): vol. 2 : English Treaties with Tuscany : n.d.. The Stipulation for LECHORN to remain a FREE PORT, p.337 Cesare Beccaria, Essay on Crimes and Punishments, from Modern History Sourcebook (1764) Cesare Beccaria, Of Crimes and Punishments, full-text edition from constitution.org, (1764) English translation printed 1819 |
| REFERENCE |
History of Italian Regions : Tuscany, from History Book Reviews Anna Maria Rao, Enlightenment and Reform, pp.229-252 in : Early Modern Italy, (Short Oxford History of Italy), Oxford : UP 2002 |
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