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In 1250 a Cairo coup resulted in the Ayyubid Sultanate being replaced by the Mamluk Sultanate (of Cairo, to distinguish it from the contemporary Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi). The term "Mamluk" (Turkish, meaning slave) has been applied to it by others;
the official name was "Dawla al-Turkiyya" (State of Turkey). The Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo expanded, conquering the Crusader States (Kingdom of Jerusalem, Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli) in 1291, the (Christian) Kingdom of Makuria (northern Sudan, capital Dongola) in 1312, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1375. The Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo extended over Egypt, Northern Sudan, Barqa (Eastern Libya), Greater Syria, Cilicia and the Hejaz. Egypt played an important role in international trade, connecting the Indian Ocean Basin with the Mediterranean; Alexandria served at its main port; main trading partner was the Republic of Venice. The appearance of Portuguese merchants in the Indian Ocean marked the beginning of the Mamluk decline; in 1517, the Mamluk Sultanate was conquered and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. Barqa became an Ottoman vassall in 1521. The territory of the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo was divided into Ottoman Egypt, Ottoman Syria, Ottoman Hejaz and the vassall state of Barqa. Historical Atlas, Egypt Page Students' Paper : Kang, Jun-suk : A History of Textiles in Egypt (2009) Students' Paper : Lee, Seungwoo : Environmental History of North Africa (2009) Students' Paper : Kim, Hong, Mamluk Egypt and its Decline (2008) |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles | Current |
Article : Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), from Wikipedia The Mamluks (1250-1517), from Qantara Mediterranean Heritage Article : Mameluke, from Encyclopedia of the Middle East Article : Mamluks, from Encyclopedia of the Orient Article : Mamluks, from Jewish Virtual Library |
| Historic |
Al-Makrizi, Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks
vol.1 1845, IA;
vol.2 1845, trsl. into French by M. Quatremere, GB |
| Links | on History |
Virtual Library History : Egypt Category : Mamluk Egypt, from Wikipedia Eternal Egypt |
| Historical Dictionaries |
Chicago Online Encyclopedia of Mamluk Studies Encyclopedia Coptica |
| Organizations |
Middle East Documentation Center, Univ. of Chicago; edits Mamluk Studies Review Historical Society of Jews from Egypt St. Mark Foundation of Coptic History Studies |
| Timelines |
| Accounts of History | current |
Article : Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), from Wikipedia The Mamluks (1250-1517), from Qantara Mediterranean Heritage Article : Mameluke, from Encyclopedia of the Middle East Article : Mamluks, from Encyclopedia of the Orient Article : Mamluks, from Jewish Virtual Library Articles History of Muslim Egypt, from Wikipedia Article : Dawla al-Turkiyya (State of Turkey), from Wikipedia |
| historical |
J. Wilson, The history of Egypt : from the earliest accounts of that country till the expulsion of the French from Alexandria
vol.1 1805,
vol.2 1805,
vol.3 1805, GB |
| Historiography |
A. Elbendary,
The historiography of protest in late Mamluk and early Ottoman Egypt and Syria, IIAS Newsletter Spring 2007 |
| Specific Periods |
Article : Bahri Dynasty, from Wikipedia Article : Burji Dynasty, from Wikipedia Arnold van Wickeren, Geschiedenis van Portugal en van de Portugezen overzee, Deel 4 chapter 2 subch.1 Egypte en Venetië na het verlies van hun handel in specerijen, Deel 4 chapter 3 subch.5 De zeeslag voor Chaul (1508), deel 5 chapter 5 subch.2 : De Egyptisch-Turkse Dreiging, Deel 5 chapter 5 subch.5 : De expeditie naar Aden en de Rode Zee., Deel 6 chapter 6 subch.3 : Albergaria's mislukking in de Rode Zee., in Dutch, from Colonial Voyage |
| Military |
Category : Wars involving Mamluk Egypt, from Wikipedia Article : Mongol invasions of Syria, from Wikipedia Article : Battle of Ain Jalut 1260, from Wikipedia Article : First Battle of Homs 1260, from Wikipedia Article : Second Battle of Homs 1281, from Wikipedia Article : Mongol Raids into Palestine, from Wikipedia Article : Ninth Crusade 1271-1272, from Wikipedia Article : Siege of Acre (1291), from Wikipedia Article : Ottoman-Mamluk War 1485-1491 from Wikipedia Article : Portuguese-Mamluk Naval War 1505-1517, from Wikipedia Article : Ottoman-Mamluk War 1516-1517, from Wikipedia The Invasion of Syria by Tamerlane (1400-1) and Ibn Taghri Birdi's description of the life of Tamerlane, De Re Militari J.M. Smith, The Mamluk Faris A Mamluk Manual of War from the Fourteenth Century, posted by De Re Militari A. Fuess, Rotting Ships and Razed Harbours : The Naval Policy of Mamluk Egypt , De Re Militari |
| Economy & Finances | Money & Finances |
A Global History of Currencies : Egypt;
Currency Boards and Dollarization by Kurt Schuler; click for Egypt Article Egyptian Pound, from Wikipedia B.J. Walker, Popular responses to mamluk fiscal reforms in Syria , Bulletin d'etudes orientales 2009 F.J.A. Ruiz de Galaretta, Pouvoir et finance en Mediterranee pre-moderne: le deuxieme Etat mamelouk et le commerce des epices (1382-1517) 2009, in French, GB |
| Trade |
G. Heyd, Le colonie commerciali degli Italiani in Oriente nel medio evo
vol.1 1866,
vol.2 1868, in Italian, GB W. Heyd, Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter vol.1 1879, vol.2 1879, in German, IA W. Heyd, Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen-age vol.1 1885, vol.2 1886, in French, IA G.B. Depping, Histoire du commerce entre le Levant et l'Europe depuis les croisades jusqu'a la Fondation des Colonies d'Amerique, 1830, in French, IA |
| Manufacturing : Textiles |
Article : Gossypian Barbadense (Egyptian Cotton), from Wikipedia;
History, from egyptian-cotton.com The Textile Industry in Egypt, 10 articles, from Eternal Egypt |
| Manufacturing : Glass |
A Brief History of Islamic Glass, from Coming Museum of Glass |
| Mining and Metalworking |
Article : Mining Industry of Egypt, from Wikipedia |
| Manufacturing : Pottery |
Crafts, from
Eternal Egypt |
| Transportation |
Transportation, from
Eternal Egypt |
| Social History |
H. Mahamid, The Construction of Islamic-Educational Institutions in
Mamluk Gaza., Nebula 2007 S. Schmitz, Der schwarze Tod in Ägypten : Strategien der Krisenbewältigung bei nomadischen und sesshaften Bevölkerungsgruppen im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert, pp.47-60 in P. Masius (ed.), Katastrophen machen Geschichte, 2010, in German, GB A.N. Poliak, Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and the Lebanon, 1250-1900 1939, IA |
| Ethnography |
The History of the Coptic Language, from St. Shenouda |
| Religion | General |
| Muslim |
| Jewish |
Virtual Jewish History Tour :
Egypt,
Syria
from Jewish Virtual Library;
Egypt, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project |
| Orthodox |
Article : Church of Alexandria, from OrthodoxWiki Article : Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, from Wikipedia |
| Coptic |
Article : Church of Alexandria (Coptic), from OrthodoxWiki The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt, from St. Takla Article : Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, from Wikipedia Article : Coptic History, from Wikipedia J.M. Neale, A history of the Holy Eastern church: the Patriarchate of Alexandria, 1850, GB T.Y. Malaty, The Coptic Calendar and Church of Alexandria, n.d., GB History of the Copts, from copts.net |
| Catholic |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Egypt, from Kirken i Norge Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria, from Opus Libani |
| Maronites |
The Maronites and Lebanon, A Brief History,
scroll down to "Under the Mamluk Sword" |
| Druze |
Druze History, from Druze Heritage Foundation |
| History of Regions | Geographic Regions : Egypt |
History of the Sinai Peninsula, from Wikipedia History of the Nile Delta, from Wikipedia E.A. Wallis Budge, A Short History of the Egyptian People, 1914, GB J. Wilson, The history of Egypt: from the earliest accounts of that country, till the expulsion of the French from Alexandria, in the year 1801 vol.1 1805, vol.2 1805, vol.3 1805, GB J.J. Marcel, A. Ryme, P. d'Avennes, Egypte: depuis la conquete des Arabes jusqu a la domination française 1848, in French, GB |
| Geographic Regions : Hejaz |
Article : Hejaz : History, from Wikipedia |
| Geographic Regions : Barqa |
Article : Barqa : History (Cyrenaica), from Wikipedia |
| Geographic Regions : Lebanon |
Lebanon :
Article : History of Lebanon under Arab Rule : Mamluks 1282-1516, from Wikipedia |
| Geographic Regions : Cilicia |
Article : Ramadanids (Ramazanoglu), from Wikipedia |
| Geographic Regions : Palestine |
Palestine :
R.S. Lissak, Chapter 7. The Population's Composition during the Mamluk Period (1260 - 1516): Elimination of the Christian Majority
part 1,
part 2
J. Kitto, The history of Palestine: from the patriarchal age to the present time 1860, GB |
| Geographic Regions : Sudan |
Article : Islamization of Sudan, from Wikipedia |
| Geographic Regions : Syria |
G. Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems; a description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 1890, IA |
| Predecessor States |
Article : Ayyubid Dynasty, from Wikipedia Article : Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, from Wikipedia Article : County of Tripoli, from Wikipedia Article : Principality of Antioch, from Wikipedia Article : Kingdom of Jerusalem, from Wikipedia Article : Kingdom of Makuria (Dongola), from Wikipedia |
| Local History |
D.S. Margoliouth, Cairo, Jerusalem, and Damascus, three chief cities of the Egyptian sultans, 1907, IA St.L. Poole, The Story of Cairo, 1902, Cairo; sketches of its history, monuments, and social life, 1898, IA Article : Cairo : Foundation and Expansion, from Wikipedia Article : History of Alexandria : Arab Rule, from Wikipedia Article : Damascus : Mamluk Period, from Wikipedia Article : Aleppo : Medieval Period, from Wikipedia Article : Mecca : Medieval and Pre-Modern Times, from Wikipedia G. Williams, R. Willis, The Holy city: Historical, topographical, and antiquarian notices of Jerusalem vol.1 1849, vol.2 1849, GB |
| Institutions |
Transport, Communication and Information (historical account), from
Egypt State Information Service |
| Culture |
The Art of the Mamluk Period 1250-1517, from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Guide to Mamluk Art, from Persian Carpet Guide |
| Biographies |
| Others |
Palearctic Ecoregion, from WWF K.M. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 1976, GB J.L.G. Guyon, Histoire chronologique des epidemies du Nord de l'Afrique, depuis les temps les plus recules jusqu'la nos jours 1855, in French, GB |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
Rulers and Heads of State of Egypt, from Wikipedia |
| Lists of Bishops |
List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,
List of Coptic Orthodox Popes of Alexandria,
from Wikipedia List of Patriarchs of Alexandria (Greek-Orthodox), from OrthodoxWiki |
| Election Results |
from Psephos (since 2005) |
| Documents | Image Databanks |
Wikimedia Commons |
| Archival Deposits |
| Constitutions, Laws |
| Treaties |
| Document Surveys |
Catalogues of Oriental Manuscripts, at this site |
| Document Collections |
| Historical Maps |
Category : Old Maps of Egypt, from Wikimedia Commons Category : Maps of the Bahri Dynasty, from Wikimedia Commons Category : Maps of the Burji Dynasty, from Wikimedia Commons Map : Mamluk Sultanate 1279, from Wikipedia Map : Mamluk Sultanate, c.1300, c.1400, from Qantara Mediterranean Heritage Map : Mameluk Egypt, from Encyclopedia of the Middle East Map of Anatolian Beyliks, from Wikipedia |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
Secular |
| Religious |
Articles Egypt,
Alexandria,
Sinai,
The Church of Alexandria, from Catholic Encyclopedia 1907-1912 Article Egypt, Alexandria, from Jewish Encyclopedia 1901-1906 |
| Economic |
| Geographical |
| Ethnographical |
Egypte, pp.402-406 in X. Heuschling, Manual de statistique
ethnographique universelle, 1847, in French, GB |
| Historical |
Chapter : Histoire Moderne d'Egypte sous le Gouvernement des Califes
Fatimites, de Saladin et des Successeurs, pp.1-100 in vol.23/63 of Histoire universelle, depuis le commencement du monde jusqu'a present,
Histoire Moderne, 1784, in French, GB |
| Tour Guides, Travelogues |
The travels of Ibn Batuta, trsl. by S. Lee, 1829, GB The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century, by R.E. Dunn, 1986, GB; pp.41-80 on the Mamluks The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia: A.D. 1503 to 1508 ed. by J.W. Jones, G.P. Badger, 1863, GB Journey overland to India and Abyssinia, by Covilham and de Payva, pp.288-291 in vol.2 of R. Kerr, A general history and collection of voyages and travels, 1824, GB; Pero da Covilhao, from Discoverers Web; Article : Pro de Covilha, from Wikipedia |
| Institutions | Archives |
National Archives of Egypt |
| Musea | Lists, Links |
Museums in Egypt, from Tour Egypt Museums in Egypt, from International Council of African Museums |
| Musea | Museum Websites |
| Monuments |
World Heritage List, scroll down for Egypt; from UNESCO World Heritage;
Tentative Lists : Egypt Egypt List, from Showcaves |
| Libraries |
Bibliotheca Alexandrina Egyptian Universities Library Libraries in Egypt, from LibDex Egypt, from Directory of Libraries in North Africa |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
| Coins, Banknotes |
The Mamluks, from David Collection;
click on 'coins' Coin Catalogue of Egypt, from Numismaticon; search Coin Archives for Egypt L. Loewe, Notice of a Mamluk Coin, Struck by Command of the Sultan Melik Dhaher Rokn-ed-Din Bibars Bondokdari, The Numismatic chronicle and journal of the Numismatic Society, Volume 19 pp.71-84 1857, GB J.R. Anderson, A Mamluk Coin from Kulubnarti, Sudan, British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 10 (2008) : pp.65-71 Digital Library Numis : Islamic Coins - North Africa, Egypt, several entries on Mamluk Egypt Mamluk Coins, 648-922 AH, from Oriental Coins Database Mamluks - Bahri, Mamluks - Burji, from J.R. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| Bibliographies | general |
Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
(Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies) (site in German, most titles listed in English;
numerous entries; publications mostly since 1970) RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
| on Egypt |
Egypt, from The Online Books Page from Mideast Web Online Publications on the History of Egyptian Architecture, posted by ArchNet Ägypten-Bibliographie, from Afrika-Handbuch, at Univ. of Vienna Cairo, Egypt Bibliography, from NNDB American University of Cairo Press Publications on Coptic History, from St. Mark Foundation St.J. Davis, Recent Work in Coptic History and Historiography : a Bibliography |
| on Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo | Chicago Online Bibliography on Mamluk Studies |
| Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
e-corpus Swiss Electronic Library; Gallica |
| on Egypt |
| Online Journals | full text online | Mamluk Studies Review vol.XI.1 2007, vol.XI.2 2007, vol.XII.1 2008, vol.XII.2 2008, vol.XIII.1 2009, vol.XIII.2 2009, vol.XIV 2010, vol.XV 2011, |
|
Table of Contents Online |
Coptica, 2002- |
| Historiography |
Article : Arabic Historiography, by E.M. Choueiri, pp.40-42 in vol.1 of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 |
| General Accounts | Middle East |
| on Egypt |
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Macropaedia, Vol.18, pp.91-145 Article Egypt. KMLA Lib. Call Sign R 032 B862h v.18 Glenn E. Perry : The History of Egypt, Westport CT : Greenwood 2004, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 962 P462h |
| Specific Topics |
| Local / Regional History |
Max Rodenbeck, Cairo. The City Victorious, American University in Cairo Press 1988, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 963.6216 R587c |
| Religious History |
Jill Kamil, Coptic Egypt, History and Guide, American University in Cairo Press 1987 [G] Norman A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands, A History and Source Book, Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America 1979, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 909.04 S857j |
| Historical Dictionary |
Arthur Goldschmidt, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, Lanham MD : Scarecrow 1994, KMLA Lib. Call Sign R 962 003 G623h |
