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Nederland Luxemburg
First posted in January 2002; last revised on February 2nd 2010






The territories which make up Belgium today, since the Late Middle Ages, have been among the most densely populated in Europe, as the cities of Flanders and Brabant were centers of a flourishing textile industry, those of Liege and Namur of a mining and metal industry, and Brugge and Antwerpen competed for the position of the main trading hub on the Atlantic coast. The land was politically fragmented, the most important polities were the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Flanders, the Princebishopric of Liege, the Duchy of Luxemburg, the County of Hainaut, the County of Namur, the Duchy of Limburg, the Abbey of Stavelot.
In the 15th century the Dukes of Burgundy acquired a number of these territories, which the Burgundian administration collectively referred to as "les Pays-Bas" (= the Netherlands); Brussels rose to the position of capital of these Burgundian Netherlands. Following the death of Duke Charles the Bold in 1477, the Burgundian Netherlands were inherited by the Habsburg Dynasty, and upon the partition of the Habsburg territories in 1556 the Netherlands was allocated to the Spanish line.
The policies of Philip II. of Spain - aiming at centralization of the administration, at raising taxation and at suppressing Protestantism - caused the Dutch Revolt, in the course of which the Dutch Republic established independence, while the Southern Netherlands (i.e. Flanders, Brabant (both except their northern parts), Artois, Hainaut, Namur, Luxemburg and part of Limburg) remained under Spanish rule (and Catholicism was enforced). From the 1660es onward Spain was incapable of defending the Spanish Netherlands against French expansionism, and step by step territory was lost to France. The European powers formed alliances which fought the French repeatedly in order to prevent further French expandion. In 1713 the Spanish Netherlands became the Austrian Netherlands; in 1794/1797 these were annexed by France. In 1815, the territory of Belgium was allocated to the newly-formed Kingdom of the United Netherlands.
Cultural issues (language and religion) and conflicts regarding trade policy in 1830 caused Belgium to declare independence, which in 1839 was guaranteed in a treaty by the European powers.


Belgium, as separate from the (northern) Netherlands was defined by its Catholicism, as separate from France by the European powers which (in 1830) were unwilling to accept a French annexation. Belgium was not the 19th century type nation state created on the base of a popular movement; it lacked a national language; the population is divided in a Flemish (Dutch) speaking majority living in the north and a Walloon (French) speaking minority living in the north, capital Brussels forming a majority French speaking island surrounded by Flemish-speaking territory. Only in the 1970s did Belgium see a political reorganization creating administrative units based on the language.

WHKMLA files on the history of Belgium : since 1990 ; 1969-1990 ; 1949-1969 ; Belgian Forces in Korea ; 1945-1949 ; 1940-1945 ; 1929-1940 ; 1918-1929 ; 1914-1918 ; 1890-1914 ; 1870-1890 ; 1848-1870 ; 1830-1848

WHKMLA files on the history of what was to become Belgium 1815-1830 ; Belgium under French Administration : Consulate, 1799-1813 ; Belgium under French Administration : Directorate, 1795-1799 ; The Habsburgian Netherlands : the Brabant Revolution 1789-1790

For the History prior to 1789 see History of the Austrian Netherlands 1713-1789

Provinces (since 1830) : Antwerpen, Brabant, East Flanders, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur, West Flanders

Historical Territories : Duchy of Brabant, County of Flanders, Duchy of Luxemburg, Duchy of Limburg, Princebishopric of Liege, County of Hainaut, County of Namur

Demographic History : Belgium
Historical Atlas : Belgium Page

Students' Paper : Lee, Eun Soo, Battleground Belgium (2008)






E x t e r n a l . F i l e s
Country Profiles Links, Portals Organizations Accounts of History Politics Military History Economic History
Social History Ethnography History of Religion Regional History Local History Institutions Culture
Biography Others
D o c u m e n t s
Historical Data Documents Institutions National Symbols
P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e
Bibliographies Online Libraries Online Journals General Accounts Specific Topics Historical Dictionaries Others



WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES
Country Profiles from BBC Country Profiles; from World Desk Reference ; from Nations Encyclopedia; from Index Mundi, from Wikipedia; from Eurodata; from CIA World Factbook Country : Belgium
Links, General from Library of Congress, Portals to the World, from BUBL
List of Belgium-Related Topics, from Wikipedia
Links, on History from Virtual Library History; from Virtual Library Labour History; from Virtual Library Women's History; from Virtual Library Economic and Business History; Archeonet.BE
Historical Dictionaries Online Dictionary of Political Vocabulary, posted by the Belgian Parliament, in Dutch, in French
List of terms and biographies on Belgian History, by Pieter Vervat, in Dutch
Organizations Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique
Timelines Timeline of Belgian History, from timelines.ws, detailed; from BBC News
Accounts of History Encyclopedic, General Accounts History of Belgium, from Expatica.com, a History in 6 parts; from Portal Belgium.be, Alex Progressive Geschiedenis (of Belgium, in Dutch)
from Wikipedia, from Wikipedia Dutch edition, from Wikipedia French edition
Specific Periods De Belgische Revolutie, in Dutch
Historiography Category : Belgian Historians, from Wikipedia
Article : History of Belgium : Historiography, from Citizendium
R.J. Chapman, A Challenge to Thought Control: The Historiography of Leon Degrelle , Journal for Historical Review 1986
E. Aerts, L. de Mecheleer, R. Wellens, L'age de Gachard. L'archivistique et l'histographie en Belgique (1830-1885)
R. Aubert, L'Historiographie Contemporaine en Belgique depuis 1945, Aperçu Thematique, BTNG-RBHC XXV 1994-1995 pp.213-221
Politics General Political Resources on the Net : Belgium; Governments on the WWW : Belgium
Article Politics of Belgium, from Wikipedia
Category Politics in Belgium, from Wikipedia
Kiezerslijsten (voters' lists), from VVF Nationaal Centrum, in Dutch
Political Parties, Movements De politieke partijen in Belgie (The political parties in Belgium), from Cultuurkunde van Belgie at Univ. Vienna, in Dutch; Inleiding tot de Geschiedenis van de Belgische Arbeidersbeweging (Introduction in the History of the Belgian Workers' Movement), from Socialisme.be, in Dutch
Guy Vanschoenbeek, Socialisten : Gezellen zonder Vaderland ? De Belgische Werkliedenpartij en haar Verhouding tot het 'Vaderland Belgie' 1895-1940 (Socialists - Fellows without Fatherland ? The Belgian Workers Party and her Relation to Fatherland Belgium, 1895-1940), in Dutch
M. Bots. Beknopte geschiedenis van de Liberale Partij (History of the Liberal Party), from Liberaal Archief, in Dutch
Article : History of the Walloon Movement, from Wikipedia
Political Histtory De grote politische stakingen in Belgie (The great political strikes in Belgium), by VONK, in Dutch
Schets Evoltie van de Belgische Kieswetgeving, from Directie van de Verkiezingen (Survey Evolution of Belgian Election Legislation, from Election Commission)
De Strijd voor het Vrouwenstemrecht (the Struggle for Women's Suffrage), posted by Sofie de Graeve, in Dutch
Foreign Relations Category : Bilateral Relations of Belgium, from Wikipedia; Categorie : Relations bilaterales de la Belgique, from Wikipedia French edition; Categorie : Bilaterale verhoudingen van België, from Wikipedia Dutch edition
Websites of Belgian Embassies, from diplomatie.be
Canada-Belgium Relations, from Government of canada
A short history of the relations between Belgium and Israel, from Embassy of Belgium in Tel Aviv
Military The Military Article Military of Belgium; Category Military History of Belgium, from Wikipedia
Het Belgische Leger 1830-1914 (The Belgian Army 1830-1914), in Dutch, many subfiles; Historiek van de Belgische Marine (History of the Belgian Navy), from www.mil.be, in Dutch, subchapters
De Belgische Cavallerie tot 1914, in Dutch/French, posted by Werner Huysmans
Wars Category Military History of Belgium, from Wikipedia
Wars of Belgium 1800-1999, from Armed Conflict Events Data; Military History Encyclopedia on the Web : Belgium
Decorations, Insignia Orders, Decorations and Medals of Belgium, from ODM; Hendriks Medaljehoekje, site on Belgian medals; Bill's Belgian Medals
Belgian Militaria by Albert and Peter Verstraeten; Belgian Military Insignia, from Histoire Militaire, comment in French
Economy & Finances General Article Economy of Belgium, from Wikipedia
Category Economy of Belgium, from Wikipedia
Moments in Time Gülich, Gustav von, Geschichtliche Darstellung des Handels, der Gewerbe und des Ackerbaus der bedeutenden handeltreibenden Staaten unserer Zeit (Historical Description of Trade, Industry and Agriculture of the Important Trading States of Our Time), Jena : Frommann 6 vol.s 1830-1845, chapter : Belgien, vol.4 1844 pp.13-46, posted by DTBSWS, in German
Belgium, Ministry of Industry and Labour, Belgium, its institutions, industries and commerce (1904), posted on Internet Archive
Specific Periods Jan Blomme, Peter Scholliers, De Economische Geschiedenis van België tijdens de nieuwste tijd Onderzoektrends in de jaren tachtig, NEHA Bulletin 7.1 1993 pp.5-38, in Dutch
J.F. Abbeloos, Belgium¡¯s Expansionist History between 1870 and 1930: Imperialism and the Globalisation of Belgian Business, MPRA 2008
Currency & Finances A Global History of Currencies : Belgium
Histoire de la Numismatique et de la Monnaie en Belgique; Tot de Laatste Frank (Until the Last Franc), by K. Driessens, history of money in Belgium, in Dutch, richly illustrated
Ottomar Haupt, Währungs-Politik und Münz-Statistik, Berlin : Walther & Apolant 1884, in German, posted by DTBSWS, chapter Belgien, Lateinische Union, in German
Economic Institutions Article Brussels Stock Exchange, from Wikipedia; Antwerp : the Stock Exchange, from Trabel
Laureyssens, Julienne M. Growth of Central Banking: The Societe General des Pays-Bas and the Impact of the Function of General State Cashier on Belgium's Monetary System (1822-30). Business and Economic History, 2d ser., 14 (1985): 125-38.
Charles A. Conant, The National Bank of Belgiumj (1910), posted on Internet Archive
Mining & Metal Industry Belgium Index, from Showcaves, lists a number of historic mines; De Eeuw van het Zwarte Goud (The Century of Black Gold), from HBVL, on the history of the Limburg mining industry (since 1901), in Dutch
Barbezat, Daniel. Belgian Domestic Steel Cartels and the Re-Rollers, 1933-38. Business and Economic History, 2d ser., 18 (1989): 218-27.
Paul Servais, Common Lands and Social Transformations : the Ardenne between 1750 and 1900, IEHC 2006
Textile Industry A Short History of Lace, from www.lace.tapestries.com
Belgium, from European Textile Network (historical sites)
Linnen in Vlaanderen, from Libeco, in Dutch
Others The Story of Belgian Chocolate, by Ml. Hendricks; Homage to Belgian Chocolate, by Greta Inowrocki (historical account)
History of Gem Cutting Regions : Antwerp, from khulsey.com
Belgian Breweries - Their History, Their Beers, from European Beer Guide
De agro-alimentaire nijverheid in België (1890-1980), from Centrum Agrarische Geschiedenis, in Dutch
Social History Ontwikkeling van het Kinderwelzijn in Vlaanderen (Development of Child Welfare in Flanders), by Eric Zwysen, in Dutch
History of the Belgian Social Security System, from fgov.be, in French (1907-)
Annelies Cattrysse, The positie van de vrouw op de (Belgische) arbeidsmarkt (The position of the (Belgian) woman on the labour market), thesis Cath. Univ. Leuven 2004
Claire Quetelet, De evolutie van de levensverwachting in Belgie, 18de - 20ste eeuw (The Evolution of Life Expectancy in Belgium, from the 18th to the 20th century), thesis Univ. Gent 2005, in Dutch
United States. War Labor Policies Board, Report on Labor Situation in Belgium (c.1919), posted on Internet Archive
Ethnography Languages of Belgium, from Ethnologue
Le francais en Wallonie et a Bruxelles aux XVIIe. et XVIIIe. siecles (French language in Wallonia and Brussels in the 17th, 18th Century), by Daniel Drioxhe, goes beyond title; in French, explains how French became the dominant language in Belgium
Die Flämische Nationalbewegung, by Lode Wils, in German
Article Languages of Belgium, from Wikipedia
Article Demographics of Belgium, from Wikipedia
World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Belgium
Laurence Schram, Case Studies : The Transit Camp for Jews in Mechelen: The Antechamber of Death , from Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
Religion Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Belgium, from Kirken i Norge
The Various Christian Communities in Belgium, from Wederkerigheid, with contact addresses, brief histories etc.; 150 Jaar Protestants Leven in Belgie (150 Years Protestants' Life in Belgium), a text published in 1980; posted by E. M. Braekman, in Dutch; Alden Oreck, Jewish Virtual History Tour : Belgium, from Jewish Virtual Library; Belgium, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project
Article Religion in Belgium, from Wikipedia
Category Religion in Belgium, from Wikipedia
Belgium, from Roman Catholic Hierarchy
Patron Saint Index : Antwerp
History of Regions general Geschiedenis (History), from Provincie Oost-Vlaanderen, has chapters on the history of political parties, in Dutch
Provinces, Arrondissements of Belgium, from www.statoids.com
Article Provinces of Belgium; Category : Subdivisions of Belgium, from Wikipedia
Walloon Region History of Wallonia, from Gateway to the Walloon Region; from Wikipedia French edition; from Wikipedia English edition; from Wikipedia Dutch edition; from Institut Destree, in French
Histoire - Historiographie : Quelle Wallonie, from Institut Destree, in French
Flemish Region Article : Fremish Region, from Wikipedia, Vlaams Gewest, from Wikipedia Dutch edition
Local History Marcel Huon, Parochiekroniek van O.L.Vrouwparochie van Diest (Parish Chronicle of St. Mary's in Diest), posted by Pierre Trouillez; while local history, a lot of details on Belgian history in general; scroll down, in Dutch
Articles : Aalst : History, Antwerp : History (Antwerpen), Ath : History, Bastogne : History, Bruges : History (Brugge), Brussels : History, Charleroi : History, Ghent : History (Gent), Liege : History, Mons : History, Namur : History, Ostend : History (Oostende), Ypres : History (Ieper), from Wikipedia
Institutions Transportation Category : Transport in Belgium, from Wikipedia
CANALS : Articles Brussels-Charleroi Canal : History, Ghent-Terneuzen Canal : History, Category : Canals in Belgium, from Wikipedia; List of Waterways : Belgium, from Wikipedia
RAILROADS : The Belgian Railroad System, by Mario Boone; Article Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen (History of the National Belgian Railroads), from Wikipedia Dutch edition; from B-Rail, in Dutch; Edward Dobson, An Historical, Statistical, and Scientific Account of the Railways of Belgium from 1834 to 1842 (1843), posted on Internet Archive
AIRLINES : History of Flight : Belgium, from Flight 100; Belgium, from Airline History; A Short History of Aviation in Belgium, from BAHA
Academic Institutions Category : Education in Belgium, from Wikipedia
Category : Research Institutes in Belgium, from Wikipedia
The Royal Belgian Academy of Sciences, from MacTutor
Edifices Structurae : Belgium; Search Lighthouse Explorer for Belgium
Broadcasting Radio Vlaanderen Internationaal, History, in English; History of Broadcasting in Belgium, from The Broadcast Archive
Culture Articles Flemish Language, Walloon Language : History, from Wikipedia
Article Flemish Literature, from Wikipedia
A Brief History ofBelgian Pop Music, from The Belgian Pop and Rock Archives
Articles Sport in Belgium, Belgium at the Olympics, Football in Belgium, from Wikipedia
Biographies click here
List of Belgians, from Wikipedia; Biographies of Belgian and Luxemburgian Saints, from Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon, in German; Famous Belgians, 247 English-language biographies; Dictionnaire des Personalites, from Brabant Wallon
Belgian painters, from Olga's Gallery
List of terms and biographies on Belgian History, by Pieter Vervat, in Dutch
Nobel Laureates by Country : Belgium, from Wikipedia
Biographie Nationale [Belgium], vol.2 1868, vol.3 1872, vol.5 1876, vol.12 1893, vol.17 1903, in French, posted on Internet Archive; volumes 1 - 44 as well as Nouveau Biographie Nationale vol.1 - 8, 1866 -2005 posted by Academie Royale de Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique
Others Notable events in the meteorological history of the Province of Antwerp, from meteo.be; in Dutch; other provinces clickable
History of the Belgian Vegetarian Societies, from IVU
Alcohol and Drugs History Society : Belgium
200 Years of Freemasonry in Antwerp, by Christian David Rom (1984)
Category Disasters in Belgium, from Wikipedia

WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS
Historical Data Lists of Statesmen from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon); from Rulers (B. Schemmel); from Regnal Chronologies, scroll down for Belgium; from World Rulers (E. Schulz, illustrated)
Titles of European Rulers : Belgium
History of the Belgian Dynasty illustrated by stamps, from Nielse Hobby- en Postzegelclub, in Dutch
List of Prime Ministers of Belgium, from Wikipedia
Article Monarchy of Belgium, from Wikipedia
Categorie : Lijsten van Belgische Ministers, Lijst van Belgische Ministers van Staat, from Wikipedia Dutch edition
Lists of Ambassadors to Belgium List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Belgium (1600-) 1830-, from Wikipedia
La France en Belgique, Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs (1831-), from Ambafrance
Liste der deutschen Botschafter : Brüssel, from Wikipedia German edition (1920- )
Lijst van apostolische nuntii voor Belgie (1830-), from Wikipedia Dutch edition
Ambassador of Russia to Belgium (1853-), from Wikipedia
Embajadores de Mexico en Belgica (1828-), from Acervo Historico Diplomatico
Chinese Ambassadors to the Belgium (1973-), from PRC MOFA
Lijst van Japanse diplomatieke vertegenwoordigers in België (1873-), from Wikipedia Dutch edition
Article : United States Ambassadors to Belgium (1832-), from Wikipedia
Canadian Ambassadors to Belgium 1938-, from MOFA Canada
Lists of Ambassadors of Belgium List of Belgian Ambassadors to the United States, from Wikipedia
Article : Belgian Ambassafor to the Holy See, from Wikipedia
Lijst van Belgische diplomatieke vertegenwoordigers in Japan (1868-2009), from Wikipedia Dutch edition
Population Figures Historical Population Statistics : Belgium, from Population Statistics by Jan Lahmeyer
Historical Abortion Statistics : Belgium, from Johnston's Archive
Election Results from Psephos (since 1995); from IFES Election Guide (since 1997); from Electoral Grography
Belgian Elections since 1830, in French and Dutch
Schets van de evolutie der belgische kieswetgeving (Survey of the Evolution of Belgian Electoral Law), from Directie van Verkiezingen, in Dutch
Belgium, from Elections and Electoral Systems
Kiessysteem (Electoral System), Kiesresultaten (Election results, since 1995), from Belgische Senaat
Article Elections in Belgium, from Wikipedia
Lijphart Election Archives Publications : Belgium
List of Elections held in Belgium since 1830, from Bormshuis, in Dutch
ODIS Election Results 1836-2006, Dutch language site
Documents Historical Newspapers Kranten (Newspapers), from Belgica
Kranten Historisch [historical newspapers], scroll down for Belgium
The History of the Kingdom of Belgium, from World History Archives (Selection of Recent Newspaper Articles on Belgium, in English)
Modern Newspapers links from Online Newspapers, from World Newspapers
Indexes and Guides to Western European Periodicals: Language Specific-Dutch, from Wess Web
Newsreels British Pathe
Wochenschau-Archiv (in German)
Archief Beeld en Geluid : Polygoon (in Dutch)
Propaganda Films George C. Marshall Motion Pictures
Image Databanks Europeana
Wikimedia Commons
Photos of Belgian historical monuments, by Jean Servais Henri Colemonts
Beeldbank Mechelen (Image Bank Mechelen & environs); Beeldbank Brugge, Beeldbank Gent, Beeldbank Oostende, Beeldbank Hoogstraeten, comment in Dutch
EVA, European Visual Archive, currently 16,956 digitized and commented photographs from Stadsarchief Antwerpen and London Metropolitan Archives
Gazet van Antwerpen, Een Eeuw in Beeld (A Century in Pictures, posted by the Antwerp Gazette), a rich source of images; same title, from Het Belang van Limburg
Historic Photos by Chusseau Flaviens - Belgium, from Photography Collections Online, posted by George Eastman House, Ryerson Univ., Toronto
ABLDepot, lots of illustrations on Belgian military history (mainly WW I, WW II), comment in Dutch
License Plates, from Francoplaque, from License Plates of the World
Passport, from World Passports, scroll down
Airline Timetable Images : Belgium
Archival Deposits Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Mofa, NL ; enter "Belgie" in field : "Lijst samenstellen op land of regio", 14 entries; sources posted in Dutch language
Register of the Commission for Relief in Belgium Records, 1914-1930, 1939-1947, from Hoover Institution
Constitutions, Laws Internet Law Library : Belgium
Wetgeving - Legislation, from e-justice
Verfassungen Belgiens (Constitutions of Belgium), from Verfassungen.de, in German; Search Prassi Italiana di Dirito Internazionale, Indice delle leggi e degli altri atti normativi, for Belgio, 75 entries, in Italian
List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Belgium, from ILO, 90 docs. since 1919
Treaties Base de donnees traites, from diplomatie.be (since 1987)
Traites ratifies par la Belgique, from Centre de droit international, Universite libre de Bruxelles
Australian Treaty Series : Bilateral Treaties - Belgium
European Navigator, many documents mainly on post WW II / European Integration
E. Hertslet, The Map of Europe by Treaty, Showing the Various Political and Territorial Changes which Have Taken Place since the General Peace of 1814, vol.1 1875, vol.2 1875, vol.3 1875, posted on Internet Archive
Ch.P. Sanger, H.T.J. Norton, England's guarantee to Belgium and Luxemburg, with the full text of the treaties, 1915, posted on Internet Archive
K. Martens, Recueil manuel et pratique de traites, conventions et autres actes diplomatiques, : sur lesquels sont etablis les relations et les rapports existant aujourd'hui entre les divers etats souvernains du globe, depuis l'annee 1760 jusqu'a l'epoque actuelle, vol.1, 1846, vol.2, on 1788, 1846, vol.3, 1846, vol.4, on 1826 1846, vol.5, on 1839 1849, vol.6, on 1840 1856, vol.7, on 1852 1857, 2nd ser. vol.1 1885, posted on Internet Archive
F. Murhard, Nouveau Recueil General de Traites, Conventions et autres Transactions Remarquables, vol.1 1843, vol.2, on 1841, 1844, vol.3, on 1842, 1845, vol.4, 1846, vol.5 1847, vol.9, on 1846, suppl. 1841-1845, 1852, vol.10, on 1847, 1852, vol.12, on 1848, 1854, vol.13, 1855, vol.14 1856, vol.15 1857, vol.16 1860, vol.17, 1861, vol.18, 1873, vol.4, on 1817-1842, 1843, ? posted on Internet Archive
K. Martens, Nouveau recueil general de traites et autres actes relatifs aux rapports de droit international, vol.1, 1876, vol.10 1886, vol.11 1887, vol.12, on 1884-1886, 1887, vol.15, 1891, vol.16 1891, vol.19 1894, vol.20 1896, vol.21 1897, vol.23 1898, vol.29, on 1885-1898, 1903, vol.30 1904, vol.32 1905, vol.33 1906, vol.34 1907, vol.35 1908, posted on Internet Archive
G.F. Martens, Recueil de traites d'alliance, de paix, de treve ... et plusieurs autres actes servant aa la connoissance des relations etrangeres de puissances et etats de l'Europe ... depuis 1761 jusqu'a present , vol.3 : 1784-1788, 1818, vol.4, 1818, vol.5 : 1791-1795, 1826, vol.6 : 1795-1799, 1829, vol.7 : 1800-1803, 1831, vol.8 : 1803-1808, 1835, Table General Chronologique et Alphabetique du Recueil des Traites, Conventions et Transactions des Puissances de l'Europe et s'autres Parties du Globe ... vol.1 1837 (garbed scan), vol.1 1838, vol.2 1843, posted on Internet Archive
M. Tetot, Repertoire des Traites de Paix, de Commerce, d'Alliance etc., Conventions et autres Actes conclus entre tous les Puissances du Globe, principalement depuis la Paix de Westphalie jusqu'a notre jours, I : Tableau Chronologique 1493-1866, 1866, posted on Internet Archive
G. de Ribier, Repertoire des traite?s de paix de commerce, d'alliance, etc.; conventions et autres actes conclus entre toutes les puissances du globe, depuis 1867 jusqu'a nos jours (faisant suite au Repertoire de M. Tetot); table generale des principaux recueils francçais et etrangers ... ouvrage pub. sous les auspices du Ministere des affaires etrangeres, 1899, posted on Internet Archive
J.L. Klüber, Acten des Wiener Congresses in den Jahren 1814 und 1815, vol.1 2nd ed. 1819, vol.2 1815, vol.3 1815, vol.4 2nd ed. 1832, vol.5 2nd ed. 1833, vol.6 2nd ed. 1836, vol.7 1817, vol.8 1819, vol.9, 1835, in German, posted by Google Books
Document Collections Primary Documents : Belgium, from Eurodocs; from psm-data; from Historische Teksten (in Dutch); Documents relatifs au duche de Bouillon, 1484-1825, from Heraldica, many document excerpts pertaining to Bouillon, in French
Joseph Hansen, Rheinische Akten zur Geschichte des Jesuitenordens, 1542-1582, 1896, in German, posted on Internet Archive
Camille Wampach (ed.), Urkunden- und Quellenbuch zur Geschichte der altluxemburgischen Territorien bis zur burgundischen Zeit., 10 volumes 1935-1955, in German, posted by Luxemburgensia Online
Historical Maps click here
Atlas of Belgium, from Wikimedia Commons
City Panoramas 1750, from Historic Maps, Gent, Ostende
Historic City Maps : Belgium, from Discus Media
Historical Maps, from Belgica
Belgian territorial claims 1919, from Wikimedia
Historical
Encyclopedia Entries 		from Catholic Encyclopedia, 1908 edition; Article Belgium, Flanders, Brabant, Hainaut, Namur (Prov.), Liege (Prov.), Luxemburg, Limburg, Antwerp (Prov.), Brussels, Antwerpen, Malines (Mechelen), Louvain (Leuven), Ghent, Alost (Aalst), Bruges (Brugge), Ypres (Ieper), Ostend, Charleroi, Mons, Namur, Liege, Eupen, Malmedy, from EB 1911
Articles Belgien, Flandern, Brabant, Namur, Hennegau (Hainaut), Luxemburg, Lüttich (Liege), Limburg, Antwerpen, Brüssel, Ostende, Mecheln, Ypern, Brügge, Gent, Charleroi, Löwen, Eupen, Malmedy, Bastogne, Stavelot, Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German
Articles Belgien, Flandern, Brabant, Namur, Hennegau, Luxemburg (Prov.), Limburg, Antwerpen, Brüssel, Bastogne, Brügge, Charleroi, Gent, Eupen, Löwen, Malmedy, Mecheln, Ostende, Stavelot, Ypern, from Brockhaus Konversationslexikon 1894-1896, in German
J. Chr. Nelkenbrecher, Allgemeines Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtskunde für Banquiers und Kaufleute (General Manual on Coinage, Measurement and Weights, for Bankers and Merchants) Berlin 1832, in German, entries Antwerpen, Brüssel, Lüttich, posted by DTBSWS
Belgium, from New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
Article : Belgische Eisenbahnen, from Röll, Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens (Encyclopedia of Railroads) 2nd ed. 1912-1923, in German
Parliamentary Debates Web-Archiv des Deutschen Bundestags 2005-2010
Staten Generaal Digitaal (Dutch Parliament, 1900-1994)
Hansard (British Parliament)
Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags 1867-1895, 1895-1918, 1918-1942
Others Legenden en Sagen van Belgie, in Dutch
Election Posters, from SP (Socialist Party; comment in Dutch; since 1912)
Institutions Archives State Archives in Belgium, from arch.arch.be
Repositories of Primary Sources : Europe : Belgium, from Univ. of Idaho. Mostly Archive Webpages
Historical Research in Europe, listing of archives; click Atlas Search, Belgium, 90 entries
Liberaal Archief (Archive of the Liberal Movement in Belgium; in Dutch)
Musea Lists, Links Category : Museums in Belgium, from Wikipedia
Musea, from research.be
Links from Vrije Universiteit Brussel (musea etc.)
Musea Museum Websites Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History, Brussels, Belgium
Royal Museum for Central Africa
Monuments Category : Monuments and memorials in Belgium, from Wikipedia
UNESCO World Heritage Site, List (search for Belgium), Tentative Lists : Belgium
Libraries Libraries in Belgium, from LibDex
History of the Belgian National Library, from The European Library
Royal Library of Belgium, site in French / Dutch
National Symbols Flags, Coats of Arms Flag, from FOTW; Coat of Arms, from International Civic Heraldry; National Anthem, from National Anthems Net
Coins, Banknotes Banknotes of Belgium, from World Currency Museum, from Ron Wise's World Paper Money
Collection of 71 Coins from France, Brabant etc., 12th to 21st century, from Money Museum
Coins of modern Belgium, from Coin Pictures
Search Coin Archives for Belgium
Coins and Medals, from Belgica
Stamps Rare Belgian Stamps, from Sandafayre Stamp Gallery

PRINTED REFERENCE
Bibliographies general Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde (Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies) (site in German, most titles listed in English; numerous entries; publications mostly since 1970)
RHS Bibliography
UK National Archive Online Library
on Belgium. Bibliography on Belgian History, from Nouvelle Histoire; almost exclusively French language titles; not a single title in Flemish. detailed
Bibliography : Holdings on Belgian Studies of British Library
Belgian Bibliography, from the Royal Library at Brussels, in Dutch, in French
Suggesties voor Verhandelingen (suggestions for doctoral theses), from KADOC, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, in Dutch
ODIS, Onderzoekssteunpunt Databank Intermediaire Structuren Vlaanderen 19e -20e eeuw (Research support databank intermediary structures Flanders, 19th-20th century); rich source of information
Belgien, from Computatio
Online Libraries general Internet Archives
Gutenberg Library Online
on Belgium Belgica, Digital Library of the Kingdom of Belgium
E-Thesis, Licentiaatsverhandelingen on-line (doctoral theses online; Belgian, on history only, in Dutch)
University of Liege, ORBi - Open Repository Bibliography; Theses et E-Prints
Online Journals full text online Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis 2004-2009
Revue Belge d'Histoire Contemporaine, 1969-
Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Chartes 1840-
Annuaire statistique et historique belge, 1854, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1867, in French, posted on Internet Archive
Table of Contents
Online 		Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire, 1922-
General Accounts J.C.H. Blom and E. Lamberts, History of the Low Countries, N.Y.: Berghahn 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign. 949.3 B653h
Article Belgium. from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Vol.14 (Macropaedia) pp.857-871, KMLA Lib. Call Sign R 032 B862h v.14
Eric Vanneufville, Le Coq et le Lion, book review by Malte Woydt, in German
Dorothy Loder, The Land and People of Belgium, Philadelphia : Lippincott (1957) revised edition 1973 [G]
Atlas Culturel et Historique de Belgique, Bruxelles : Elsevier 1954, richly illustrated, in French [G]
H.P.H. Jansen, Kalendarium Geschiedenis van de Lage Landen in Jaartallen (History of the Low Countries Year by Year), Utrecht/Antwerpen : Het Spektrum (1971) 4th print 1979, 271 pp., in Dutch [G]
Demetrius C. Boulger, The History of Belgium, 2 parts, Elibron Classics (1902) 2005, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 949.3 B763h
Great Britain, Naval Intelligence Division : A manual of Belgium and the adjoining territories, n.d., posted on Internet Archive
Economic, Social History J.A. van Houtte, Schets van een Economische Geschiedenis van Belgie, Leuven : Universitas 1943, 267 pp., in Dutch, [G]
Document Editions Memo from Belgium : Documents Illustrating the History of Belgium, ed. Th. Maes et al., Brussels : Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2 volumes, 1978, in total 324 documents in English translation, from the Stone Age to recent times
Historical Dictionary Grande Encyclopedie de la Belgique et du Congo, Bruxelles, Vol.1, 1938, illustrated, 676 pp., in French; not actually an encyclopedia, but a country study; in contradiction to the title, not on the Congo.
Robert Stallaerts, Historical Dictionary of Belgium, London : Scarecrow 1999, 303 pp.; KMLA Lib. Call Sign R 949.3 S782h