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| Literature on the History of South America |
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Bolivia |
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Bolivia |
| History of Peru : Narrative . References : Online Secondary Sources . Online Primary Sources . Bibliographic and Print Sources |
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NARRATIVE For the country's earlier history, see History of the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1821-1870 . 1870-1918 . 1918-1945 . 1945-1979 . 1980-1992 . Since 1992 |
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1821 to 1870 .
When Jose de la Serna proclaimed Peruvian independence in 1821, Spanish forces were still in the country. The country's first president was Argentinian general Jose de San Martin, soon to be succeeded by another foreigner, Simon Bolivar. The Spanish were defeated in the Battle of Ayacucho 1824;
Spain's last outpost, the port of Callao, surrendered in 1826. The Viceroyalty of Peru ceased to exist. Bolivar's realm - the republics he presided (Peru and Grand Colombia) began to crumble in 1828, and soon disintegrated. In 1836 Andres de Santa Cruz y Calahumana took control of Peru and established a confederation with Bolivia. The Chileans invaded and in 1839 forced the dissolution of the federation. The 1840es and 1850es brought political stability, under two time president Castilla, as well as economic prosperity, due to the export of Guano - the excrements of seabirds who have been feeding on anchovis (fish); it is excellent fertilizer. Other major export products were nitrates and wool. With it's neighbour Ecuador constantly in turmoil, Peru established control of the province of Oriente, located on the upper Amazon, also claimed by Ecuador. In 1864, Spain occupied the Chincha Islands off the Peruvian coast, which are rich in guano, and blockaded Peru's major port of Callao. A war over the islands broke out in 1865, in which the Spaniards were defeated at the hand of the Peruvians in 1866. Not until 1879 did Spain officially recognize Peru. 1870-1918 . In the 1870es Peru's railway network was greatly expanded, mainly under the direction of American Henry Meiggs. In the 1870es, Peru's economic prosperity came to a sudden end. The guano price fell sharply with other fertilizers competing on the market. When a dispute between Bolivia and Chile arose over the rich nitrate deposits in Bolivia's coastal province (the deposits were largely exploited by Chilean workers), Peru offered to mediate. Chile, intending to go to war over the issue, demanded that Peru declare it's neutrality. Peru refused, and Chile attacked both Bolivia and Peru. The war turned out disastrous for Peru : it had to cede it's nitrate-rich coastal provinces Tarapaco, Tacna and Arica. The war had ruined the state finances. In the 1880es and 1890es, Peru's economy recovered, based on exports of mining products, sugar and cotton. The country's political development, compared to other Latin American countries, can be described as relatively stable. This changed in 1914, when president Billinghurst was toppled in a coup d'etat by the armed forces. When, in 1899, the Amazon region of Acre declared itself a free state, it did this partially on Peruvian territory (the other part being Bolivian). In 1903, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil signed the Treaty of Petropolis, partitioning Acre Free State. Peru received only a small part of what used to be it's territory, the bulk going to Brazil. Late in World War I Peru formally joined the Entente, without dispatching combat units. In 1911, the ruins of the ancient Incan mountaintop town of Machu Picchu were discovered, overgrown by the rain forest. The same year, British diplomat Roger Casement visited Peru, investigating alleged atrocities committed against men collecting rubber in the Amazon rainforest. |
 
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1918-1945 .
The Peruvian economy profitted from the opening of the Panama canal in 1914, which contributed to a general increase in Peruvian exports, and from a growing demand for rubber Peru produced in its Amazon province. Under president-dictator Leguia (1919-1930) the country went through a phase of political stability. Leguia strove to develop the country's economy. While he began as a political reformer, elected by the votes of the working class, his policy later favoured the upper class. Under him, Peru took up a number of international loans (mostly from US banks) and invested in armament (orders primarily going to US firms). In the 1920es US business had invested in the Peruvian economy, US companies having controlling shares in Peru's mining industry, petrol industry, telecommunication, guano exports. The railroads were in British hands. President-dictator Augusto de Leguia was overthrown in 1930 by Cerro. During the worst years of the Great Depression (1930-1933), the country saw a succession of short-lived governments. Peru, a founding member of the League of Nations, withdrew from it in 1939. It was engaged in a border conflict with Colombia in 1922, over rubber producing area in the Amazon region. The conflict was settled in 1927. In an agreement with Chile, the latter returned the two provinces of Tacna and Tarata, which it had held since 1883, to Peru. During most of World War II, Peru stayed neutral, engaged in a serious border conflict with Ecuador in 1941-1942 (unrelated to the war in Europe). The disputed territory was allocated to Peru by the Rio Conference (1942). In 1945, Peru joined the Allies in declaring war on Germany and Japan; Peru did not dispatch combat forces. 1945-1979 . Administration . Peru was ruled by military dictators/juntas 1948-1956 (dictator Manuel Odria), by democratically elected politicians who stood in favour with the military (1956-1963), by a brief democratically elected administration opposed to the political influence of the military 1963-1968 (President Belaunde Terry) and by another military junta 1968-1979 (junta headed by Juan Velasco Alvarado until 1975, by Francisco Morales Bermudez 1975-1980). Domestic Policy . In 1962 the Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR, Revolutionary Left Movement) was established as an organization, inspired by the revolution in Cuba 1959, aimed for the violent overthrow of the Peruvian government and the establishment of a Communist political system. The MIR launched a guerilla war in 1965, but suffered military defeat that year and broke in three, one of them being the Tupac Amaru, another the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path). The military attempted 'guided democracy' 1956-1963, lost control of it in 1963 and retook control in 1968. During the phases of uncamouflaged military government (1948-1956, 1969-1979) constitutional rights, the freedom of the press were disregarded. The junta administration of General Velasco Alvarado (1969-1975) was critical of the Belaunde Terry administration and implemented a policy of nationalizing a number of industries, followed by a land reform in 1974. President Bermudez (1975-1980) discontinued the socialist policies of his predecessor and presided over a gradual transition to democracy. The Economy . The drastic increase in the oil price in 1973 had an immediate effect on Peru's fishing industry, the catch declined drastically. The military administration under General Velasco Alvarado nationalized the mining, energy, telecommunication industry and in 1974 launched a land reform. The inflation rate was moderate until 1978 when it began to accelerate (IHS pp.713-714). Social History . Peru's population rose from 7.68 million in 1948 to 10.0 million in 1960 and 16.8 million in 1979 (Lahmeyer). "In Peru, outside Cuzco, we met men working their landlord's fields for 45 cents a day, a good wage in an area where others must work 3 days with no pay beyond the right to cultivate a small mountainside plot for themselves. They had never heard of President Kennedy or President Johnson; they had never heard of the United States; they did not know the name of the President of Peru, and they spoke no Spanish, only the Quechua tongue of their Indian ancestors ... The basic problem is that we here in the United States must realize that there is a revolution now going on down there and we must identify ourselves with that revolution ... We have preached to them the dignity of the individual, the fact that we want to help them lead their own lives ... However that does not mean very much to a father who must work on a farm for 12 hours a day 6 days a week for only $ 1.50, or a man who sees half his children die before they reach the age of one." Robert Kennedy in a speech held in New York 1966 after having visited Peru; quoted after Gunther (1964) 1967 p.358 Cultural History . Television broadcasting began in 1958. In 1970, Simon and Garfunkel made the song 'El Condor Pasa', composed by Peruvian Danial A. Robles in 1913, known to a worldwide audience. |
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1980-1992 .
Administration . Dictator-President Francisco Morales Bermudez (1975-1979) oversaw the transition from military dictatorship to parliamentary democracy. In 1979 a new constitution was promulgated, parliamentary and presidential elections held in 1980, the latter being won by Fernando Belaunde Terry (1980-1985). Since, the military stayed out of politics. Belaunde Terry was succeeded by Alan Garcia (1985-1990) and Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000). Foreign Policy . Relations with the U.S. and the World Bank had cooled down during the administration of President Velasco (1969-1975) who implemented a policy of nationalizing industries (to a considerable extent foreign-owned); the Bermudez administration (1975-1980) strove to improve relations with both. Peru, however, did not join in the boycott of the Summer Olympic Games in Moscow 1980, and in 1982 openly supported Argentina in the Falklands War. Domestic Policy . During the Belaunde Terry administration, inflation quickly accelerated into hyperinflation. The Maoist Shining Path guerilla gained notoriety due to their abductions of foreigners in the remote countryside. The democratization of society failed to result in an improvement of living conditions for the average Peruvian. Hyperinflation continued in the Garcia presidency (1985-1990), causing the country to introduce a currency reform; the activities of the Shining Path also continued. Only during the Fujimori presidency (1990-2000) have the hyperinflation been successfully addressed (another currency reform in 1991) and the threat by the Shining Path been removed (capture of Shining Path leader Abimael Guzman in 1992). The Economy . Peru's agriculture, mining and fishery industry could not keep up with the country's population growth. The nationalization of a number of industries in the mid 1970es had alienated foreign investors and financial institutions; the Peruvian government's willingness to partially undo the land reform of 1974 was insufficient to win back their favour. While the oil price dropped significantly in 1981, Reagonomics drastically raised the interest rates; Peru had the greatest of difficulties to service the national debt. The ongoing guerilla warfare in the countryside, and El Nino in 1982-1983 did not help remedy the situation. Inflation went out of control, forcing currency reforms in 1987 and 1991. Social History . Peru's population rose from 17.2 million in 1980 to 22.4 million in 1992 (Lahmeyer). The Spanish-speaking population fared traditionally better than the Quechua or Aymara-speaking population in the countryside, the latter primarily living of agriculture, and in part exposed to the actions of the Shining Path. The country's middle class and political elite largely drew from the Spanish-speaking population element. Since 1992 . Foreign Policy . Peru did not participate in the liberation of Kuwait 1991, the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and of Iraq in 2003. The presidency of Alberto Fujimori, holder of Peruvian and Japanese nationality, meant special relations with Japan, not affected by the occupation of the Japanese embassy in Lima by MRTA rebels in 1996. These special relations ended with the ousting of president Fujimori in 2000; Peru's demand to extradite the fugitive Fujimori was rejected by Japan. In response to Fujimori's 1992 coup, a number of countries, including the U.S., Germany and Spain, suspended financial aid to Peru. In 1995 Peru and Ecuador fought a brief war, the Cenepa War, over disputed border territory. Domestic Policy . The Fujimori administration defeated the guerilla (arrest of Shining Path leader Abimael Guzman in 1992) and ended the hyperinflation (currency reform of 1991); Fujimori administrated the country in authoritarian style. In 1992 he dissolved the Peruvian Congress. Fujimori was reelected president in 1995; in the late 1990es, the opposition, critical of his authoritarian style, involving violations of the constitution, became vociferous, and in 2000 he was ousted and fled the country. Elections in 2001 brought Alejandro Toledo into office, the first politician of Indio descent to hold the Peruvian presidency. The Economy . Hyperinflation was rampant in 1987-1990. Following the currency reform of 1991, consumer prices rose four-fold in 1991, doubled in 1992, by c.50 % in 1993, were down to about 10 % or less since 1994 (IHS p.714). Social History . Peru's population rose from 22.4 million in 1992 (Lahmeyer) to 28.6 million in 2007. The Spanish-speaking population fared traditionally better than the Quechua or Aymara-speaking population in the countryside, the latter primarily living of agriculture, and in part exposed to the actions of the Shining Path. The country's middle class and political elite largely drew from the Spanish-speaking population element. Students' Paper : Yoon, Sung Ah, History of Nutrition in South America (2009) Students' Papers : Song, Jeeun : History of Metallurgy and Mining in the Andean Region (2009) Students' Papers : Lee, Won Jae : History of the Quechua-Speaking People, until Today (2008) Students' Papers : Lee, Si-eun : History of Indian and Chinese Coolies and their Descendants (2008) |
| Country Profiles | Modern |
from CIA World Factbook;
BBC Country Profiles;
World Desk Reference;
Index Mundi,
Nations Encyclopedia Library of Congress, Country Studies : Peru Article : Peru, from Wikipedia Jose Carlos Mariategui, Ensayos de Interpretacion de la Realidad Peruana, in Spanish, 1996 |
| Historical |
La Confederation argentine a l'Exposition universelle de 1867 a Paris, GB A.J. Duffield, Peru in the guano age (1877), IA International Bureau of the American Republics, Peru : a Handbook (1892), IA Th.Cl. Dawson, The South American republics (1903) vol.2 (has Peru section pp.3-134), IA P.F. Martin, Peru of the twentieth century (1911), IA H. Bell, The golden age of Peru (1921), IA |
| Links | General |
from LANIC Category : Peru, from Wikipedia |
| on History |
from Virtual Library History;
Category : History of Peru, from Wikipedia |
| Historical Dictionaries |
M. de Mendiburu, Diccionario historico-biografico del Peru (1887) in Spanish, IA;
from Biblioteca Cervantes Virtual R. Hilton, Who S Who In Latin American Part IV Bolivia Chile And Peru (1947), posted on Internet Archive Arqueologia del Peru, La enciclopedia en linea de la arqueologia prehispanica del Peru |
| Timelines |
from timelines.ws; from
BBC News Commanding Heights : Peru Timelines |
| Accounts of History | Modern |
from Wikipedia History of Peru, from Virtual Peru Peru, from Casa Historia, in English |
| Historical |
H.S. Beebe, The History of Peru (1858), posted on Internet Archive Cl.R. Markham, A History of Peru (1892), posted on Internet Archive |
| Specific Periods |
Articles : Peru-Bolivian Confederation,
Guano Era, from Wikipedia Exordio : La Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945) : La Republica del Peru, in Spanish |
| Historiography |
M. Baud, Towards a New Social and Political History in Peru. A Review Essay, Revista de Indias, 2008, vol.LXVIII, no.242, pp.283-300 P. Drinot, Historiography, Historiographic Identity and Historical Consciousness in Peru Inicio 15 2004-2005 M. Vega, La utopia andina y la historiografia peruana, Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. no.9 (II Semestre, 1996) pp.93-109. |
| Politics |
Politics of Peru, from Wikipedia;
Political Resources on the Net : Peru;
Governments on the WWW : Peru Article : Elections in Peru, from Wikipedia Peru : The Party System 1950-1956 and 1957-1962, from K. Janda, Political Parties : a Cross-National Survey, NY : Free Press 1980 pp.544-545; C. Orsini, Peru : the Party System 1963-2000 List of Political Parties in Peru, from Wikipedia; Articles : Shining Path, Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, from Wikipedia O. Starn, Maoism in the Andes. The Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path and the Refusal of History, J. Lat. Amer. Studies 27 1995 pp.399-421 S. Hirsch, Anarcho-syndicalism in Peru, 1905-1930 2011 Congress of the Republic of Peru, Historical Outline J.E. Caceres Booth, The Persistence of the Fujimori Legacy in Peru, thesis Univ. of British Columbia 2013 P. Drinot, Creole Anti-Communism: Labor, the Peruvian Communist Party and APRA, 1930-1934, Forthcoming in Hispanic American Historical Review (as of Nov. 26 2013) Article : Congress of the Republic of Peru, Wikipedia J. Prieto Hemmingsen, La evolucion y la caida del sistema de partidos politicos en el Peru (1980-1992), tesina 2004, FLACSO Ecuador |
| Military | Wars, General |
Wars of Peru, 1800-1999, from Armed Conflict Events Data |
|
External Wars 19th Century |
Cl..R. Markham, The war between Peru and Chile, 1879-1882 (1920), IA L. Uribe y Orrego, Las operaciones navales durante la guerra entre Chile I la Confederacion Peru-boliviana, 1836-37-38 (1891) in Spanish, IA Th. B. Myers Mason, The War on the Pacific Coast of South America Between Chile and the Allied Republics of Peru and .. (1885), IA Th. Cochrane Earl of Dundonald, Narrative of Services in the Liberation of Chili, Peru and Brazil,: from Spanish and Portuguese Domination, vol.1 (1854), vol.2, IA Articles : Peruvian War of Independence (1809-1824), Gran Colombia-Peru War (1828-1829), War of the Confederation (1836-1839), Chincha Islands War (Guano War, 1865-1866), War of the Pacific (1879-1884), from Wikipedia Jim Lee, Guano Wars, ICE Case Studies 1997 |
|
External Wars 20th Century |
Category : Ecuadorian-Peruvian War, from Wikipedia Articles : Colombia-Peru War (1932-1933), Ecuadorian-Peruvian War, 1941, from Wikipedia |
| Insurgency |
Berkeley : Committee to support of the Revolution in Peru, Revolution in Peru (1985),
The Revolution in Peru is Profoundly Liberating (1992), IA H. Ocasio, Why the People's War in Peru is Justified and Why it is the Road to Liberation (1995), IA Article : Internal Conflict in Peru, from Wikipedia K. Gregory, Shining Path, Tupac Amaru (Peru, leftists), 2009, Council on Foreign Relations E. Malone, The Shining Path of Peru, Defeated or Alive ?, thesis Georgetown 2010 R. Switzer, Sendero Luminoso and Peruvian Counterinsurgency, thesis Louisiana State 2007 K.M. Zucha, Incomplete Developmental Counterinsurgency: The Case of the Shining Path in Peru, thesis Texas State 2007 B. Huson, Persistent Revolutions in Colombia and Peru: A Comparative Analysis, thesis Indiana State 2011 A. Smits, The discrepancy between utopian ideology and dystopian reality: a critical analysis of Peru's Sendero Luminoso, thesis Leiden 2013 |
| Other |
Memoirs of General Miller, in the service of the Republic of Peru (1829), IA The Peruvian Navy, the XIX Century Maritime Campaigns, by Juan del Campo The Peruvian Army during the first years of the republic, by Juan del Campo, subfiles mostly concerning the Pacific War M. Reano, The Origin of Peruvian Professional Militarism, thesis Louisiana State 2002 J.C. Luitweiler, Peru's Burden of Military Expenditures, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 95, 1921, IA C. Mendez, Las paradojas del autoritarismo: ejercito, campesinado y etnicidad en el Peru, siglos XIX al XX, Iconos: revista de ciencias sociales, FLACSO Ecuador, (no.26, Sept. 2006) pp.17-34 |
| Economy & Finances | General |
Article Economy of Peru, from Wikipedia Category : Economy of Peru, from Wikipedia Global Integrity : Peru 2007 Category : Enterprise Peru, from Economy Point A. Salomon y Osorio, Peru, potentialities of economic development (1920), IA H. de Wolfe Carvell, Insecurity of British Property in Peru (1863), IA Guida ufficiale per industriali ed emigranti italiani nel Peru (1903) in Italian, IA |
| Economic History |
J.C. Mariategui, Ensayos de Interpretacion de la Realidad Peruana :
Esquema de la Evolucion Economica, 1996, in Spanish |
| Institutions |
History, from Bolsa de Valores de Lima (Lima Stock Exchange) El Banco de Reserva, from Museo Banco Central de Reserva del Peru |
| Currency & Finances |
C. Vizcarra, Guano, Credible Commitments, and Sovereign Debt Repayment in
Nineteenth-Century Peru, Journal of Economic History vol.69 no.2 pp.358-387 2009 M. Isabel, La hiperinflacion del Peru (1987 - 1990), in Spanish Historical Exchange Rate Regime of Asian Countries [!] : Peru, from International Economics R. Sicotte et al., The ?scal impact of the War of the Paci?c, Cliometrica (2009) 3 pp.97-121 |
| Agriculture |
W.G. Mortimer, Peru. History of coca, "the divine plant" of the Incas; with an introductory account of the Incas, and of the Andean Indians of to-day (1901), posted on
Internet Archive |
| Fishery |
M. Ballon et al., 'Peru, South-east Pacific', in D.J. Starkey et al. (comp.) HMAP Data Pages (www.hull.ac.uk/hmap) |
| Mining |
Company History : Southern Peru Copper Corporation, from Funding Universe Guano Cases, from TED Mandala Projects, Guano history, from an environmentalist site A. Raimondi, Informes y polemicas sobre el guano y el salitre - (Peru 1854-1877), thesis 2003, in Spanish J.A. Bravo, The Peruvian expropriation of the Tarapaca nitrate industry, 1875-1879 v.2. Statistics, thesis McGill 1990 S. Gonzalez Miranda, Las Politicas Salitreras Peruana y Chilena. Del Monopolio Estatal a la Libertad Economica ? (1873-1884), Cuadernos de Historia no.38 Santiago jun. 2013 |
| Social History | General |
| Class |
P. Whipple, La gente decente de Lima y su resistencia al orden republicano. Jerarquías sociales, prensa y sistema judicial durante el siglo XIX, 2013 P. Whipple, Una relacion contradictoria: elites y control social en Lima durante los inicios de la Republica, Revista Andina 2004 S. Aldana Rivera, Los comerciantes piuranos (1700-1830): el soporte humanos de una region economica, thesis Lima 1992, FLACSO Ecuador |
| Labour |
M.J. Gonzales, Capitalist Agriculture and Labour Contracting in Northern Peru, 1880-1905, Latin American Studies 12, 2, pp.291-315 |
| Crime and Punishment |
Peru, from Crime and Society. A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World |
| Women |
V. Vargas, The Women's Movement in Peru: Rebellion into Action 1990 |
| Health |
J. Baten et al., The anthropometric history of Argentina, Brazil and Peru during the 19th
and early 20th century, Economics and Human Biology 7 (2009) pp.319-333 Peru, from Alcohol and Drugs History Society R. Dahlby, 500 Years of Coca Erradication [!] Policy in Peru, thesis Ohio State 2009 La Coca del Peru, English language site A. Borja, Medical Pluralism in Peru-Traditional Medicine in Peruvian Society, thesis Brandeis 2010 |
| Nutrition |
S.M. Martinez-Zuniga, Cultural Factors Affecting Food Preference: The Case of Tarwi in Three Quechua Speaking Areas of Peru, thesis Vanderbilt 2007 |
| Pastoralism |
C. Ivey, Household economy and livelihood strategies in a pastoral community in the central Peruvian highlands: a regional perspective, thesis Durham 1985 |
| Land |
S. Striffler, Migrating Multinationals, Persisting Peasants, and a Slippery State : The Origins of Contract Farming in Ecuador's Banana Industry, Plantation Society in the Americas 1999 L.H. Landa Vasquez, La familia campesina en el periodo de la violencia. El ejemplo de Paca y Coracora en Ayacucho, thesis Quito 1995, FLACSO Ecuador; violencia = 1980s and early 1990es U. Durand-Ochoa, Coca, contention and identity: the political empowerment of the Cocaleros of Bolivia and Peru , thesis LSE 2012 |
| Urban Centers | S.A. McElroy, Urban primacy and deconcentrated development in Peru, thesis Univ. of Arizona 1994 |
| Shantytowns |
G.H. Kim, Shantytown Formation as an Anti-Systemic Historical Process:
A World-System Study on Peruvian Social Transformation, thesis Concordia Univ., Montreal, 2009 S.M. Williams, 'Young Town' Growing Up. Four decades later: self-help housing and upgrading lessons from a squatter neighborhood in Lima, thesis Univ. of Kansas 2000; on squatter town of Independencia Unterbahn, ch.7 : Grassroots Mapping in Lima, Peru, part of a 2010 thesis by Jeffrey Warren, title : "Grassroots Mapping: tools for participatory and activist cartography" |
| Racial Discrimination |
M. de la Cadena, The Racial Politics of Culture and Silent Racism in Peru 2001 |
| Refugees |
Peru, from
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre |
| Language |
P. Haggerty, History and Language in the Andes, 2011 |
| Education |
J. Granda Ore, "Una aproximación a la historia de la educación peruana", Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. 13 (II Semestre, 1998-I Semestre, 1999) pp.89-107 G.A. Espinosa, Estado, comunidades locales y escuelas primarias en el departamento de Lima, Peru (1821-1905), Cuadernos de Historia no.34 Santiago jun. 2011 pp.83-108 |
| Ethnography | General |
Languages of Peru (108), from Ethnologue Category Languages of Peru, from Wikipedia Peru : Blacks, Highland Indigenous People, Lowland Indigenous People, from Minorities at Risk Category : Ethnic Groups in Peru, Wikipedia |
| Indigenous |
World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Peru W.C. Farabee, Indian tribes of eastern Peru (1922), vol.1, vol.10, IA S.E. Huerta, From sworn loyalty to negotiated obedience. Political transformations in Peru during the War of Independence. The Huacho: a case study (1820-1822), n.d. J. Drzewieniecki, Indigenous People, Law, and Politics in Peru 1995 P.A. Means, Indian Legislation in Peru, The Hispanic American Historical Review 3 1920, IA |
| European Descent |
Articles : Italian Peruvian,
German Peruvian, from Wikipedia |
| Asian Descent |
Articles : Japanese Peruvian,
Chinese Peruvian, from Wikipedia A.F. Murtono, Peruvian Japanese Internment - My Family Story Exposing Japanese-Peruvian WWII internment camps, The World 2010 02 19 World War II Internment Camps, from Texas State Historical Association St.C. Moore, Gender and Japanese Immigrants to Peru, 1899 through World War II, 2010, posted at eScholarship S.C. Moore, The Japanese in Multiracial Peru, 1899-1942, thesis Univ. of California San Diego 2009 W. Stewart, Chinese Bondage in Peru. A History of the Chinese Coolies in Peru, 1849-1874 1951, IA |
| African Descent |
Article : Afro-Peruvian, from Wikipedia The Guardian, July 12 2012 : Peru tries to end discrimination against African-Peruvians |
| Religion |
Category : Religion in Peru, from Wikipedia Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Peru, from Kirken i Norge Patron Saint Index : Peru C.L. Holland, A Chronology of Protestant Beginnings : Peru The Virtual Jewish History Tour : Peru, Lima History of Islam in Peru Country Report : Peru, from ARDA A. Reville, The native religions of Mexico and Peru, 1884, IA |
| History of Regions |
Article Provinces of Peru,
Administrative Divisions of Peru, from Wikipedia Category : Provinces of Peru, from Wikipedia Articles : Republic of South Peru, Republic of North Peru (both 1836-1839), Acre (claimed by Peru intil 1903), Loreto Region, from Wikipedia Articles : Acre (Brasil), Departamento de Loreto, Tacna, Arica y Tarapaca hasta 1929, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Regions of Peru, from www.statoids.com Provinces of Peru, from www.statoids.com J.M. Merklin, Countries and Territories of the 20th Century, 2009 : Peruvian Republic 1900-07-08, 1908-07-08, 1918-07-08, 1928-07-08, 1938-07-08, 1948-07-08, 1958-07-08, 1968-07-08, 1978-07-08, 1988-07-08, 1998-07-08, 2008-07-08 |
| Local History |
List of Cities in Peru, from Wikipedia History of Lima, Cuzco, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Iquitos, Cajamarca, Tumbes, Callao, from Wikipedia Cl.R. Markham, Cuzco: a journey to the ancient capital of Peru; with an account of the history, language, literature, and antiquities of the Incas. And Lima: a visit to the capital and provinces of modern Peru; with a sketch of the viceregal government, history of the republic, and a review of the literature and society of Peru (1856), IA G. Riofrio, Urban Slums Report, The Case of Lima 1972 B.E. Rouleau, Tu envidia es mi progreso: An Ethnographic Account of the Development of Squatter Settlements in San Juan de Miraflores, Lima, Peru., thesis Univ. of Western Ontario 2013 R. Chuhue, Historia de Lima 2011 |
| Institutions | Broadcasting & Communication |
History of Broadcasting in Peru, from The Broadcast Archive;
Article : Radio Nacional del Peru,
Television del Peru,
Telefonica del Peru, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
| Research & Higher Education |
Article : National University of San Marcos, from Wikipedia Article : Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales del Peru , from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
| Transportation |
The Magic of the Andes, from Mike's Railway History;
Brief Historical Summary of the Railways in Peru, by Elio Galessio Peru, from Airline History Search Lighthouse Explorer for Peru |
| Culture |
Peru, from Alcohol and Drugs History Society Article Peru at the Olympics, from Wikipedia A.A. Reinel, Si te atreves! Composing Music and Black Identity in Peru, 1958-1974, thesis Michigan 2008 L. Gomez, Musica Criolla. Cultural Practices and National Issues in Modern Peru. The case of Lima (1920-1960), thesis Stony Brook 2010 |
| Biographies |
List of Peruvians, from Wikipedia |
| Environmental History |
Neotropic Ecoregion, from WWF Julissa Castellanos, Tupac Amarau Uprising and the Environment, ICE Case Studies 1997 K.B. Jones, Mollusk-Shell Radiocarbon as Paleoupwelling Proxy in Peru, thesis Univ. of Arizona 2009 G. Stetson, Hydrocarbon Conflict in the Peruvian Amazon : Indigenous Peoples' Decolonization of Development and Sustainability, thesis Colorado State 2010 M. Fernandez-Canque, Arica 1868: Un tsunami y un terremoto, 2007 IRIS, International Digital Earthquake Archives : 1968 San Martin (Peru) Earthquake Archive, 1970 Peru Earthquake Archive, 1970 Peru-Ecuador Earthquake Archive |
| Others |
Disaster History by Country : Peru, from Relief Web Jeffrey Franco, Peru-Ecuador Border Dispute, ICE Case Studies 1997 Article : Historia territorial del Peru, from Wikipedia Spanish edition G.F. Sheffield, Peru and the Peace Corps, 1962-1968, thesis Univ. of Connecticut 1991 H. Willer, "Journalism and Media within Globalization", Local Public Spheres and Social Conflicts. A case study from Peru, thesis Hamburg 2010 |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon),
from Rulers (B. Schemmel),
from World Rulers (E. Schulz, illustrated) |
| Lists of Ambassadors |
U.S. Ambassadors to Peru, from NNDB;
Embajadores de Mexico : Peru, from Acervo Historico Diplomatico;
Heads of Post, from MOFA Canada List of Diplomats from the United Kingdom to Peru, from Wikipedia, Liste der Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Lima (Peru), from Wikipedia German edition Chinese Ambassadors to Peru, from PRC MOFA |
| Lists of Consuls |
The Political Graveyard : Peru, has incomplete list of U.S. Consuls |
| Lists of Bishops |
Category : Roman Catholic Dioceses in Peru,
Articles : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima,
Arequipa,
Ayacucho,
Cuzco,
Huancayo,
Piura,
Trujillo, from Wikipedia |
| Statistical Data | Responsible Institution |
Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Informatica, Peru |
| Population Figures |
from Population Statistics, Univ. Utrecht Estimates of Death Toll in Shining Path Insurrection (1980-1999), posted by Matthew White, scroll down for Peru World Life Expectancy : Peru |
| Exchange Rates |
Historical Exchange Rates, from Oanda, since 1990 Historical Exchange Rates, from FXTop, since 1953 |
| Economic Indicators |
Economic Indicators, from Trading Economics, since 1995 |
| Election Results |
from Peru (since 1998);
from IFES Election Guide Article : Elections in Peru, from Wikipedia |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers | Hemerotheques |
Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, Portal Peru,
Hemeroteca |
| Selected Newspaper Articles |
History of Peru, from World History Archives Theodore Child, Impressions of Peru, from Harper's New Weekly Magazine, Jan. 1891 pp.253-277, from Cornell Digital Library Collection |
| Modern Newspapers |
Newspapers and News Media : Peru, from ABYZ;
from Online Newspapers,
from World Newspapers,
from Worldpress.org (links) |
| Online Yearbooks - Peru Entries |
Statesman's Yearbook (vol.1 1864 : no entry for Peru);
vol.2 : 1865 pp.578-580, GB,
vol.3 : 1866 pp.567-570, GB,
vol.4 : 1867 pp.559-563, GB,
vol.5 : 1868 pp.559-563, GB,
vol.6 : 1869 pp.559-563, GB,
1870 pp.550-555, GB,
1871, pp.550-556, IA,
1872, pp.549-555, IA,
1873, pp.550-556, IA,
1874, pp.549-556, IA,
1875, pp.550-558, IA,
1876, pp.554-561, IA,
1877, pp.561-569, IA,
1878, pp.561-569, IA,
1879, pp.561-569, IA,
1880, pp.561-569, IA,
1881, pp.561-569, IA,
1883, pp.561-569, IA,
1884, pp.602-609, IA,
1885, pp.613-621, IA,
1886, pp.628-636, IA,
1887, pp.652-660, IA,
1888, pp.654-633, IA,
1889, pp.659-669, IA,
1890, pp.805-813, IA,
1891, pp.809-817, IA,
1892, pp.819-827, IA,
1894, pp.819-827, IA,
1895, pp.819-827, IA,
1896, pp.819-827, IA,
1898, pp.819-827, IA,
1899, pp.868-877, IA,
1903, pp.952-962, IA,
1913, pp.1138-1147, IA,
1919, pp.1145-1155, IA,
1921, pp.1174-1183, IA Annuario pontificio 1822, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1840, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1851, 1853, 1854, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1868, 1869, in Italian, GB; search for Peru |
| Staatskalender |
| Newsreels |
| Films on History/Society |
Article : Cine del Peru, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Most Popular Titles, History Titles, Documentaries with Country of Origin : Peru, from IMDb |
| Image Databanks |
Systematic Collections General |
|
Systematic Collections Specialist |
Images of Guano harvesting : Peruvian Guano, from Aves de Peru;
Explotacion del guano en Peru, from Artehistoria FIHCA, Lima a Traves de sus Postales |
| Accidental Collections |
|
Universal Collections Items on Singapore |
Search Scripophily for Peru License Plates, from Francoplaque, from License Plates around the World Passports of Peru, from World Passports Airline Timetable Images : Peru |
| Laws |
Constitutions of Peru, from Political Database of the Americas List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Peru, from ILO, 69 docs. since 1919 Archivo Digital de la Legislacion en el Peru Constitution des provinces-unies de l'Amerique du sud, 1819, in French, GB |
| Treaties | General Treaty Collections |
| Bilateral Treaty Collections |
C. Calvo, Coleccion completa de los tratados, convenciones, capitulaciones, armisticios y otros actos diplomaticos: de todos los estados
de la America Latina,
vol.1 1862,
vol.2 1862,
vol.3 1862,
vol.4 1862,
vol.5 1862,
vol.6 1862,
vol.7 1865,
vol.8 1866,
vol.9 1866,
vol.10 1866,
vol.11 1869, GB Peace Agreements Digital Collection : Ecuador-Peru, from United States Institute of Peace Peru, pp.987-1301 in vol.10 of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776-1949, 1972, GB Coleccion de los tratados del Peru (1876) in Spanish, posted on Internet Archive |
| Consular Reports |
Supplement to Commerce reports : daily consular and trade reports issued by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce
Peru : Sept. 12 1916,
Dec. 27 1916,
Nov. 20 1917,
Feb. 15 1919,
July 23 1920, IA Consular Recommendations on South American Trade 1915, IA; U.S. consuls, Peru pp.23-24 Supplement to Commerce reports : daily consular and trade reports issued by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce : Peru : Sept. 12 1916, IA |
| Chamber of Commerce Reports |
| Historiography |
| Document Collections |
Truth Commissions : Peru, from United States Institute of Peace J. de la Riva-Aguero, Memorias y documentos para la historia del Peru (1858), IA Peru, Ministerio de las Relaciones Exteriores : Correspondencia diplomatica relativa a la cuestion del Paraguay 1867, IA |
| Historical Maps | Responsible Authority |
Instituto Geografico Nacional, Peru |
| collections |
Article : Peru en los mapas historicos, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Search David Rumsey Map Collection for South America, Peru Peru Maps, PCL, UTexas Atlas of Peru, from Wikimedia Commons Historical Peru Maps, from Library of Congress Map Collection Mapoteca del Archivo Historico de Limites , Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Peru |
| South America, Modern |
Languages of South America, from TITUS South America 1800, 1816, 1827, 1900, 1901-2010, by J. de Salas Vara del Rey Map : America del Sur, 1799, from Historical and Political Maps of the Modern Age, administrative regions, in Spanish |
| South America, Contemporary |
South America 1826, from World Maps Online South America 1905, from Zonu |
| Peru, Modern |
Vireroyalty of Peru, 1650, from Mapoteca Virtual Viceroyalty of Peru, 18th C., from Historia de Nuestro Peru y del Mundo |
| Peru, Contemporary |
H. Moll, Peru, no date; Maps of Peru Mapa 1865, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
| Detail, Modern |
| Detail, Contemporary |
Lima 1687, Cronicas Cartograficas Lima 1790, HistoryNYC |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Peru, pp.436-438 in vol.16 of The Edinburgh encyclopaedia,, 1830, GB Articles Peru, Lima (city), Callao, Ayacucho, Cuzco, Iquitos, Peru, EB 1911, Classic Encyclopedia, Internet Archive Wayback Machine Article Peru, Lima, Callao, Ayacucho, Cuzco, Iquitos, Cajamarca, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German |
| Religious |
Articles Peru,
Archdiocese of Lima,
Diocese of Cuzco,
Diocese of Ayacucho,
San Leon del Amazonas, from Catholic Encyclopedia 1907 |
| Economic |
Present State of Agriculture in South America. Peru, p.198 in vol.1 of J.Cl. Loudon, An encyclop©¡dia of agriculture, 1825, GB J. Chr. Nelkenbrecher, Allgemeines Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtskunde für Banquiers und Kaufleute (General Manual on Coinage, Measurement and Weights, for Bankers and Merchants) Berlin 1832, in German, entries Lima, posted by DTBSWS Gülich, Gustav von, Geschichtliche Darstellung des Handels, der Gewerbe und des Ackerbaus der bedeutenden handeltreibenden Staaten unserer Zeit (Historical Description of Trade, Industry and Agriculture of the Important Trading States of Our Time), Jena : Frommann 6 vol.s 1830-1845, chapter : Das vormals Spanische Amerika : Peru und Bolivien, vol.4 1844 pp.104-109, posted by DTBSWS Lima or Callao, pp.57-58, Iquique p.225 in J. Daniel, Shipowner's and shipmaster's directory to the foreign port charges, 1844, GB W.H. Weed, The Copper Mines of the World 1907, Peru pp.191-197 |
| Geographical |
Peru, pp.326-352 in vol.3 of C. Malte-Brun, Universal Geography, 1827, IA Peru and Bolivia, pp.266-279 in vol.3 of H. Murray et al., The Encyclopaedia of Geography, 1839, GB Peru, pp.455-460 in vol.1 of S.G. Goodrich, Pictorial geography of the world, 1840, GB The Republic of Peru, pp.540-553 in vol.1 of R.S. Fisher, Book of the World, 1852, GB Peru, pp.353-361 in Th. Prescott, The Volume of the World, 1855, GB Peru, pp.661-663 in F.H. Ungewitter, Neueste Erdbeschreibung und Staatenkunde, 1859, in German, GB Peru, pp.207-211 in A. Harris, A geographical hand book, 1862, GB Peru, pp.462-465 in J. MacFarlane, Economic geography, c.1910, GB |
| Ethnological |
Peru pp.341-344, in A. Hamilton, Marriage rites,
customs, and ceremonies, of all nations of the universe, 1822, GB Republique du Perou, pp.448-452 in X. Heuschling, Manual de statistique ethnographique universelle, 1847, in French, GB The Andean South pp.210-252, in vol.11 of L.H. Gray, The Mythology of all Races, 1920, GB The Peruvians and Aymaras pp.281-288 in A.H. Keane, The World's Peoples: A Popular Account of Their Bodily & Mental Characters , 1908, GB Peru p.80 in R.D. Owen, The wrong of slavery, the right of emancipation, and the future of the African race in the United States, 1864, GB Peru, pp.866-877 in G.G. Chisholm, The world as it is; a popular account of the countries and peoples of the earth 1884, IA |
| Historical |
Peru, pp.426-427 in vol.2 of S. Maunder, The history of the world, 1856, GB The Backward States : Peru, pp.184-186 in W.W. Sweet, A History of Latin America, 1929, GB |
| Other |
Bradshaw's railway manual, shareholders' guide and official directory for 1857 (vol.9) :
Arica and Tacna (Peru), p.360, GB Bradshaw's railway manual, shareholders' guide and official directory for 1864 (vol.16) : Arica and Tacna, p.384, GB Bradshaw's railway manual, shareholders' guide and official directory for 1867 (vol.19) : Arica and Tacna, p.416, Peruvian, p.423, GB Article : Peru, in : Röll, Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens, 1912, in German, posted by Zeno |
| Parliamentary Debates |
Congress of the Republic of Peru, Actas del Pleno
2011- |
| Tour Guides, Travelogues |
Pacific line guide to South America; containing information to travellers & shippers to ports on the east & west coasts of South America 1895, IA; on Peru (including Bolivia) pp.93-117 A. de Clairmont, Guide to Modern Peru, 1907, IA A. Hale, Practical Guide to Latin America, 1909, IA; on Peru pp.110-117 W.A. Hirst, A Guide to South America 1915, IA; on Peru pp.256-292 A.S. Peck, The South American Tour - A Descriptive Guide 1916, IA; on Peru pp.43-133 |
| Residence Memoirs |
A. Smith, Peru as it is: a residence in Lima, and other parts of the Peruvian Republic,
vol.1, 1839,
vol.2, 1839, GB |
| Exhibition Catalogues |
| Institutions | Archives | Lists of Archives |
National Archives : Latin America, from
UNESCO Archives Portal Archivos del Peru, from Fundacion MAPFRE Peru, from Repositories of Primary Sources : Latin America (UIdaho) |
| Archive Websites |
Archivos del Peru;
Archivo General de la Nacion, Peru nf;
Archivo General del Congreso de la Republica;
Archivo Central, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Peru Genealogia Peruana, Archivo Genealogico, from Biblioteca Nacional del Peru Congress of the Republic of Peru, General Archive |
| Musea |
Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Antropologia e Historia del Peru Museo Numismatico, Banco Central de la Reserva del Peru Museums of Peru, from Enjoy Peru |
| Monuments |
UNESCO World Heritage Convention : Peru Category : Monuments and memorials in Peru, from Wikipedia Categoria : Monumentos del Peru, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Showcaves : Peru |
| Libraries |
Biblioteca Nacional del Peru Libraries in Peru, from LibDex |
| Official Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag, from FOTW; Coat of Arms, from
International Civic Heraldry National Anthem, from David's National Anthem Reference Page |
| Coins, Banknotes |
Peruvian banknotes, from World Currency Museum;
from Ron Wise's World Paper Money Peru Coins, from World Coin Gallery, from Numista, from ColNect, from OmniCoin Search Coin Archives for Peru Monedas del Mundo : Peru Peru, from Encyclopedia of Small Silver Coins |
| Stamps |
Rare Peruvian Stamps, from Sandafayre Stamp Gallery;
Catalogue Peruvian Stamps 1857-1919, from Stamps Catalogue 1840-1920 by Evert Klaseboer |
|
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND PRINT SOURCES Bibliographies . Online Libraries . Thesis Servers . Online Journals . General Accounts . Specific Topics . Historical Dictionaries . Statistical Data . Yearbooks |
| Bibliographies | general |
Search ISBN Database |
| on Peru | survey of bibliographies |
| bibliographic database |
Biblioteca Nacional del Peru, Centro Bibliografico Nacional
; no searchable database offered Biblioteca Nacional del Peru, Catalogo General |
| general bibliographies |
Aprodeh, Bibliografia sobre Memoria en el Peru pp.133-157 in M. Alisky, Historical Dictionary of Peru, Metuchen NJ 1979, [G] |
| annual bibliographies |
| specialist bibliographies |
Bibliografia : La Concepcion del Tiempo y Espacio en el Mundo Andino, Peru, Volvere May 2004 Bibliografia : Movimentos Indigenos en America Latina : Peru, Volvere July 2004 Bibliografia sobre los siglos XVI y XVII en el Peru Biblioteca especializada del arqueologia del Peru : Bibliografias Migration Bibliography Peru, from Discover Nikkei (Jap. Emigration) Bibliography : Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru, from The Irish in Latin America and Iberia Bibliography on Prehispanic Hydraulic Systems on the Peruvian Coastal Valleys, from Tiwanaku Archeo An Expanding Bibliography of Huachuma and San Pedro Mesa Shamanism, by O. Blanco G.A. Dorsey, A bibliography of the anthropology of Peru (1898), posted on Internet Archive Inca Bibliography, from archaeology.about.com J. Jacobsen, ICPP Project, Bibliography on Party Politics in Peru, 1950-1962 H.F. Dobyns et al., Cornell Peru Project, Bibliography 1964 |
| serial publications |
|
general bibliographies Peru entries |
Library of Congress HLAS Online Handbook of Latin American Studies (Bibliography) Bibliography : Andes, from Environmental History of Latin America; Online Bibliography on Latin American Environmental History Latin American Books Food and Culture (a bibliography), by R.T. Dirks, click on South America |
| booksellers |
| on Peru |
Biblioteca Virtual, Sistema de Bibliotecas (Peru) Libros Peruanos, Biblioteca Digital Academia.edu, Documents in Peruvian History |
| Thesis Server |
Open Access Theses and Dissertations Registry of Open Access Repositories : Peru Amauta. Repositorio Digital Peruano TDX (Theses from Spanish Universities Online; almost exclusively in Spanish); search for Peru Thesis Server, from Biblioteca Virtual, Sistema de Bibliotecas (Peru) Repositorio Digital FLACSO Andes, based in Ecuador |
| Online Journals | Directory, Article Library |
Directory of Open Access Journals HAPI Online, Hispanic American Periodicals Index (HAPI), The Database of Latin American Journal Articles |
| On Latin America |
Latin American Studies Journals (links, from LANIC) Colonial Latin American Historical Review (CLAHR) Revista Latino-Americana de Arqueologia Historica |
| On Peru |
LANIC, Academic Journals : Peru Bulletin, Institut Français d'Etudes Andines 1972- Revista Andina 1991-2009, HAPI |
| Historiography |
Article : Latin American Historiography (excluding Mexico and Brazil) - Writing on the precolonial and colonial periods from the sixteenth century
to the present day, by G.L. Vasquez, pp.534-542,
Article : Latin American Historiography (excluding Mexico and Brazil) - The National Period, 1820-1990, pp.542-545 in vol.2
of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 [G] |
| General Accounts |
Thomas A. Skidmore, Peter H. Smith, Modern Latin America, NY : Oxford UP 5th edition 2001, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 980 S628m E. Bradford Burns, Latin America, A Concise Interpretive History, Eaglewood NJ : Prentice Hall 6th edition (1972) 1994, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 980 B967l |
| Specific Topics |
Evelyn Hu-Dehart, The Chinese of Peru, Cuba and Mexico, pp.220-222
in : Robin Cohen, The Cambridge Survey of World Migration, Cambridge : UP 1995, KMLA Lib.Sign. 304.809 C678c Chapter XIV : What Peru is and what it isn't, pp.197-218, in : John Gunther, Inside Latin America, NY : Harper & Bros. 1940 [G] John Gunther : El Senor Presidente de Peru, in : John Gunther, Inside South America, NY : Harper & Row (1964) 1967, pp.321-388 Mitsuru Shimpo, Indentured Migrants from Japan, pp.48-50; Evelyn Hu-Dehart, The Chinese of Peru, Cuba and Mexico, pp.220-222 in : Robin Cohen, The Cambridge Survey of World Migration, Cambridge : UP 1995, KMLA Lib.Sign. 304.809 C678c Ch.C. Griffin, The States of Latin America, pp.516-541 in F.H. Hinsley, The New Cambridge History, vol.XI : Material Progress and World-wide Problems 1870-1898, Cambridge : UP (1962) 1978 [G] The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol.III : South America, Part 2, Cambridge : UP 1999 [G] |
| Historical Dictionaries |
M. Alisky, Historical Dictionary of Peru, Metuchen NJ 1979, [G] |
| Statistical Data |
IHS : B.R. Mitchell, International Historical Statistics. The Americas 1750-2000, London : Palgrave 2003 [G] |
| Yearbook Entries | Britannica Book of the Year |
1913 pp.1094-1096, 1944 p.539, 1945 p.539, 1946 pp.567-568, 1947 pp.591-592, 1948 pp.578-579, 1949 p.511, 1950 pp.537-538,
1951 pp.546-547, 1952 pp.550-551, 1953 pp.554-555, 1954 p.555, 1955 pp.602-603, 1956 pp.538-539, 1957 p.604, 1958 pp.536-537,
1959 pp.535-536, 1960 p.536, 1961 p.547, 1962 pp.535-536, 1963 pp.640-641, 1964 pp.647-648, 1965 pp.622-623, 1966 p.604,
1967 pp.616-617, 1968 pp.617-618, 1969 pp.598-599, 1970 pp.607-608, 1971 pp.584-585, 1972 pp.547-548, 1973 pp.534-535,
1974 pp.542-543, 1975 pp.545-546, 1976 pp.550-551, 1977 pp.551-552, 1978 pp.578-579, 1979 pp.568-569,
1980 pp.566-567, 1981 pp.567-568, 1982 pp.569-570, 1983 pp.563-564,
1984 pp.562-563, 1985 pp.586-587, 759, 1986 pp.585-586, 758, 1987 pp.553-554, 726, 1988 pp.507, 678, 1989 pp.508-509, 678,
1990 pp.524, 694, 1991 pp.508, 680, 1992 pp.481, 680, 1993 pp.489-490, 692, 1994 pp.489-490, 691, 1995 pp.457, 691,
1996 pp.455, 691, 1997 pp.461, 689, 2002 pp.477-478, 702 [G] |
| Statesman's Yearbook |
1878 pp.561-569, 1889 pp.659-669, 1895 pp.819-825, 1898 pp.819-827, 1901 pp.916-925, 1902 pp.935-944, 1905 pp.994-1005,
1907 pp.1314-1325, 1910 pp.1097-1106, 1918 pp.1167-1177, 1919 pp.1145-1155, 1924 pp.1193-1204, 1925 pp.1201-1211, 1926 pp.1163-1172, 1928 pp.1196-1205, 1929 pp.1174-1183, 1932 pp.1191-1201, 1937 pp.1220-1230, 1942 pp.1182-1192, 1943 pp.1172-1182, 1961-1962 pp.1317-1327, 1970-1971 pp.1224-1232, 1973-1974 pp.1233-1243, 1975-1976 pp.1228-1237, 1976-1977 pp.1226-1235, 1978-1979 pp.973-981, 1979-1980 pp.979-988, 1980-1981 pp.980-988, 1981-1982 pp.983-992, 1982-1983 pp.984-993, 1983-1984 pp.976-983, 1984-1985 pp.976-983, 1985-1986 pp.976-983, 1986-1987 pp.977-984, 1987-1988 pp.982-987, 1988-1989 pp.984-989, 1989-1990 pp.996-1001, 1990-1991 pp.998-1003, 1991-1992 pp.998-1003, 1992-1993 pp.1085-1090,
1993-1994 pp.1083-1088, 1994-1995 pp.1081-1087, 1995-1996 pp.1074-1079, 1996-1997 pp.1028-1033, 1997-1998 pp.1035-1040,
1998-1999 pp.1115-1121, 2000 pp.1262-1268, 2001 pp.1231-1237, 2002 pp.1280-1286, 2003 pp.1279-1285, 2004 pp.1285-1291,
2005 pp.1296-1302, 2006 pp.1303-1310 [G] |
| Americana Annual |
Article : Peru, in : Americana Annual 1927 pp.668-671, 1928 pp.615-616, 1930 pp.602-603, 1931 pp.589-591, 1932 pp.556-558,
1933 pp.593-595, 1934 pp.461-463, 1935 pp.554-555, 1936 pp.566-568, 1937 pp.559-560, 1938 pp.545-546, 1939 pp.608-610,
1940 pp.621-622, 1943 pp.584-585, 1944 pp.560-561, 1945 pp.571-573, 1946 pp.591-593,
1947 pp.550-551, 1957 pp.614-615, 1958 pp.604-605, 1959 pp.582-583, 1960 pp.588-590,
1961 pp.581-582, 1962 pp.589-590, 1963 pp.521-522, 1964 pp.519-520, 1965 p.558, 1966 pp.535-536, 1967 pp.531-533,
1968 pp.526-527, 1969 p.530, 1970 pp.534, 1971 pp.528-530, 1972 p.529, 1973 p.533, 1974 pp.464-465, 1975 p.452, 1976 p.447,
1977 p.398, 1978 pp.394-395, 1979 p.397, 1980 p.399, 1981 pp.429-430, 1983 p.408, 1984 pp.409-410, 1985 p.411, 1986 p.416, 1987 p.422,
1988 p.419, 1989 p.422, 1990 p.421, 1992 p.423, 1993 pp.425-426, 1994 p.426, 1995 p.414, 2002 pp.344-345 [G] |
| Other |
Article : Peru, in : The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events 1864 pp.652-653 [G] Article : Peru, in : Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events 1886 pp.750-753, 1894 pp.650-651 [G] Article : Peru, in : International Year Book 1898 pp.608-610, 1899 pp.636-639, 1900 pp.719-721 [G] Article : Peru, in : New International Year Book 1907 pp.612-614, 1908 pp.547-548, 1909 pp.568-570, 1910 pp.570-571, 1913 pp.534-536, 1914 pp.538-540, 1916 pp.527-529, 1917 pp.529-530, 1918 pp.484-487, 1919 pp.510-511, 1920 pp.520-522, 1921 pp.544-545, 1922 pp.549-550, 1923 pp.570-572, 1924 pp.564-566, 1925 pp.539-540, 1926 pp.585-586, 1928 pp.581-582, 1929 pp.649-651, 1930 pp.603-606, 1931 pp.635-637, 1932 pp.639-641, 1933 pp.641-643, 1934 pp.551-552, 1935 pp.566-568, 1938 pp.579-581, 1939 pp.608-610, Events of 1940 pp.585-587, 1941 pp.503-505, 1942 pp.530-532, 1943 pp.472-475, 1944 pp.464-466, 1945 pp.446-448 [G] |
