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The County of Luxemburg (within the Duchy of Lotharingia) was first mentioned in 963. In 1308, Count Heinrich von Luxemburg
was elected Roman king, in 1312 crowned Emperor; he died in 1313. His son Johann in 1310 was crowned King of Bohemia
and established the Luxemburg Dynasty in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown
(capital Prague, until 1437). Johann's son Karl in 1348 was elected Roman king (Karl IV., -1378); the Luxemburg dynasty (centered on Prague)
held on to the crown and the claim on the title of Emperor until 1437. In 1434, the County of Luxemburg was elevated to
Duchy of Luxemburg. In 1443 the Luxemburgian line extinguished, and the Duchy of Luxemburg was added to the Burgundian Lands. Following the death of Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold in 1477, the bulk of the Burgundian inheritance, including the Duchy of Luxemburg, fell to the Habsburg Dynasty. When the Habsburg possessions were partitioned in 1558, the Duchy of Luxemburg, together with the other Habsburg territories in the Netherlands, fell to the Spanish line. Under Habsburg rule, the Inquisition made sure that the population remained Catholic. While the Duchy of Luxemburg was one of the larger territories of the Habsburg Netherlands, it was also one of the poorest. During the Dutch Revolt and War of Independence (1579-1648), Luxemburg did not get involved in the rebellion and Luxemburg was a secure Spanish stronghold. From 1659 to 1713, Luxemburg was part of the Spanish Netherlands, and threatened by French expansionism. In 1659 Spain already ceded part of Luxemburg territory (Thionville) to France. From 1713 to 1797, Luxemburg belonged to the Austrian Netherlands. From 1795/1797 to 1814/1815 Luxemburg was part of France.. In 1815, parts of Luxemburg territory were ceded to France. and to Prussia. From 1815 to 1839, Luxemburg was part of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands. The secession of Belgium in 1830/1839 caused the partition of Luxemburg into the Belgian province by that name, and into the Grand Duchy, which was declared an independent state in personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Luxemburg, historically a part of the Holy Roman Empire (until 1806), in 1815 joined the German Federation. French efforts in 1867 to annex Luxemburg were foiled when Bismarck sent Prussian troops to occupy the fortress of Luxemburg; the international status of Luxemburg was confirmed by treaty. In 1890 the Personal Union of Luxemburg and the Netherlands was dissolved, and Luxemburg became an independent Grand Duchy. The development of transportation technology and machinery made possible the flourishing of the Luxemburg mining and steel industry in the later half of the 19th century. In 1914 and again in 1940, Luxemburg was invaded and occupied by German troops; in 1944/1945 the Battle of the Bulge was fought partly on Luxemburg territory. After World War II, Luxemburg joined Benelux, NATO and the ECSC/EEC/EC/EU. For areas the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg lost in 1659, 1815 respectively 1839 see Alsace-Lorraine 1871-1914, Luxembourg (Belgian Province, 1839-), Rheinprovinz (Prussia/Germany 1815-1945), Saarland (Saargebiet, Germany 1919-), Rheinland-Pfalz (FRG, 1946-) Military History : The Luxemburg Peasants' War 1798 Historical Atlas : Luxemburg Page |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Military History | Economic History | Ethnography |
| History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture | Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles |
from BBC Country Profiles;
from World Desk Reference ;
from Nations Encyclopedia;
from Wikipedia;
from CIA World Factbook Country : Luxembourg |
| Links, General |
from Library of Congress, Portals to the World |
| Links, on History |
from Virtual Library History;
from Virtual Library Women's History;
from
European Navigator |
| Portals |
Portail Grand Duche de Luxembourg Geschichte Luxemburgs, from Wikipedia |
| Organizations |
| Historical Dictionaries |
| Timelines |
Timeline of Luxemburg history from timelines.ws, data collected
from US newspapers; from BBC News |
| Accounts of History | general |
Over a thousand years of history, from ONT;
Geschichte Luxemburgs, from Spiegel Almanach,
in German; Histoire du Luxembourg, by Marie-Lan Nguyen, detailed The Nationhood of Luxemburg, by Gilbert Trausch Tout savoir sur le Luxembourg - histoire, monarchie et symboles nationaux, from Le Gouvernement de Grand Duche de Luxembourg from Wikipedia THEWES, Guy. A propos... Histoire du Grand-Duche de Luxembourg (20 pages, illustrated, in French 2008) Article : History of Luxemburg, from Wikipedia; Article : Geschichte Luxemburgs, from Wikipedia German ed. Article : Luxemburg, in GenWiki, in German |
| Accounts of History | on Specific Periods |
Pit Peporte, The creation of medieval history in Luxembourg,
thesis Edinburgh 2008 |
| Politics |
Article Politics of Luxembourg, from Wikipedia Political Resources on the Net : Luxemburg C.F. Littell, The neutralization of states; a study in diplomatic history and international law, 1920, IA; pp.45-53 on Luxemburg |
| Military |
The Luxembourg Army, from National Museum of Military
History, history |
| Economy & Finances | Currency & Finances |
A Global History of Currencies :
Luxembourg Monetary History, from Banque Centrale du Luxembourg |
| Economy & Finances | Economic Institutions |
Historique, from Chambre de Commerce de Luxembourg History, from Luxemburg Stock Exchange |
| Economy & Finances | Mining & Metal Industry |
History of Arcelor; History of
Arcelor Mittal Luxembourg, from Showcaves Company History : Arbed S.A., from Funding Universe |
| Economy & Finances | Others |
Luxemburg Breweries : Styles, History, Beers, from European Beer Guide Article Arbed, from Wikipedia; History of History, from RTL Group Company History : Societe Luxembourgeoise de Navigation Aerienne S.A., Cargolux Airlines International S.A., from Funding Universe |
| Luxemburg |
Grossfürstentum Luxemburg, pp.120-121 in A. Judeich,
Die Grundentlastung in Deutschland, 1863, in German, GB |
| Ethnography |
Languages of Luxembourg, from Ethnologue;
Languages in Luxemburg, from
www.gouvernement.lu World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Luxembourg |
| Religion |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses - Luxemburg, from Kirken i Norge Die Kirche im Grossherzogtum Luxemburg, ein geschichtlicher Überblick, by Georges Heilinghausen (The Church in the Grand Duchy of L., a historical survey), in German Luxembourg, from Jewish Virtual History Tour; Luxembourg, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project Die Muslime und der Islam im Grossherzogtum Luxemburg - Geschichte, öffentlich-rechtlicher Status, Gruppen und Demografie, in German Alexis Pauly, State and Church in Luxemburg, 2001 |
| Local History | currently in Luxemburg |
History of Luxembourg (City), from Wikipedia Article : Echternach, from Wikipedia |
| Local History |
which used to belong to Luxemburg |
Article : Thionville, from Wikipedia, from
Wikipedia German ed. Article : Arlon, from Wikipedia, from Wikipedia German ed. Article : Bastogne, from Wikipedia, from Wikipedia German ed., from Wikipedia French ed. |
| Institutions |
History of Radio Luxembourg, from Wikipedia;
History, from RTL Group History of the National Library of Luxembourg History of GLCCA (Luxembourg Air Traffic Control); Luxembourg, from Airline History Structurae : Luxembourg |
| Culture |
Article Luxembourgisch Language, from Wikipedia |
| Biographies | Standard Works of Reference |
Biographie nationale du pays de Luxembourg,
from Luxemburgensia Online Biographie Luxembourgeoise: histoire des hommes distingues originaires de ce pays considere a l'epoque de sa plus grande etendue vol.1, 1860, vol.2, 1861, in French, GB |
| Web Compilations, General |
Famous Luxembourgers, from Nations Encyclopedia |
| Specialized Compilations |
Biographies of Belgian and Luxemburgian Saints, from
Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon, in German; lists 5 Lux. places |
| Others |
Alcohol and Drugs History Society : Luxembourg Category : Disasters in Luxembourg, from Wikipedia Articles Luxembourg at the Olympics, Sport in Luxembourg, from Wikipedia |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon);
from Rulers (B. Schemmel);
from Regnal Chronologies, scroll down for Luxemburg;
from World Rulers (E. Schulz, illustrated) Titles of European Rulers : Luxembourg |
| Lists of Ambassadors |
Heads of Canadian Legation / Embassy in Luxemburg (since 1944), from
MOFA Canada |
| Statistical Data | Responsible Institution |
Statistics Portal, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg |
| Population Figures |
Historical Population Statistics : Luxemburg, from Population Statistics by Jan Lahmeyer Historical Abortion Statistics : Luxembourg, from Johnston's Archive Population Luxemburg 1815-1914, from HGIS |
| Inflation Rates |
Historical Inflation Rates, from Index Mundi, since 2000 |
| Election Results |
Election Results, from Psephos (since 1999);
from IFES Election Guide (since 1999),
from Electoral Geography 2.0 Luxembourg, from Elections and Electoral Systems |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers | Official Gazettes |
Flare, Union List of Official Gazettes : Luxembourg Memorial du Grand Duche de Luxembourg, Memorial A 1617-, Memorial B 1854-, Memorial C 1996-, LegiLux |
| Hemerotheques |
Quotidiens et Hebdomaires,
from Luxemburgensia Online; rich material particularly for the 18th century; some titles in German, some in French Eluxemburgensia, newspapers 1848-1950 Kranten Historisch [historical newspapers], scroll down for Luxemburg |
| Modern Newspapers |
links from World Newspapers |
| Online Yearbooks - Luxemburg Entries |
| Newsreels |
| Propaganda Films |
George C. Marshall Motion Pictures |
| Image Databanks |
Systematic Collections General |
Bibliotheque nationale de Luxembourg, Luxemburgensia Online : Cartes Postales |
|
Systematic Collections Specialist |
(Historical) Luxemburg Postcards, posted by Gary Little |
| Accidental Collections |
Wikimedia Commons : Luxemburg |
|
Universal Collections Items on Luxemburg |
License Plates, from Francoplaque, from
License Plates of the World Passport, from World Passports, scroll down Luxembourg Tourist Posters, from Luxembourg Centrral Airline Timetable Images : Luxemburg |
| Archival Deposits |
Archives Nationales du Grand Duche de Luxembourg,
Les documents historiques d'avant 1880, French language site |
| Constitutions |
Verfassungen des Grossherzogtums Luxemburg (Constitutions of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg), from
verfassungen.de, in German |
| Laws |
List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Luxemburg, from
ILO, 75 docs. since 1920 Internet Law Library : Luxemburg M.N.J. Leclercq, Coutumes des pays, duch?de Luxembourg et comt?de Chiny vol.2 1869, in French, Gb Luxembourg p.131 in C. Berroyer, Biblioth?ue des coutumes, 1699 (bibliography of law codes), in French, GB LegiLux, portail juridique du Gouvernement du Grand-Duch?de Luxembourg sur Internet |
| Treaties | General Treaty Collections |
European Navigator, many documents mainly on post WW II / European Integration |
| Bilateral Treaty Collections |
Luxemburg, pp.694-741 in vol.9 of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the
United States of America 1776-1949, 1972, GB |
| Document Surveys |
British Library, Social Sciences Collection Guides,
Luxembourg Government Documents |
| Document Collections |
European History Primary Sources : Luxemburg from Eurodocs; from psm-data Joseph Hansen, Rheinische Akten zur Geschichte des Jesuitenordens, 1542-1582, 1896, in German, posted on Internet Archive Camille Wampach (ed.), Urkunden- und Quellenbuch zur Geschichte der altluxemburgischen Territorien bis zur burgundischen Zeit., 10 volumes 1935-1955, in German, posted by Luxemburgensia Online |
| Historical Maps | responsible institutions |
UNESCO : National Map Agencies, Administration du Cadastre et de la Topographie (ACT) The National Geoportal of Luxembourg |
| collections |
click here Gary Little, Antique Maps of Luxemburg, from Luxembourg Central Discus Media : The 1900 Collection, Maps of Yesteryear, Luxembourg Category : Old Maps of Luxembourg, Maps of the History of Luxembourg, Wikimedia Commons Search David Rumsey Map Collection for Luxembourg |
| Luxemburg, hindsight |
Map of the Duchy of Luxemburg in 1789, by Thomas Hoeckmann |
| Luxemburg, contemporary |
Historical Maps : Luxembourg, Germany
[!], from History Map Map Ducatus Luxemburg c.1750 by Seutter, posted by Garwood & Voigt, commercial site Luxemburg 1922, 1932, 1938, Probert Encyclopedia |
| detail, hindsight |
| detail, contemporary |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Article Luxemburg, from EB 1911 Article Grossherzogtum Luxemburg (Grand Duchy of Luxemburg), from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German |
| Religious |
Article Luxemburg, from Catholic Encyclopedia 1907-1914 edition Article Luxemburg, from Jewish Encyclopedia 1901-1906 De Conventu Luxemburgensi pp.283-300 in B. de Jonghe, Belgium Dominicanum, 1719, in Latin, GB |
| Economic |
J. Chr. Nelkenbrecher, Allgemeines Taschenbuch
der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtskunde für Banquiers und Kaufleute (General Manual
on Coinage, Measurement and Weights, for Bankers and Merchants) Berlin 1832, in German, entries Luxemburg, posted by DTBSWS Grossherzogtum Luxemburg und Limburg, pp.407-408 in A. Moser, Die Capitalanlage in Werthpapieren der Staaten, Creditvereine und Actiengesellschaften des In- und Auslandes, 1862, in German, GB |
| Geographical |
Die Königreiche Belgien, Niederlande und Grossherzogtum Luxemburg, pp.87-107 in F. von Rudtorffer,
Militär-Geographie von Europa, 1839, in German, GB Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, p.252 in A. Harris, A geographical hand book, 1862, GB |
| Historical |
| Parliamentary Debates | Chambre des Deputes du Grand Duche de Luxembourg, Compte-Rendu des Seances, 2002- |
| Institutions | Archives | Lists of Archives |
Repositories of Primary Sources : Europe : Luxembourg, from
Univ. of Idaho. Mostly Archive Webpages, 1 entry Historical Research in Europe, listing of archives; click Atlas Search, Luxemburg, 7 entries |
| Archives | Individual Archives |
Archives Nationales de Luxembourg |
| Musea, Monuments |
Musee d'Histoire de la Ville de Luxembourg,
Musee Nationale d'Histoire Militaire Diekirch,
Musee National d'histoire et d'art, Luxembourg (MNHA) Tentative List : Luxemburg, World Heritage List, scroll down for Luxembourg; from UNESCO World Heritage List |
| Libraries |
Bibliotheque Nationale de Luxembourg Libraries in Luxembourg, from LibDex, 6 entries History of the Luxemburg National Library, from The European Library |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag, from FOTW; Coat of Arms, from
International Civic Heraldry;
National Anthem, from National Anthems Net |
| Coins, Banknotes |
Banknotes of Luxemburg, from World Currency Museum, from
Ron Wise's World Paper Money Search Coin Archives for Luxemburg Search Early Dated Coins for Luxemburg Luxembourg, from Medieval Coinage |
| Stamps |
Rare Luxemburg Stamps, from Sandafayre Stamp Gallery;
Luxemburg Stamps 1852-1881, from Stamps Catalogue 1852-1881 by Evert Klaseboer |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| Bibliographies | general |
Search ISBN Database |
| on Luxemburg | survey of bibliographies |
| bibliographic database |
Bibliographie Nationale Luxembourgeoise (1988-) |
| general bibliographies |
Michel Pauly, Cours d'introduction a l'Histoire
luxembourgeoise I et II, Bibliographie pratique et sommaire par periodes historiques M. Pauly, Bibliographie s?ective d'Histoire luxembourgeoise Gary Little Luxembourg Bibliography (brief, emphasizes English language publications) University of Sheffield Library, Luxembourg Collection |
| specialist bibliographies |
| serial publications |
Archives Nationales de Luxembourg, Publications Publications, from Musee National d'histoire et d'art, Luxembourg |
|
regional, relevant to L. |
Gesellschaft fuer Rheinische Geschichtskunde,
Publikationen Rheinland-Pfälzische Landesbibliographie, Pfaelzische Bibliographie (-1927), posted on dilibri Belgian Bibliography, from the Royal Library at Brussels, in Dutch, in French E-Thesis, Licentiaatsverhandelingen on-line (doctoral theses online; Belgian, on history only, in Dutch) |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online |
| with relevance to L. |
GenWiki Digitale Bibliothek Digitale Texte im Seminar für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, Univ. Köln; many 19th century texts, mostly in German Belgica, Digital Library of the Kingdom of Belgium |
| on Luxemburg |
Luxemburgensia Online |
| Online Journals | full text online |
Verein für Luxemburger Geschichte, Litteratur und Kunst : Ons Hemecht
Vol.9 1903,
Vol.12 1906, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| General Accounts |
| Historical Dictionaries |
Harry C. Barteau, Historical Dictionary of Luxembourg, Lanham Md. : Scarecrow 1996 |
