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Conquistadores under Francisco Pizarro in the name of Spain conquered the Inca Empire in 1532-1533. In 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, with capital in Lima.
In 1550 the Vicreoyalty of New Spain ceded Tierra Firma to the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1717 the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Audiencias of Santa Fe de Bogota and Quito) was carved out of the Viceroyalty of Peru; in 1723 the Audiencia of Quito reverted to the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1739 the Viceroyalty of Peru ceded the Audiencias of Quito and Panama to the Viceroyalty of New Granada. In 1776 the Viceroyalty of La Plata was carved out of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The Treaty of San Ildefonso 1777 resulted in a large chunk of territory, which included most of Amazonia, being ceded to Portugal, enlarging its colony of Brazil. The Spanish defeat in the Battle of Ayacucho 1824 resulted in the end of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Successor states the Republics of Peru and Bolivia. The vast extent of the territory claimed by the Viceroyalty is deceiving. Spanish control centered on cities such as Lima, Panama, Cusco, Quito, Bogota, Santiago de Chile, on mining centers such as Potosi, on areas with intensive agriculture. Spanish economic policy regarding the colonies - banning trade with foreigners, granting Lima a privilege which required any (legal) imports first to be offered on her market before being sold anywhere else in the Viceroyalty (abolished only in 1740) resulted in huge areas such as Patagonia, Amazonia, most of Guiana to remain hardly untouched (by the Spaniards), the La Plata region with its huge potential for cultivation, to be long neglected. Spanish reformers of the 18th century realized this and broke up the Viceroyalty. The reformers also realized that other European colonies in the Americas were economically successful because of slave-based plantations. The Treaty of San Ildefonso was to give Spainaccess to Africa (Portuguese territory according to the Treaty of Tordesillas). Students' Paper : Yoon, Sung Ah, History of Nutrition in South America (2009) Students' Papers : Song, Jeeun : History of Metallurgy and Mining in the Andean Region (2009) Students' Papers : Lee, Won Jae : History of the Quechua-Speaking People, until Today (2008) Students' Papers : Lee, Si-eun : History of Indian and Chinese Coolies and their Descendants (2008) |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles | Modern |
Article : Viceroyalty of Peru, from Wikipedia Article : Virreinato de Peru, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
| Historical |
W. Robertson, Spanish America, 1818, GB |
| Links |
from Virtual Library History;
Category : History of Peru, from Wikipedia Categoria : Virreinato del Peru, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
| Organizations |
Organization of American Historians Instituto de Estudios Peruanos Congreso Profesional de Arquelogos del Peru (COARPE) |
| Historical Dictionaries |
M. de Mendiburu, Diccionario historico-biografico del Peru (1887) in Spanish, IA;
from Biblioteca Cervantes Virtual A. de Alcedo, Diccionario geografico-historico de las Indias Occidentales o America, vol.1, 1786, vol.2 1787, vol.3, 1788, vol.4, 1788, vol.5, 1789, in Spanish, GB Arqueologia del Peru, La enciclopedia en linea de la arqueologia prehispanica del Peru |
| Portals |
| Timelines |
from timelines.ws; from
BBC News |
| Accounts of History | Modern |
Article : Viceroyalty of Peru, from Wikipedia Articles : Virreinato de Peru, Historia del Virreinato de Peru, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
| Historical |
H.S. Beebe, The History of Peru (1858), IA,
GB Cl.R. Markham, A History of Peru (1892), IA G. de la Vega, Historia general del Peru 1610 ed., 1617 ed., GB |
| Specific Periods |
William H. Prescott, History of the Conquest of Peru (1847) NY : Barnes and Noble 2004 [G]; online version (1901)
vol.1, vol.2, posted on Internet Archive Father Bernabe Cobo, History of the Inca Empire (1653), trsl. by Roland Hamilton, Austin : University of Texas Press 1983 [G] Cl..R. Markham, The war between Peru and Chile, 1879-1882 (1920), posted on Internet Archive Cl.R. Markham, The Incas of Peru (1912), posted on Internet Archive H. Bell, The golden age of Peru (1921), posted on Internet Archive S. Lorente, Historia del Peru bajo la dinastia austriaca, 1542-1598 (1863), 1598-1700 in Spanish, posted on Internet Archive Bartolome de las Casas, De las antiguas gentes del Peru (1892) in Spanish, posted on Internet Archive Cl.R. Markham (ed.), Reports on the discovery of Peru, vol.1 (de Xeres 1872), vol.4 (Pedro Sancho, 1872) posted on Internet Archive P. de Chiesa de Leon, The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru (1883), posted on Internet Archive Relaciones de los virreyes y audiencias que han gobernado el Peru (1871) in Spanish, posted on Internet Archive Pedro Pizarro, Relation of the discovery and the conquest of the kingdoms of Peru, vol.1 (1921), vol.2, posted on Internet Archive G. de la Vega, Comentarios reales, que tratan del origen de los Yncas, vol.1, 1723, vol.2, 1722, in Spanish, GB B.R. Hamnett, La Politica Contrarrevolucionaria del Virrey Abascal, Peru 1806-1816, 1999, in Spanish |
| Administration |
| Military |
Pedro Sancho, An Account of the Conquest of Peru (1917), posted on Internet Archive Th. Cochrane Earl of Dundonald, Narrative of Services in the Liberation of Chili, Peru and Brazil,: from Spanish and Portuguese Domination, vol.1 (1854), vol.2, posted on Internet Archive Relacion historica de los sucesos de la rebelion de Jose Gabriel: Tupac-Amaru en las provincias del Peru, el ano de 1780 () in Spanish, posted on Internet Archive |
| Economy & Finances |
W.H. Holmes, Textile Fabrics of Ancient Peru (1889), posted on Internet Archive W.G. Mortimer, Peru. History of coca, "the divine plant" of the Incas; with an introductory account of the Incas, and of the Andean Indians of to-day (1901), posted on Internet Archive Discovery: Iron Ore Mine In Peru Pre-Dates Inca, from Science 2.0 Peru's historic mercury pollution still of concern today. from Mines and Communities |
| Social History |
| Ethnography |
| Religion |
Peru : The Lima Inquisition and Book Censorship, from Beacon for Freedom of Expression Historia de la Compana de Jesus en la provincia del Paraguay (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Per, Bolivia y Brasil) segn los documentos originales del Archivo General de Indias vol.1 (1912), vol.2 (1912), vol.3 (1912), vol.4 (1912) in Spanish, posted on Internet Archive H.Ch. Lea, The inquisition in the Spanish dependencies : Sicily - Naples - Sardinia - Milan - the Canaries - Mexico - Peru - New Granada (1908), posted on Internet Archive P.J. de Arriaga, La extirpacion de la idolatria en el Peru, 1920, Gb J.B. Bermudez, Anales de la Catedral de Lima : 1534 a 1824, n.d., in Spanish A. Coello de la Roca, Conciencia Criolla y Espiritualidad en Lima Colonial, 2002, IEP, in Spanish |
| History of Regions |
Articles : Royal Audiencia of Panama,
Lima,
Quito,
Buenos Aires,
Concepcion, from Wikipedia Articles : Real Audiencia de Chile, Buenos Aires, Lima, Cuzco (est. 1787), Charcas (diss. 1573), Santa Fe de Bogota, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
| Local History |
List of Cities in Peru, from Wikipedia History of Lima, Cuzco, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Iquitos, Cajamarca, Tumbes, Callao, from Wikipedia Cl.R. Markham, Cuzco: a journey to the ancient capital of Peru; with an account of the history, language, literature, and antiquities of the Incas. And Lima: a visit to the capital and provinces of modern Peru; with a sketch of the viceregal government, history of the republic, and a review of the literature and society of Peru (1856), posted on Internet Archive |
| Institutions |
| Culture |
Peru : The Lima Inquisition and Book Censorship, from Beacon for Freedom of Expression |
| Biographies |
| Specific Topics |
| Others |
Peru, from Alcohol and Drugs History Society Neotropic Ecoregion, from WWF |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon) |
| Lists of Bishops |
Articles : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima,
Asuncion,
Concepciion,
Popayan,
Quito, from Wikipedia |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers |
Mercurio Peruano, 1791-1792, GB |
| Image Databanks |
Wikimedia Commons |
| Archival Deposits |
Portada de Pares, Archivos de Espana Search National Archives, UK Search Vatican Secret Archives |
| Constitutions, Laws |
Recopilacion de las Leyes de Indias, 1680, posted by Archivo Digital de la Legislacion en el Peru, in Spanish Recopilacion de las Leyes de Indias, vol.1, 1774, vol.2, 1774, vol.3, 1774, in Spanish, GB Recopilacion de las Leyes de Indias vol.1, 1791, vol.2, 1791, vol.3, 1791, in Spanish, GB Nueva constitucion que ha de regir en Espana e Indias, 1808, in Spanish, GB Archivo Digital de la Legislacion en el Peru A collection of mining laws of Spain and Mexico, 1859, GB |
| Treaties |
| Document Collections |
Documentos historicos del Peru en las epocas del coloniaje despues de la conquista y de la .. (1863) in Spaqnish, posted on
Internet Archive Coleccion de documentos y de sucessos notables en las campanas de la pacificacion del Peru (1837) in Spanish, posted on Internet Archive M. de Odriozola (ed.), Documentos historicos del Peru en las epocas del coloniaje despues de la conquista y de la .. (1877) in Spanish, posted on Internet Archive J. de la Riva-Aguero, Memorias y documentos para la historia del Peru (1858) in Spanish, posted on Internet Archive Coleccion Documental de la Independencia del Peru, GB Henry C. Lea (1829-1909), The Inquisition in 17th Century Peru, a case of Portuguese Judaizers, from Modern History Sourcebook |
| Historical Maps |
Languages of South America, from TITUS Map : Perou et Pays circonvoisins, from Bonne, Atlas Encyclopedique, 1787-88 Article : Peru en los mapas historicos, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Mapoteca del Archivo Historico de Limites , Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Peru |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
Secular |
| Religious |
| Economic |
| Geographical |
Viceroyalty of Peru, pp.803-811 in J. Morse et al., The American universal geography, 1819, GB |
| Historical |
The Present State of Peru, pp.263-342 in vol.3 of Th. Salmon, Modern history or the present state of all nations,
1746, GB The first discovery of Peru, and the progress on the conquest of that kingdom pp.288-448 in vol.38 of The modern part of an universal history, 1763, GB Historia del Peru, pp.12-105 in H. Belloc, Historia de America desde los tiempos mas remotos hasta nuestros dias 1845, in Spanish, GB |
| Parliamentary Debates |
Hansard (British Parliament) Diario de las discusiones y actas de las Cortes, vol.1, 1811, vol.2, 1811, vol.3, 1811, vol.4, 1811, vol.5, 1811, vol.6, 1811, vol.7, 1811, vol.8, 1811, vol.9, 1811, vol.10, 1811, vol.11, 1812, vol.12, 1812, vol.13, 1812, vol.14, 1812, vol.15, 1812, vol.16, 1812, vol.18, 1813, vol.19, 1813, vol.20, 1813, vol.21, 1813, vol.22, 1813, vol.23, 1813, 1820-1821 vol.1, 1820, 1820-1821 vol.3, 1820, 1820-1821 vol.4, 1820, 1820-1821 vol.7, 1820, 1820-1821 vol.8, 1820, 1820-1821 vol.9, 1820, 1820-1821 vol.10, 1820, 1820-1821 vol.11, 1820, 1820-1821 vol.12, 1821, 1820-1821 vol.13, 1821, 1820-1821 vol.16, 1821, 1820-1821 vol.18, 1821, 1820-1821 vol.20, 1821, 1820-1821 vol.21, 1821, 1820-1821 vol.22, 1821, 1820-1821 vol.23, 1821, in Spanish, GB |
| Tour Guides, Travelogues |
Pedro de Cieza de Leon, The seventeen years travels of Peter de Cieza, through the mighty kingdom of Peru, and the large provinces of Cartagena and Popayan in South America: from
the city of Panama, on the isthmus, to the frontiers of Chile. Now first tr. from the Spanish, and illustrated with a map, and several cuts (1709), posted on
Internet Archive A.Z. Helms, Travels from Buenos Ayres, by Potosi, to Lima, 1806, GB |
| Residence Memoirs |
| Institutions | Archives, Musea, Libraries |
Archivo General de las Indias, Sevilla, Spain Archivo General de la Nacion, Peru nf, Archivo General de la Nacion, Argentina, Archivo y Biblioteca Nacional de Bolivia nf, Archivo Nacional de Chile, Archivo General de la Nacion, Colombia, Archivo Nacional del Ecuador, Archivo Nacional de Panama, Archivo Nacional de Asuncion, Paraguay National Archives : Latin America, from UNESCO Archives Portal Libraries in Peru, from LibDex Museums of Peru, from Enjoy Peru Peru, from Repositories of Primary Sources : Latin America (UIdaho) |
| Official Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag, from FOTW; Coat of Arms, from
International Civic Heraldry National Anthem, from David's National Anthem Reference Page |
| Coins, Banknotes |
Peruvian banknotes, from World Currency Museum;
from Ron Wise's World Paper Money Peru Coins, from World Coin Gallery Search Coin Archives for Pru |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| Bibliography | General |
RHS Bibliography |
| on Viceroyalty of Peru |
Biblioteca Nacional del Peru Library of Congress HLAS Online Handbook of Latin American Studies (Bibliography) Bibliography : Andes, from Environmental History of Latin America; Online Bibliography on Latin American Environmental History Bibliography on Prehispanic Hydraulic Systems on the Peruvian Coastal Valleys, from Tiwanaku Archeo An Expanding Bibliography of Huachuma and San Pedro Mesa Shamanism, by O. Blanco Inca Bibliography, from archaeology.about.com Latin American Books Food and Culture (a bibliography), by R.T. Dirks, click on South America G.A. Dorsey, A bibliography of the anthropology of Peru (1898), posted on Internet Archive Instituto de Estudios Peruanos : Biblioteca |
| Online Libraries | General |
Gutenberg Library Online,
Internet Archive Persee (French search engine) Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |
| Online Journals | General |
Directory of Open Access Journals |
| On Viceroyalty of Peru |
| Historiography |
Article : Latin American Historiography (excluding Mexico and Brazil) - Writing on the precolonial and colonial periods from the sixteenth century
to the present day, by G.L. Vasquez, pp.534-542,
Article : Latin American Historiography (excluding Mexico and Brazil) - The National Period, 1820-1990, pp.542-545 in vol.2
of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 [G] |
| General Accounts |
E. Bradford Burns, Latin America, A Concise Interpretive History, Eaglewood NJ : Prentice Hall 6th edition (1972) 1994, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 980 B967l |
| Specific Topics |
| Historical Dictionaries |
