Nederland | Luxemburg |
The territories which make up Belgium today, since the Late Middle Ages, have been among the most densely populated in Europe,
as the cities of Flanders and Brabant were centers of a flourishing textile industry, those of
Liege and Namur of a mining and metal
industry, and Brugge and Antwerpen competed for the position of the main trading hub on the Atlantic coast. The land was
politically fragmented, the most important polities were the Duchy of Brabant,
the County of Flanders, the Princebishopric of Liege,
the Duchy of Luxemburg, the County of Hainaut,
the County of Namur, the Duchy of Limburg, the Abbey of Stavelot. In the 15th century the Dukes of Burgundy acquired a number of these territories, which the Burgundian administration collectively referred to as "les Pays-Bas" (= the Low Countries / Netherlands); Brussels rose to the position of capital of these Burgundian Netherlands. Following the death of Duke Charles the Bold in 1477, the Burgundian Netherlands were inherited by the Habsburg Dynasty, and upon the partition of the Habsburg territories in 1556 the Netherlands was allocated to the Spanish line. The policies of Philip II. of Spain - aiming at centralization of the administration, at raising taxation and at suppressing Protestantism - caused the Dutch Revolt, in the course of which the Dutch Republic established independence, while the Southern Netherlands (i.e. Flanders, Brabant (both except their northern parts), Artois, Hainaut, Namur, Luxemburg and part of Limburg) remained under Spanish rule (and Catholicism was enforced). From the 1660es onward Spain was incapable of defending the Spanish Netherlands against French expansionism, and step by step territory was lost to France. The European powers formed alliances which fought the French repeatedly in order to prevent further French expandion. In 1713 the Spanish Netherlands became the Austrian Netherlands; in 1794/1797 these were annexed by France. In 1815, the territory of Belgium was allocated to the newly-formed Kingdom of the United Netherlands. Cultural issues (language and religion) and conflicts regarding trade policy in 1830 caused Belgium to declare independence, which in 1839 was guaranteed in a treaty by the European powers. |
|
Belgium, as separate from the (northern) Netherlands was defined by its Catholicism, as separate
from France by the European
powers which (in 1830) were unwilling to accept a French annexation. Belgium was not the 19th century type nation state created
on the base of a popular movement; it lacked a national language; the population is divided in a Flemish (Dutch) speaking majority
living in the north and a Walloon (French) speaking minority living in the north, capital Brussels forming a majority French speaking
island surrounded by Flemish-speaking territory. Only in the 1970s did Belgium see a political reorganization creating
administrative units based on the language. WHKMLA files on the history of Belgium : since 1990 ; 1969-1990 ; 1949-1969 ; Belgian Forces in Korea ; 1945-1949 ; 1940-1945 ; 1929-1940 ; 1918-1929 ; 1914-1918 ; 1890-1914 ; 1870-1890 ; 1848-1870 ; 1830-1848 WHKMLA files on the history of what was to become Belgium 1815-1830 ; Belgium under French Administration : Consulate, 1799-1813 ; Belgium under French Administration : Directorate, 1795-1799 ; The Habsburgian Netherlands : the Brabant Revolution 1789-1790 For the History prior to 1789 see History of the Austrian Netherlands 1713-1789 Provinces (since 1830) : Antwerpen, Brabant, East Flanders, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur, West Flanders Historical Territories : Duchy of Brabant, County of Flanders, Duchy of Luxemburg, Duchy of Limburg, Princebishopric of Liege, County of Hainaut, County of Namur Demographic History : Belgium Historical Atlas : Belgium Page Students' Paper : You, In Sun, The Contribution of British Entrepreneurs to the Industrial Revolution on the European Continent (2011) Students' Paper : Lee, Eun Soo, Battleground Belgium (2008) |
E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
Biography | Others |
D o c u m e n t s |
Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
Country Profiles | current |
from BBC Country Profiles;
from World Desk Reference ;
from Nations Encyclopedia;
from Index Mundi,
from Wikipedia;
from Eurodata;
from CIA World Factbook Country : Belgium |
historical |
J.E. Tennent, Belgium, vol.1,
vol.2, 1841, GB H.R. Addison, Belgium as she is , 1843, GB Great Britain, Naval Intelligence Division : A manual of Belgium and the adjoining territories, n.d. (c. WW II), posted on Internet Archive |
Links, General |
from Library of Congress, Portals to the World,
from BUBL List of Belgium-Related Topics, from Wikipedia |
Links, on History |
from Virtual Library History;
from Virtual Library Labour History;
from Virtual Library Women's History;
from Virtual Library Economic and Business History;
Archeonet.BE European History Primary Sources : Belgium, from Virtual Library History |
Historical Dictionaries |
Online Dictionary of Political Vocabulary, posted by the Belgian Parliament,
in Dutch,
in French List of terms and biographies on Belgian History, by Pieter Vervat, in Dutch |
Timelines |
Timeline of Belgian History, from timelines.ws,
detailed; from BBC News |
Accounts of History | General, Modern |
History of Belgium, from Expatica.com,
a History in 6 parts; from Portal Belgium.be,
Alex Progressive Geschiedenis (of Belgium, in Dutch) from Wikipedia, from Wikipedia Dutch edition, from Wikipedia French edition |
General, Historical |
H. van de Voorde, Geschiedenis van België, school book, 1841, in Dutch, GB H. Conscience, Geschichte von Belgien, 1843, in German, GB; Geschiedenis van België, 2nd ed. 1859, in Dutch, GB J.J. de Smet, Histoire de la Belgique, 6th ed. vol.1, 1847, vol.2, 1847, in French, GB L. Hymans, Belgische geschiedenis voor het volk, 1864, in Dutch, GB Theodore Juste, Histoire de Belgique: depuis les temps primitifs jusqu'a la fin du regne de Leopold Ier, vol.1, 1868, vol.2, 1868, vol.3, 1868, in French, GB A. Young, History of the Netherlands (Holland and Belgium), 1884, IA H. Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, vol.1 Des origines au commencement du XIVe siecle, 1902, vol.2 Du commencement du XIVe siecle a la mort de Charles le Temeraire, 1902, vol.3, De la mort de Charles le Temeraire a l'arrivee du Duc d'Albe dans les Pays-Bas (1567), 1902, vol.4, La revolution politique et religieuse, le regne d'Albert et d'Isabelle, le regime espagnol jusqu'a la paix de Munster, 1902, vol.5, La fin du regime espagnol, le regime Autrichien, la revolution Brabançonne, et la revolution Liegeoise, 1902, vol.6, La conquete Française, le Consultat et l'Empire, le royaume des Pays-Bas, la revolution Belge, 1902, vol.7, De revolution de 1830 a la guerre de 1914, 1902, IA D.C. Boulger, The History of Belgium, vol.1 Caesar to Waterloo, 1902, vol.2 1815-1865: Waterloo to the death of Leopold I, 1902, IA L. van der Essen, A Short History of Belgium 1915, IA E. Cammaerts, A History of Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day 1921, IA |
Specific Periods |
De Belgische Revolutie, in Dutch Histoire parlementaire du traite de paix du 19 avril 1839 entre la Belgique et la Hollande, 1839, in French, GB |
Historiography |
Category : Belgian Historians, from Wikipedia Article : History of Belgium : Historiography, from Citizendium R.J. Chapman, A Challenge to Thought Control: The Historiography of Leon Degrelle , Journal for Historical Review 1986 E. Aerts, L. de Mecheleer, R. Wellens, L'age de Gachard. L'archivistique et l'histographie en Belgique (1830-1885) R. Aubert, L'Historiographie Contemporaine en Belgique depuis 1945, Aperçu Thematique, BTNG-RBHC XXV 1994-1995 pp.213-221 |
Politics | General |
Political Resources on the Net : Belgium;
Governments on the WWW : Belgium Article Politics of Belgium, from Wikipedia Category Politics in Belgium, from Wikipedia Kiezerslijsten (voters' lists), from VVF Nationaal Centrum, in Dutch |
Political Parties, Movements |
De politieke partijen in Belgie (The political parties in Belgium), from Cultuurkunde van Belgie at Univ. Vienna, in Dutch;
Inleiding tot de Geschiedenis van de Belgische Arbeidersbeweging (Introduction in the History of the Belgian Workers' Movement), from
Socialisme.be, in Dutch Guy Vanschoenbeek, Socialisten : Gezellen zonder Vaderland ? De Belgische Werkliedenpartij en haar Verhouding tot het 'Vaderland Belgie' 1895-1940 (Socialists - Fellows without Fatherland ? The Belgian Workers Party and her Relation to Fatherland Belgium, 1895-1940), in Dutch M. Bots. Beknopte geschiedenis van de Liberale Partij (History of the Liberal Party), from Liberaal Archief, in Dutch Article : History of the Walloon Movement, from Wikipedia |
Political History |
De grote politische stakingen in Belgie (The great political strikes in Belgium), by
VONK, in Dutch Schets Evoltie van de Belgische Kieswetgeving, from Directie van de Verkiezingen (Survey Evolution of Belgian Election Legislation, from Election Commission) De Strijd voor het Vrouwenstemrecht (the Struggle for Women's Suffrage), posted by Sofie de Graeve, in Dutch L. Hymans, Histoire parlementaire de la Belgique, vol.1 1874, vol.2 1874, vol.3 1874, vol.4 1874, vol.5 1874, Index 1880, IA T. Juste, Histoire du Congres national de Belgique, ou de la fondation de la monarchie 1850, IA A. Heus, Histoire populaire de l'intolerance de l'Inquisition et de la liberte en Belgique 1894, IA |
Foreign Relations |
Category : Bilateral Relations of Belgium, from
Wikipedia; Categorie :
Relations bilaterales de la Belgique, from Wikipedia French edition; Categorie :
Bilaterale verhoudingen van België,
from Wikipedia Dutch edition Websites of Belgian Embassies, from diplomatie.be Canada-Belgium Relations, from Government of canada A short history of the relations between Belgium and Israel, from Embassy of Belgium in Tel Aviv C.F. Littell, The neutralization of states; a study in diplomatic history and international law, 1920, IA; pp.36-45 on Belgium |
Military | The Military |
Article Military of Belgium;
Category Military History of Belgium, from Wikipedia Het Belgische Leger 1830-1914 (The Belgian Army 1830-1914), in Dutch, many subfiles; Historiek van de Belgische Marine (History of the Belgian Navy), from www.mil.be, in Dutch, subchapters De Belgische Cavallerie tot 1914, in Dutch/French, posted by Werner Huysmans |
Wars |
Category Military History of Belgium, from Wikipedia Wars of Belgium 1800-1999, from Armed Conflict Events Data; Military History Encyclopedia on the Web : Belgium |
Decorations, Insignia |
Orders, Decorations and Medals of Belgium, from ODM;
Hendriks Medaljehoekje, site on Belgian medals;
Bill's Belgian Medals Belgian Militaria by Albert and Peter Verstraeten; Belgian Military Insignia, from Histoire Militaire, comment in French |
Economy & Finances | General |
Article Economy of Belgium, from Wikipedia Category Economy of Belgium, from Wikipedia |
Moments in Time |
Gülich, Gustav von, Geschichtliche Darstellung des Handels, der Gewerbe und des Ackerbaus der bedeutenden handeltreibenden
Staaten unserer Zeit (Historical Description of Trade, Industry and Agriculture of the Important Trading States of Our Time), Jena : Frommann
6 vol.s 1830-1845, chapter : Belgien, vol.4 1844 pp.13-46, posted by
DTBSWS, in German Belgium, Ministry of Industry and Labour, Belgium, its institutions, industries and commerce (1904), posted on Internet Archive |
Specific Periods |
Jan Blomme, Peter Scholliers, De Economische Geschiedenis
van België tijdens de nieuwste tijd Onderzoektrends in de jaren tachtig, NEHA Bulletin 7.1 1993 pp.5-38, in Dutch J.F. Abbeloos, Belgium's Expansionist History between 1870 and 1930: Imperialism and the Globalisation of Belgian Business, MPRA 2008 Industrial History : Belgium, from European Route of Industrial Heritage E,J, van Bruyssel, Histoire du commerce et de la marine en Belgique vol.1 1861, vol.2 1861, vol.3 1861, IA H. van Houtte, Histoire economique de la Belgique a la fin de l'ancien regime 1920, IA |
Currency & Finances |
A Global History of Currencies :
Belgium Histoire de la Numismatique et de la Monnaie en Belgique; Tot de Laatste Frank (Until the Last Franc), by K. Driessens, history of money in Belgium, in Dutch, richly illustrated Ottomar Haupt, Währungs-Politik und Münz-Statistik, Berlin : Walther & Apolant 1884, in German, posted by DTBSWS, chapter Belgien, Lateinische Union, in German A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, P. de Essars, vol.3 : The Latin Nations, Part IV : Belgium, 1896, IA |
Economic Institutions |
Article Brussels Stock Exchange, from Wikipedia;
Antwerp : the Stock Exchange, from Trabel Laureyssens, Julienne M. Growth of Central Banking: The Societe General des Pays-Bas and the Impact of the Function of General State Cashier on Belgium's Monetary System (1822-30). Business and Economic History, 2d ser., 14 (1985): 125-38. Charles A. Conant, The National Bank of Belgiumj (1910), posted on Internet Archive |
Mining & Metal Industry |
Belgium Index, from Showcaves, lists a number of
historic mines; De Eeuw van het Zwarte Goud (The Century of Black Gold), from
HBVL, on the history of the Limburg mining industry (since 1901), in Dutch Barbezat, Daniel. Belgian Domestic Steel Cartels and the Re-Rollers, 1933-38. Business and Economic History, 2d ser., 18 (1989): 218-27. Paul Servais, Common Lands and Social Transformations : the Ardenne between 1750 and 1900, IEHC 2006 |
Textile Industry |
A Short History of Lace, from
www.lace.tapestries.com Belgium, from European Textile Network (historical sites) Linnen in Vlaanderen, from Libeco, in Dutch |
Others |
The Story of Belgian Chocolate, by Ml. Hendricks;
Homage to Belgian Chocolate, by Greta Inowrocki (historical account) History of Gem Cutting Regions : Antwerp, from khulsey.com Belgian Breweries - Their History, Their Beers, from European Beer Guide De agro-alimentaire nijverheid in België (1890-1980), from Centrum Agrarische Geschiedenis, in Dutch |
Social History |
Ontwikkeling van het Kinderwelzijn in Vlaanderen (Development of Child Welfare in Flanders), by
Eric Zwysen, in Dutch History of the Belgian Social Security System, from fgov.be, in French (1907-) Annelies Cattrysse, The positie van de vrouw op de (Belgische) arbeidsmarkt (The position of the (Belgian) woman on the labour market), thesis Cath. Univ. Leuven 2004 Claire Quetelet, De evolutie van de levensverwachting in Belgie, 18de - 20ste eeuw (The Evolution of Life Expectancy in Belgium, from the 18th to the 20th century), thesis Univ. Gent 2005, in Dutch United States. War Labor Policies Board, Report on Labor Situation in Belgium (c.1919), posted on Internet Archive E. Young, Labor in Europe and America; a special report on the rates of wages, the cost of subsistence, and the condition of the working classes in Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and other countries of Europe, also in the United States and British America 1875, IA L. Varlez, Belgique: Economie social, 1901, in French, IA E. Engle, Die Lebenskosten belgischer Arbeiter-Familien, früher und jetzt 1895, IA |
Ethnography |
Languages of Belgium, from Ethnologue Le francais en Wallonie et a Bruxelles aux XVIIe. et XVIIIe. siecles (French language in Wallonia and Brussels in the 17th, 18th Century), by Daniel Drioxhe, goes beyond title; in French, explains how French became the dominant language in Belgium Die Flämische Nationalbewegung, by Lode Wils, in German Article Languages of Belgium, from Wikipedia Article Demographics of Belgium, from Wikipedia World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Belgium Laurence Schram, Case Studies : The Transit Camp for Jews in Mechelen: The Antechamber of Death , from Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Belgium, pp.151-380 in vol.1B of J.A. Hammerton, Peoples of All Nations, c.1920, illustrated, IA |
Religion | General |
Article Religion in Belgium, from Wikipedia Category Religion in Belgium, from Wikipedia The Various Christian Communities in Belgium, from Wederkerigheid, with contact addresses, brief histories etc. |
Catholic |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Belgium, from Kirken i Norge Belgium, from Roman Catholic Hierarchy Patron Saint Index : Antwerp Societe des Bollandistes, History Article : Beguinages flamands, from Wikipedia French edition La Belgique Judiciaire, De la suppression des anciens beguinages, 1862, in French, GB E.H. Michelsen, Modern jesuitism; or, The movements and vicissitudes of the Jesuits in the nineteenth century, in Russia, England, Belgium, France, Switzerland, and other parts 1855, IA Article : Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel (early 17th century pilgrimage site), from Wikipedia |
Protestant |
150 Jaar Protestants Leven in Belgie (150 Years Protestants' Life in Belgium), a text published in 1980; posted by
E. M. Braekman, in Dutch Historique, from Site du Protestantisme Belge |
Jewish |
Alden Oreck, Jewish Virtual History Tour : Belgium, from Jewish Virtual Library;
Belgium, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies
- Cemetery Project |
Muslim |
Article : Islam in Belgium, from Wikipedia Historique du Conseil, from Le Conseil Sup?ieur des Musulmans de Belgique, in French |
History of Regions | general |
Geschiedenis (History), from Provincie Oost-Vlaanderen,
has chapters on the history of political parties, in Dutch Provinces, Arrondissements of Belgium, from www.statoids.com Article Provinces of Belgium; Category : Subdivisions of Belgium, from Wikipedia |
Walloon Region |
History of Wallonia, from Gateway to the Walloon Region;
from Wikipedia French edition; from
Wikipedia English edition; from
Wikipedia Dutch edition;
from Institut Destree, in French Histoire - Historiographie : Quelle Wallonie, from Institut Destree, in French |
Flemish Region |
Article : Fremish Region, from Wikipedia,
Vlaams Gewest, from Wikipedia Dutch edition |
Local History |
Marcel Huon, Parochiekroniek van O.L.Vrouwparochie van Diest (Parish Chronicle of St. Mary's in Diest),
posted by Pierre Trouillez; while local history, a lot of details on Belgian history in general;
scroll down, in Dutch Articles : Aalst : History, Antwerp : History (Antwerpen), Ath : History, Bastogne : History, Bruges : History (Brugge), Brussels : History, Charleroi : History, Ghent : History (Gent), Liege : History, Mons : History, Namur : History, Ostend : History (Oostende), Ypres : History (Ieper), from Wikipedia |
Institutions | Transportation |
Category : Transport in Belgium, from Wikipedia CANALS : Articles Brussels-Charleroi Canal : History, Ghent-Terneuzen Canal : History, Category : Canals in Belgium, from Wikipedia; List of Waterways : Belgium, from Wikipedia RAILROADS : The Belgian Railroad System, by Mario Boone; Article Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen (History of the National Belgian Railroads), from Wikipedia Dutch edition; from B-Rail, in Dutch; Edward Dobson, An Historical, Statistical, and Scientific Account of the Railways of Belgium from 1834 to 1842 (1843), posted on Internet Archive Article : Iron Rhine, from Wikipedia AIRLINES : History of Flight : Belgium, from Flight 100; Belgium, from Airline History; A Short History of Aviation in Belgium, from BAHA |
Academic Institutions |
Category : Education in Belgium, from Wikipedia Category : Research Institutes in Belgium, from Wikipedia The Royal Belgian Academy of Sciences, from MacTutor |
Edifices |
Structurae : Belgium;
Search Lighthouse Explorer for Belgium |
Broadcasting |
Radio Vlaanderen Internationaal, History, in English;
History of Broadcasting in Belgium, from The Broadcast Archive Article : Television in Belgium, from Wikipedia |
Culture |
Articles Flemish Language,
Walloon Language : History, from Wikipedia Article Flemish Literature, from Wikipedia A Brief History of Belgian Pop Music, from The Belgian Pop and Rock Archives Articles Sport in Belgium, Belgium at the Olympics, Football in Belgium, from Wikipedia Article : Belgian Cuisine, from Wikipedia The Belgiam War Press, CEGES / SOMA A. Heymans, De ecclesiastica librorum aliorumque scriptorum in Belgio prohibitione 1849, in Latin, GB |
Biographies | Standard Works of Reference |
Biographie Nationale [Belgium],
vol.2 1868,
vol.3 1872,
vol.5 1876,
vol.12 1893,
vol.17 1903, in French, posted on Internet Archive;
volumes 1 - 44 as well as Nouveau Biographie Nationale vol.1 - 8, 1866 -2005 posted by
Academie Royale
de Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique J. Pauwels de Vis, Dictionnaire biographique des Belges: hommes et femmes, morts et vivants ... Suivi d'une notice sur diverses puissances de l'Europe, avec la chronologie de leurs souverains single vol., 1848, in French, GB |
Web Compilations, General |
List of Belgians, from Wikipedia List of terms and biographies on Belgian History, by Pieter Vervat, in Dutch |
Specialized Compilations |
Biographies of Belgian and Luxemburgian Saints, from
Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon, in German; Famous Belgians,
247 English-language biographies; Dictionnaire des Personalites, from Brabant Wallon Belgian painters, from Olga's Gallery Nobel Laureates by Country : Belgium, from Wikipedia |
Others |
Notable events in the meteorological history of the Province of Antwerp, from
meteo.be; in Dutch; other provinces clickable History of the Belgian Vegetarian Societies, from IVU Alcohol and Drugs History Society : Belgium 200 Years of Freemasonry in Antwerp, by Christian David Rom (1984) Category Disasters in Belgium, from Wikipedia |
WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon);
from Rulers (B. Schemmel);
from Regnal Chronologies, scroll down for Belgium;
from World Rulers (E. Schulz, illustrated) Titles of European Rulers : Belgium History of the Belgian Dynasty illustrated by stamps, from Nielse Hobby- en Postzegelclub, in Dutch List of Prime Ministers of Belgium, from Wikipedia Article Monarchy of Belgium, from Wikipedia Categorie : Lijsten van Belgische Ministers, Lijst van Belgische Ministers van Staat, from Wikipedia Dutch edition |
Lists of Ambassadors | to Belgium |
List of Ambassadors from the
United Kingdom to Belgium (1600-) 1830-, from Wikipedia La France en Belgique, Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs (1831-), from Ambafrance Liste der deutschen Botschafter : Brüssel, from Wikipedia German edition (1920- ) Lijst van apostolische nuntii voor Belgie (1830-), from Wikipedia Dutch edition Ambassador of Russia to Belgium (1853-), from Wikipedia Embajadores de Mexico en Belgica (1828-), from Acervo Historico Diplomatico Chinese Ambassadors to the Belgium (1973-), from PRC MOFA Lijst van Japanse diplomatieke vertegenwoordigers in België (1873-), from Wikipedia Dutch edition Article : United States Ambassadors to Belgium (1832-), from Wikipedia Canadian Ambassadors to Belgium 1938-, from MOFA Canada |
Lists of Ambassadors | of Belgium |
List of Belgian Ambassadors to the United States,
from Wikipedia Article : Belgian Ambassafor to the Holy See, from Wikipedia Lijst van Belgische diplomatieke vertegenwoordigers in Japan (1868-2009), from Wikipedia Dutch edition |
Lists of Bishops |
Lijst van Aartsbisschoppen van Mechelen, from
Wikipedia Dutch edition List of Bishops and Prince-Bishops of Liege, from Wikipedia List of Bishops of Ghent, from Wikipedia Lijst van Bisschoppen van Antwerpen, van Brugge, van Hasselt, van Ieper (Ypres), van Namen (Namur), from Wikipedia Dutch edition |
Statistical Data | Responsible Institution |
Statistics Belgium |
Population Figures |
Historical Population Statistics : Belgium, from Population Statistics by Jan Lahmeyer Historical Abortion Statistics : Belgium, from Johnston's Archive |
Exchange Rates |
Historical Exchange Rates, from Oanda, since 1990 Federal Reserve (U.S.) : Foreign Exchange Rates, Historic |
Inflation Rates |
Historical Inflation Rates, from Index Mundi, since 2000 Global Rates : Inflatie Belgie, graph has data since 1955 |
Election Results |
from Psephos (since 1995);
from IFES Election Guide (since 1997);
from Electoral Grography Belgian Elections since 1830, in French and Dutch Schets van de evolutie der belgische kieswetgeving (Survey of the Evolution of Belgian Electoral Law), from Directie van Verkiezingen, in Dutch Belgium, from Elections and Electoral Systems Kiessysteem (Electoral System), Kiesresultaten (Election results, since 1995), from Belgische Senaat Article Elections in Belgium, from Wikipedia Lijphart Election Archives Publications : Belgium List of Elections held in Belgium since 1830, from Bormshuis, in Dutch ODIS Election Results 1836-2006, Dutch language site IPU Parline Database, Belgium, Chambre des Representatives, Historical Archive of Parliamentary Election Results 1968-2007 |
Documents | Historical Newspapers | Official Gazettes |
Flare, Union List of Official Gazettes : Belgium Belgisch Staatsblad / Moniteur Belge : see Wikipedia Article (Dutch edition) : Belgisch Staatsblad recent issues, in Dutch / French |
Hemerotheques |
Kranten (Newspapers), from Belgica Kranten Historisch [historical newspapers], scroll down for Belgium |
Specific Newspapers |
Gazette van Gend, 1796,
1798,
1806,
1819,
1821,
1822,
1823,
1824,
1825,
1833,
1836,
1837, GB |
Selected Articles |
The History of the Kingdom of Belgium, from World History Archives
(Selection of Recent Newspaper Articles on Belgium, in English) Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, articles pertaining to WW I and its impact on Belgium, compiled by Geschiedkundige Heruitgeverij, in Dutch, vol.1, Aug. 1-8 1914, in Dutch; index online Digitale Krantenarchief Aalst Syndicale Pers Online |
Modern Newspapers |
links from Online Newspapers,
from World Newspapers Indexes and Guides to Western European Periodicals: Language Specific-Dutch, from Wess Web |
Staatskalender |
Belgien : Staatskalender : Digitalisate, from GenWiki |
Online Yearbooks - Belgium Entries |
Statesman's Year-Book, Entry : Belgium
vol.1 1864 pp.22-35, GB,
vol.2 1865 pp.24-39, GB,
vol.3 1866 pp.28-44, GB,
vol.4 1867 pp.30-47, GB,
vol.5 1868 pp.30-47, GB,
vol.6 1869 pp.30-47, GB |
Newsreels | Actualites Cinematographiques Belgavox, 1945-1994, described by Wikipedia French edition |
Propaganda Films |
George C. Marshall Motion Pictures |
Films on History/Society |
Several Belgian Film Archives linked by National Film Preservation Board (U.S.) Filmarchives Online (Europe-wide) Article : Cinema of Belgium, from Wikipedia Belgium, from Cinema of the World List of Belgian Films Pre 1960, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, from Wikipedia; Belgian Film, from IMDb Belgian Television Archives History |
Image Databanks |
Systematic Collections General |
Belgische Historische Postkaarten, Fotos en Prenten, UGent |
Systematic Collections Specialist |
Photos of Belgian historical monuments, by Jean Servais Henri Colemonts Beeldbank Mechelen (Image Bank Mechelen & environs); Beeldbank Brugge, Beeldbank Gent, Beeldbank Oostende, Beeldbank Hoogstraeten, Beeldbank West-Vlaanderen, Beeldbank Waasland, Beeldbank Haven van Antwerpen, comment in Dutch EVA, European Visual Archive, currently 16,956 digitized and commented photographs from Stadsarchief Antwerpen and London Metropolitan Archives Gazet van Antwerpen, Een Eeuw in Beeld (A Century in Pictures, posted by the Antwerp Gazette), a rich source of images; same title, from Het Belang van Limburg Historic Photos by Chusseau Flaviens - Belgium, from Photography Collections Online, posted by George Eastman House, Ryerson Univ., Toronto ABLDepot, lots of illustrations on Belgian military history (mainly WW I, WW II), comment in Dutch |
Accidental Collections |
Wikimedia Commons : Belgium |
Universal Collections Items on Belgium |
License Plates, from Francoplaque, from
License Plates of the World Passport, from World Passports, scroll down Airline Timetable Images : Belgium Election Posters, from SP (Socialist Party; comment in Dutch; since 1912) Historic Postcards Belgium, from universiteitsbibliotheek Gent |
Archival Deposits |
Digital Archive Cegesoma Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Mofa, NL ; enter "Belgie" in field : "Lijst samenstellen op land of regio", 14 entries; sources posted in Dutch language Register of the Commission for Relief in Belgium Records, 1914-1930, 1939-1947, from Hoover Institution Guide to the Hoover Institution Archives 1980, GB ; search for Belgium |
Constitutions, Laws |
Internet Law Library : Belgium Wetgeving - Legislation, from e-justice Verfassungen Belgiens (Constitutions of Belgium), from Verfassungen.de, in German; Search Prassi Italiana di Dirito Internazionale, Indice delle leggi e degli altri atti normativi, for Belgio, 75 entries, in Italian List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Belgium, from ILO, 90 docs. since 1919 Constitution de la Belgique, 1831, in French, GB |
Treaties | General Treaty Collections |
Bilateral Treaty Collections |
Base de donnees traites, from diplomatie.be (since 1987) Recueil des traites et conventions concernant le royaume de Belgique, vol.1 1850, vol.2 1854, vol.3 1859, vol.4 1862, vol.5 1864, vol.6 1866, in French, posted on Google Books Traites ratifies par la Belgique, from Centre de droit international, Universite libre de Bruxelles Australian Treaty Series : Bilateral Treaties - Belgium Ch.P. Sanger, H.T.J. Norton, England's guarantee to Belgium and Luxemburg, with the full text of the treaties, 1915, posted on Internet Archive Belgium, pp.448-709 in vol.5 of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776-1949, 1976, GB Belgien, pp.31-34 in Johann Vesque von P?tlingen, Uebersicht der Verträge Oesterreichs mit den auswärtigen Staaten, 1854, in German, GB |
Document Surveys |
British Library, Social Sciences Collection Guides,
Belgian Government Documents |
Document Collections |
European History Primary Sources : Belgium Primary Documents : Belgium, from Eurodocs; from psm-data; from Historische Teksten (in Dutch); Documents relatifs au duche de Bouillon, 1484-1825, from Heraldica, many document excerpts pertaining to Bouillon, in French Joseph Hansen, Rheinische Akten zur Geschichte des Jesuitenordens, 1542-1582, 1896, in German, posted on Internet Archive Camille Wampach (ed.), Urkunden- und Quellenbuch zur Geschichte der altluxemburgischen Territorien bis zur burgundischen Zeit., 10 volumes 1935-1955, in German, posted by Luxemburgensia Online Protocols of Conferences in London, Relative to the Affairs of Belgium pt.1 : 1830-1831, 1832, GB Minute Books, Belgische Werkliedenpartij 1892-1940, posted by Amsab |
Historical Maps | responsible institutions |
UNESCO : National Map Agencies, Institut Geographique National (IGNB) |
collections |
click here Atlas of Belgium, from Wikimedia Commons Category : Old Maps of Belgium, Maps of the History of Belgium, Wikimedia Commons Historic City Maps : Belgium, from Discus Media Historical Maps, from Belgica Belgium Maps, PCL, UTexas Search David Rumsey Map Collection for Belgium |
Belgium, hindsight |
Belgium, contemporary |
Belgian territorial claims 1919, from
Wikimedia Belgium 1875, 1890, 1904, 1906, 1922, 1932, 1938, Relief and Coalfields 1932, Probert Encyclopedia |
detail, hindsight |
detail, contemporary |
City Panoramas 1750, from
Historic Maps,
Gent, Ostende |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Article Belgium,
Flanders,
Brabant,
Hainaut,
Namur (Prov.),
Liege (Prov.),
Luxemburg,
Limburg,
Antwerp (Prov.),
Brussels,
Antwerpen,
Malines (Mechelen),
Louvain (Leuven),
Ghent,
Alost (Aalst),
Bruges (Brugge),
Ypres (Ieper),
Ostend,
Charleroi,
Mons,
Namur,
Liege,
Eupen,
Malmedy, from EB 1911 Articles Belgien, Flandern, Brabant, Namur, Hennegau (Hainaut), Luxemburg, Lüttich (Liege), Limburg, Antwerpen, Brüssel, Ostende, Mecheln, Ypern, Brügge, Gent, Charleroi, Löwen, Eupen, Malmedy, Bastogne, Stavelot, Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German Articles Belgien, Flandern, Brabant, Namur, Hennegau, Luxemburg (Prov.), Limburg, Antwerpen, Brüssel, Bastogne, Brügge, Charleroi, Gent, Eupen, Löwen, Malmedy, Mecheln, Ostende, Stavelot, Ypern, from Brockhaus Konversationslexikon 1894-1896, in German |
Religious |
from Catholic Encyclopedia, 1908 edition Belgium, from New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge |
Economic |
J. Chr. Nelkenbrecher, Allgemeines Taschenbuch
der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtskunde für Banquiers und Kaufleute (General Manual
on Coinage, Measurement and Weights, for Bankers and Merchants) Berlin 1832, in German, entries Antwerpen, Brüssel, Lüttich, posted by DTBSWS Belgien, pp.473-475 in A. Moser, Die Capitalanlage in Werthpapieren der Staaten, Creditvereine und Actiengesellschaften des In- und Auslandes, 1862, in German, GB |
Geographical |
Die Königreiche Belgien, Niederlande und Grossherzogtum Luxemburg, pp.87-107 in F. von Rudtorffer,
Militär-Geographie von Europa, 1839, in German, GB Holland and Belgium, pp.19-25 in Ch. R. Maxwell, An epitome of the military geography of Europe, 1850, GB Belgium pp.159-165 in W. Hughes, A manual of geography, 1861, GB Belgium, pp.254-258 in A. Harris, A geographical hand book, 1862, GB French Region, pp.103-245 in Th. Lavallee, Physical, historical and military geography, 1868, GB Belgium, pp.92-98 in J. MacFarlane, Economic geography, c.1910, GB |
Ethnographical |
Royaume de Belgique, pp.192-214 in X. Heuschling, Manual de statistique
ethnographique universelle, 1847, in French, GB |
Historical |
Specialist Encyclopedias |
Article : Belgische Eisenbahnen,
from Röll, Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens (Encyclopedia of Railroads) 2nd ed. 1912-1923, in German |
Parliamentary Debates |
DATABASES La Chambre des representants de Belgique, Annales parlementaires 1844/1845- Senat de Belgique, Annales 1848- SCANS OF PRINT EDITIONS Discussions du Congres national de Belgique 1830-1831 1830-1831 vol.1, 1844, 1830-1831 vol.2, 1844, 1830-1831 vol.3, 1844, 1830-1831 vol.4, 1844, 1830-1831 vol.5, 1845, in French, GB Annales parlementaires de Belgique, Chambre des Representants 1849-1850 1850 1850-1851, 1851, 1851-1852, 1852, 1853-1854, 1854, 1855-1856, 1856, in French, GB Annales parlementaires de Belgique, Senat 1849-1850, 1850, 1850-1851, 1851, 1851-1852, 1852, 1852-1853 1853, 1853-1854, 1854, 1854-1855, 1855, 1855-1856, 1856, in French, GB |
Minutes of Cabinet Meetings |
Described on WWW Virtual Library Primary Sources :
Belgium, link does not work (Jan 1 2011) |
Others |
Legenden en Sagen van Belgie, in Dutch |
Institutions | Archives |
State Archives in Belgium, from arch.arch.be Archives de la Chambre des Representants de Belgique Liberaal Archief (Archive of the Liberal Movement in Belgium; in Dutch) |
Musea | Lists, Links |
Category : Museums in Belgium, from Wikipedia Musea, from research.be Links from Vrije Universiteit Brussel (musea etc.) |
Musea | Museum Websites |
Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History, Brussels, Belgium Royal Museum for Central Africa Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis Le Musee Lanchelevici, La Louviere, Belgium |
Monuments |
Category : Monuments and memorials in Belgium,
from Wikipedia UNESCO World Heritage Site, List (search for Belgium), Tentative Lists : Belgium |
Libraries |
Libraries in Belgium, from LibDex History of the Belgian National Library, from The European Library Royal Library of Belgium, site in French / Dutch |
National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag, from FOTW; Coat of Arms, from
International Civic Heraldry;
National Anthem, from National Anthems Net |
Coins, Banknotes |
Banknotes of Belgium, from World Currency Museum, from
Ron Wise's World Paper Money Collection of 71 Coins from France, Brabant etc., 12th to 21st century, from Money Museum Coins of modern Belgium, from Coin Pictures Search Coin Archives for Belgium Coins and Medals, from Belgica |
Stamps |
Rare Belgian Stamps, from Sandafayre Stamp Gallery |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | general |
Search ISBN Database |
on Belgium. | survey of bibliographies |
Overview of Bibliographies : Bibliographie, from Universite de
Liege in French; strong on Belgium, historic predecessors and adjacent regions |
general bibliographies |
Bibliographie de l'histoire de Belgique, IA Pirenne, Bibliographie de l'histoire de Belgique, 2nd ed. 1902, IA Gallica pp.183-302 in Robert Stallaerts, Historical Dictionary of Belgium, London : Scarecrow 1999, 303 pp.; print, KMLA Library R 949.3 S782h |
annual bibliographies |
Revue Belge de philologie et d'histoire (magazine site,
access through Persee) :
Bibliographie de l'histoire de Belgique - Bibliografie van de geschiedenis van België.
since 1922; every issue has a "bibliographique" section; online issues until 2007 (as of Apr. 7 2012). Persee |
specialist bibliographies |
Centre Jean Gol, Bibliographie du Liberalisme en Belgique C.V. de Bavay, Bibliographie : histoire de la Revolution belge de 1830 , 1873, Bibliotheque Royale de Belgique, Belgica United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Jewish Resistance Library, Bibliography - Belgium Suggesties voor Verhandelingen (suggestions for doctoral theses), from KADOC, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, in Dutch ODIS, Onderzoekssteunpunt Databank Intermediaire Structuren Vlaanderen 19e -20e eeuw (Research support databank intermediary structures Flanders, 19th-20th century); rich source of information |
serial publications |
Commission Royale d'Histoire : Publications Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Publications Academie Royale d'Archeologie de Belgique, Publications CRISP, Centre de Recheche et d'Information Socio-Politiques Catalogue-en-ligne Musee Royal d'Armee et d'Histoire Militaire, Publications Centre National d'Histoire des Sciences (CNHS), Publications Archives d'Etat de Belgique, Publications Royal Museum for Central Africa, RMCA Publications |
Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus |
on Belgium |
Belgica, Digital Library of the Kingdom of Belgium La Digitheque des Bibliotheques de l'Universite Libre de Bruxelles |
Thesis Server |
E-Thesis, Licentiaatsverhandelingen on-line
(doctoral theses online; Belgian, on history only, in Dutch) University of Liege, ORBi - Open Repository Bibliography; Theses et E-Prints |
Online Journals | full text online |
Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 1922-2007, Persee Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis 2004-2009 Revue Belge d'Histoire Contemporaine, 1969- Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Chartes 1840- Annuaire statistique et historique belge, 1854, IA, 1855, GB, 1856, GB, 1857, GB, 1858, GB, 1860, IA, 1861, IA, 1862, IA, 1863, IA, 1864, IA, 1865, IA, 1866, GB, 1867, IA, in French |
Table of Contents Online |
Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire, 1922- Zeitschriftenmagazin : Zeitschrift des Eupener Geschichtsvereins (Bulletin de la Societe Eupenoise d'Historique) 1951-1956, posted by S. Jenks |
General Accounts |
J.C.H. Blom and E. Lamberts, History of the Low Countries, N.Y.: Berghahn 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign. 949.3 B653h Article Belgium. from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Vol.14 (Macropaedia) pp.857-871, KMLA Lib. Call Sign R 032 B862h v.14 Eric Vanneufville, Le Coq et le Lion, book review by Malte Woydt, in German Dorothy Loder, The Land and People of Belgium, Philadelphia : Lippincott (1957) revised edition 1973 [G] Atlas Culturel et Historique de Belgique, Bruxelles : Elsevier 1954, richly illustrated, in French [G] H.P.H. Jansen, Kalendarium Geschiedenis van de Lage Landen in Jaartallen (History of the Low Countries Year by Year), Utrecht/Antwerpen : Het Spektrum (1971) 4th print 1979, 271 pp., in Dutch [G] Demetrius C. Boulger, The History of Belgium, 2 parts, Elibron Classics (1902) 2005, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 949.3 B763h |
Economic, Social History |
J.A. van Houtte, Schets van een Economische Geschiedenis van Belgie, Leuven : Universitas 1943, 267 pp., in Dutch, [G] |
Document Editions |
Memo from Belgium : Documents Illustrating the History of Belgium, ed. Th. Maes et al., Brussels : Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2 volumes, 1978, in total
324 documents in English translation, from the Stone Age to recent times |
Historical Dictionary |
Grande Encyclopedie de la Belgique et du Congo, Bruxelles, Vol.1, 1938, illustrated, 676 pp., in French; not actually an encyclopedia, but a country study; in contradiction to the title, not on the Congo. Robert Stallaerts, Historical Dictionary of Belgium, London : Scarecrow 1999, 303 pp.; KMLA Lib. Call Sign R 949.3 S782h |