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The CRIMEAN KHANATE emerged in 1438/1441 by breaking away from the Khanat of the Golden Horde. In 1478 it accepted the
protection of the Ottoman Empire. Capital Bakhchisaray, religion Islam. The
Crimean Tatars frequently undertook raids into the adjacent territories of the Grand Duchy of Muscovy
(since 1547 Russian Empire) and of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,
in response to which in the borderland the Cossack Hosts formed.
In 1774 the Ottoman Empire had to recognize the 'independence' of the Crimean Khanate;
in 1783 the Crimean Khanate was conquered and annexed by the Russian Empire; its territory was to become
Taurida Gubernia. Following the Russian Revolution Taurida Gubernia was split; the peninsula was to form the Crimean ASSR (within the RSFSR) 1921-1945, changed into Crimean AO 1945-1954. In 1954 the Crimean AO was ceded by the RSFSR to Ukrainian SSR. The mainland parts of Taurida Gubernia in 1921 were annexed by the newly-formed Ukrainian SSR. Upon the dissolution of the USSR at the end of 1991, Ukraine became independent. The territory of the Crimean Khanate was thinly populated, as the CRIMEAN TATARS had lived a lifestyle of warlike pastoral nomads. The Russian conquest opened the country up for the settlement of Russians and Christian immigrant settlers from Germany and from the Christian regions of the Balkan peninsula. The Russians established new administrative centers (Simferopol), causing the traditional, Tatar center of Bakhchisaray to decline. The Tatar population had to adjust their lifestyle to the new reality, giving up on their raids and accepting restrictions on the usage of the steppe as pasture. While the non-Tatar population grew steadily, the Tatar population was marginalized and declined, as there were several waves of Tatar emigrations (to the Ottoman Empire). The Crimea repeatedly was the site of military conflicts, during the Crimean War 1853-1856, in WW I (1918) and the subsequent Russian Civil War (1918-1920) and in WW II (1941-1944). The belligerents attempted to get the Crimean Tatars choose their side, and the loyalty of the Crimean Tatars to the state was questioned, which after the conflict resulted in repressive policy causing an exodus (Crimean War) or in the mass deportation ordered by Stalin in 1944. The Crimean Tatars first became an ethnic minority in what used to be their land, in 1944 were collectively deported to Uzbekistan, where not permitted to return to the Crimea in 1957 (when other ethnicities deported in 1943/1944 were given such permission) and only could return from the implementation of Perestroika onward, 1985ff. Crimean Tatar organizations have striven to maintain their culture and identity. Crimea until 1478 Crimea 1478-1584 . Ottoman Empire Crimea 1584-1696 . Ottoman Empire Crimea 1696-1774 . Ottoman Empire Crimea 1774-1783 Crimea 1783-1853 . Taurida Gubernia . Russian Empire Crimea 1853-1889 . Taurida Gubernia . Russian Empire Crimea 1889-1917 . Taurida Gubernia . Russian Empire Crimea 1917-1921 . Ukraine Crimea 1921-1944 . Ukraine . USSR Crimea 1944-1991 . Ukraine . USSR Crimea since 1991 . Ukraine For the History 1783-1917 see also History of Russia Timelines : Crimean Tatars, Blue / Golden Horde, Russian Crimea Historic Encyclopedias : Crimea 1857-1884 Historical Atlas : Crimean Tatars, Blue / Golden Horde List of Wars, Crimean Tatars Page Students' Paper : Kim, Hong, The History of Crimea and Circassia as Portrayed in 19th Century Encyclopedias (2009) |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles | Current |
Articles : Crimea,
Crimean Khanate, from Wikipedia Crimean Khanate 1438-1783, from Oz Turkler |
| Historical |
G. le Vasseur, Beschreibung der Ukraine, der Krim, und deren Einwohner,
1780, German trsl. of French or., GB H.E. Thunmann, Beschryving van de Krim, 1786, in Dutch, GB F. von Tott, Nachrichten von den Türken und Tataren, vol.1, 1787, vol.2, 1788, in German, GB A. Neilson, The Crimea: its towns, inhabitants, and social customs , 1855, GB |
| Links | General |
Category : Crimea,
Crimean Tatar People from Wikipedia Karaim (Crimean Tatar) Homepage, from SOTA Links, from Tatar.net |
| on History |
Category : Crimean Khanate, from Wikipedia |
| Organizations |
International Committee for Crimea National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Crimean Branch of the Institute of Archaeology Underwater Archaeology Research and Training Center of Kiev University, Underwater Archaeology of the Black Sea : Crimean Coastal Survey 1997 |
| Historical Dictionary |
| Timelines |
Chronology for Crimean Tatars in Ukraine, from
Minorities at Risk (1917-) |
| Accounts of History | General, Modern |
Alan W. Fisher, The Crimean Tatars, 1978, GB History of the Crimea, from Black Sea Travel |
| General, Historic |
J. de Guignes, Histoire generale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongols et des autres Tartares
vol.1 pt.1, 1756,
vol.1 pt.2, 1756,
vol.2, 1756,
vol.3, 1757,
vol.4, 1758,
vol.5, 1758, in French, GB F. Becattini, Storia della Crimea, piccola Tartaria, 1785, in Italian, GB G. Castelnau, Essai sur l'histoire ancienne et moderne de la nouvelle Russie, vol.1, vol.2, vol.3, 1827, in French, GB H.H. Howorth, History of the Mongols: from the 9th to the 19th century, pt.2.2 : The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia, 1830, GB J. Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte der Chane der Krim unter Osmanischer Herrschaft , 1836, in German, GB Th. Milner, The Crimea, its Ancient and Modern History, 1855, GB W.B. Barker, A short historical account of the Crimea, 1855, GB A. Grant, An historical sketch of the Crimea , 1855, GB H. Sauppe, Skizzen aus der Geschichte der Krim, 1855, in German, GB Th. Mundt, Der Kampf um das schwarze Meer: historische Darstellungen aus der Geschichte, 1855, in German, GB |
| Specific Periods |
Articles : Crimean Khanate,
Crimean ASSR,
Crimean Oblast,
Deportation of the Crimean Tatars, from Wikipedia F. von Erdmann, Vollstaendige Uebersicht der aeltesten tuerkishcen, tatarischen und mogholischen Voelkerstaemme nach Raschid-ud-Din's Vorgange, 1841, in German, GB |
| Administration |
Category : Administrative Division of
Crimea, from Wikipedia Articles : Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Supreme Council of Crimea (Verkhovna Rada), from Wikipedia |
| Military History |
| Economy & Finances |
H.A.S. Dearborn, A Memoir on the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea, and the Trade and Maritime Geography of Turkey and Egypt,
vol.1,
vol.2, 1819, GB |
| Ethnography |
Articles Crimean Tatar Language,
Crimean Tatars, from Wikipedia Crimean Tatars, from World Culture Encyclopedia Assessment for Crimean Tatars in Ukraine, from Minorities at Risk Crimean Tatar, from Ethnologue Crimean Tatars, Crimean Jews (Krymchaks), from The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire Crimean Tatars and Noghais in Turkey, by Henryk Jankowski, posted by Int'l Committee for Crimea Crimean Tatars, from Kresy |
| Religion |
The Eparchy of Simferopol and Crimea, from
Ukrainian Orthodox Church Islamic Cultural Identity of Crimean Tatar People- a resource for Heritage Tourism. D.A. Chwolson, Achtzehn hebräische Grabschriften aus der Krim, 1865, in German, GB Geschichte des Karäerthums, J. Fürst, vol.3 : 1575-1865, 1869, in German, GB Article : Crimean Karaites, from Wikipedia |
| History of Regions |
| Local History |
Sevastopol History, from Sevastopol.org Articles : Bakhchisaray : History, Kerch : History, Perekop, Sevastopol : History, Simferopol : History, Sudak : History (Kaffa), Yalta : History, Yevpatoria : History (Eupatoria), from Wikipedia |
| Structures, Institutions |
| Culture |
Crimean Tatar Architecture, from ICC Crimea |
| Biographies |
Th. Mundt, Krim Girai, Khan of the Crimea, 1856, trsl. from German, GB |
| Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
Crimea, from World Statesmen List of Khans of the Crimean Tatars, from The Proceedings of the Friesian School List of Crimean Khans, from Wikipedia |
| Population Figures |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers |
| Historical Newspaper Articles |
An Account of the Krim, or Crimea, pp.644-648, 847-851 in vol.60 of
The Gentleman's magazine, 1786, GB An Account of the Crimea, pp.120-134 in vol.28 of Annual Register, 1786, GB Die Auswanderung der Krim-Tataren, p.147 in vol.14 of Allgemeine Auswanderungs-Zeitung, 1860, in German, GB |
| Image Databanks |
Ethnic Costumes : Turks and Tatars who live in Romania,
from Romanian Museum Bundesarchiv : B 145 Bild-F016218-0029A, Krim, Panzerzug, Besichtigung Hans v. Ahlfen, B 145 Bild-F016218-0033A, Krim, Panzerzug, Besichtigung Hans v. Ahlfen, N 1603 Bild-067, Krim, Simferopol, Kameramann im PKW, N 1603 Bild-079, Krim, Simferopol, Soldaten, deutsche Wegweiser, B 145 Bild-F016213-0015, Krim, Feodosija, Hans v. Ahlfen mit Offizieren, Bundesarchiv N 1603 Bild-100, Russland, Krim, Erholung am Strand, posted by Wikimedia Commons |
| Archive Deposits |
National Archives (UK) :
Looking for records of the Crimean War Archives Nationales d'Outre-Mer, search IREL for Crimee Search Russian Archives Online for Crimea |
| Document Collections |
| Historical Maps |
Little Tartary 1663, from
Duval Maps Southern Russia 1757 (de Vaugondy), from Heritage Antique Maps Maps : Eastern Hemisphere 1400 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1500 AD, by Thomas Lessman Maps : Europe in the Year 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, from Euratlas |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Article : Kleine Tartarey. pp.39-42 in vol.42 of
Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon Aller Wissenschafften
und Künste (Zedler), 1744, in German, GB Article : Tartars, Crim, pp.151-152 in vol.22 of Encyclopaedia Perthensis, 1816, GB Articles : Tatarei, Tataren, p.61 in vol.11 of Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyklopädie für die gebildeten Stände, 1827, in German, GB Articles : Tatarei, Tataren, pp.737-739 in Wigand's Conversations-Lexikon fur alle Stände, 1851, in German, GB Article : Tataren, in Pierer's Universal-Lexikon 1857-1865, in German, posted by Zeno Article : Tataren, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German, posted by Retro Bibliothek Article : Tatars, from EB 1911, posted by Classic Encyclopedia |
| Religious |
Article : Crimea,
Krimchaks,
from Jewish Encyclopedia 1901-1906 |
| Economic |
Du commerce de Pelleteries ou Fourures que se transportent a Constantinople, de Moscovie, de Natolie, de Caffa, Dazac et de Krim,
Ville capitale de la Tartarie, pp.627-630 in vol. 1 of J.S. de Bruslons,
Le Parfait Negociant, 1726, in French, GB Commerce de Turquie et du Levant : Caffa, pp.1034-1039 in vol.5 of J.S. de Brulons, Dictionnaire universel de commerce, 1765, in French, GB Of the Levant Trade and that of Barbary, pp.614-619 in W. Beawes, Lex mercatoria rediviva: or, The merchant's directory, 6th ed. 1773, GB Article : Krim, pp.409-479 in vol.53 of J.G. Krünitz, Oeconomische Encyclopädie, 1791, in German, GB |
| Geographical |
N.S. Vsevolozhskij, Dictionnaire geographique-historique de l'empire de Russie,
vol.1,
vol.2, 1823, in French, GB Entry : Little Tartary, pp.183-185 in Geography anatomiz'd: or, the geographical grammar, 1737, GB Article : Crimea, p.231 in R. Brookes, The London General Gazetteer, 1838, GB |
| Ethnological |
Die Tataren, pp.63-66 in
Liebe, Heirathen und Ehestand verschiedener wilder und halbwilder Völker, 1816, in German, GB Die Tataren, pp.764-765 in vol.4 of W. Wachsmuth, Europaeische Sittengeschichte, 1837, in German, GB The Pure Tatars, p.15 in R. Phillips, A geographical view of the world, embracing the manners, customs, and .., 1838, GB Tataren, pp.35-37 in R. Krebel, Volksmedicin und Volksmittel verschiedener Völkerstämme Russlands, 1858, in German, GB |
| Historical |
Treats of Crim and of Little Tartary and of Oczakov, or Budziack Tartary, pp.510-514 in vol.1 of
Th, Salmon, Modern history or the present state of all nations,
1744, GB Kipjak, and Krim Tartary, pp.113-117 in vol.5 of The modern part of an universal history,, 1759, GB La petite Tartarie, pp.10-20 in vol.9 of F.M. de Marsy et al., Histoire moderne des Chinois, des Japonnois, des Indiens, des Persanes, des Turcs, des Russiens et des Americains, 1769, in French, GB |
| Parliamentary Debates | foreign |
Hansard (British Parliament) |
| Residence Memoirs |
| Institutions | Archives |
State Archive in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea,
from ArcheoBiblioBase;
State Archive in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (official site) State Archives of Sevastopol City ArcheoBiblioBase (Russian Archives listed) |
| Musea |
British Museum :
The Berthier-Delagarde Collection of Crimean Jewellery in the British Museum and Related Material The Russian Museum of Ethnography : Caucasus and Crimea Museum of North-Western Crimea, Kara-Tobe; Panorama Museum Sevastopol |
| Monuments |
Khan Palace in Bakhchisaray, from Bakhchisaray Historical & Cultural State Preserve |
| Libraries |
| Official Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms | Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, of the Crimean Tatars, from FOTW |
| Coins |
Odessa Numismatics Museum, Coins of Golden Horde and Crimean Khanat Search Coin Archives for Crimea The Early Mongol Coins of the Crimea : Ozbek Khan, 712-742 A.H. / 1312-1342 A.D. Qrim Mint, from The Successors of Chingiz Khan and their Coins, by Konstantin Khiromov |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| Bibliographies | general |
RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
| on the Crimea / the Crimean Tatars |
Recent Publications on the Crimean Tatars, from International
Committee for Crimea |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus |
| Country Specific |
| Online Journals | full text online |
Turkistan Newsletter, from SOTA |
| General Accounts |
Alan W. Fisher, The Crimean Tatars, Stanford : Hoover Institution Press (1978) 1987, KMLA Lib.Sign. 947.717 F553c Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte der Khane der Krim (History of the Khans of the Crimea), Amsterdam : (1856) Philo Press 1970 [G} |
| Specific Topics |
H.J. Kornrumpf, Zwei weniger bekannte Islamische Denkmäler in Bulgarien (1971) (Two less known Muslimic monuments in Bulgaria;
one of them a Sarai of the Khans of the Crimean Tatars in Varbica), in : Analecta Isisiana LV,
Istanbul : Isis 2001, pp.11-20, in German [G] H.J. Kornrumpf, Südrussland und die Krim um 1740 (1989) (Southern Russia and the Crimea c. 1740), in : Analecta Isisiana LV, Istanbul : Isis 2001, pp.157-176, in German [G] |
| Historical Dictionary |
Articles : Crimea pp.137-140,
in : James Minahan, Nations without States, A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements, Westport CT : Greenwood 1996 [G] |
