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Thailand China
First posted on May 20th 2002, last revised on May 16th 2010







 In 1887, France created the Indochinese Union (French Indochina) out of her colonies and protectorates in South East Asia, viz. French Cochinchina (since 1863), Cambodia (since 1863), French Annam (since 1885), French Tonkin (since 1885). Laos was to join in 1893, Gwangzhouwan (alternative spellings Kouang Tcheou Wan, Kwangchowan, a port located in the Chinese province of Guangdong) was associated 1898-1946.
From 1940 to 1944 the area was only nominally under French rule; Japan exercised real control, from 1944 to 1945 also in its own name. Following the Japanese surrender the campaign of regional Communist organizations for independence began. French control of the major cities was restored by 1946-1947. French Tonkin, French Annam and French Cochinchina were united to form Vietnam (either as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1945-1954 as the Viet Minh wanted to have it, or as the Associated State of Vietnam under Emperor Bao Dai, which the French supported).
The crushing defeat in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1954 caused France to withdraw from Indochina. French Indochina was partitioned in the Kingdoms of Cambodia, Laos, the Empire of (South) Vietnam (monarchy abolished in 1955) and the Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam.

For the history of Cambodia, Luang Prabang, Champassak, Viangchan, prior to French Rule, click the individual country ; for the history of Cochinchina 1802-1863, Annam and Tonkin 1802-1885 see Vietnam 1802-1885

Timeline : French Indochina
Historical Atlas : French Indochina Page







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DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES
Country Profiles Current Article : French Indochina, from Wikipedia
Article : Indochina française, from Wikipedia French edition
Historic
Links Category : French Indochina, from Wikipedia
Categorie : Indochine française, from Wikipedia French edition
From Indochine Souvenir
Historical Dictionary
Organizations International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA)
Societe française d'histoire d'outre mer
Association Etudes Coloniales
Association Nationale des Anciens et Amis de l'Indochine et du Souvenir Indochinois (A.N.A.I.)
Association Nationale des Anciens Prisonniers Internes Deportes d'Indochine (ANAPI)
La site des Rapatries français d'indochine
Japan Society for Southeast Asian Studies (JSSEAS)
The International Center for East Asian Archaeology and Cultural History (ICEAACH)
Finnish University Network for East and Southeast Asian Studies
Portals Indochine Française 1858-1954 (Indochine Souvenir), in French
Timelines Cartotheque et Chronologie, from Dossier Indochine by Academie Rheims
Accounts of History General Sanderson Beck, Vietnam and the French 1800-1950
Specific Periods / Events 1941-1945. Indochina at the Crossroads, by Thomas Beamish
E.J.J. Diquet, Annam et Indo-Chine française: I. Esquisse de l'histoire annamite. II. Role de la France en Indo .. (1903) in French, posted on Internet Archive
Military Brigade Française d'Indochine S.R., from Amis de la Madeleine
Franco-Thai Conflict in WW 2, from Weird Wars
Economy & Finances Articles French Indochinese Piastre, from Wikipedia
Economic Statistics on Vietnam during its Colonial Period, by J.P. Bassino
Article : Banque de l'Indochine, from Wikipedia French edition
Religion Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, from Kirken i Norge
Buddhism in Vietnam, by Jeff Barlow, from Wikipedia
Buddhism in Cambodia, from Wikipedia
Buddhism in Laos, from Wikipedia
Islam in Cambodia, from Wikipedia
History of Regions see under History of French Annam, French Cochinchina, French Tonkin (Tongking), Cambodia, Laos
Local History History of Saigon, from Yahoo Travel; from HVVT, from Wikipedia
History of Hue, from Wikipedia
History of Hanoi, from Wikipedia
History of Haiphong, from Wikipedia
History of Phnom Penh, from Wikipedia
History of Vientiane, from Wikipedia
Institutions History of the Ecole Francaise d"Extreme Orient, from IIAS
Trolleys in French Indochina : Hanoi, Saigon, from Tram Views of Asia
Indo-China, from Airline History
Others Yong En En, The Failure of Communism to take root among the Cambodians and the Lao before 1945 reflected the Success of a French Divide-and-Rule Policy which pitted these Groups against the Vietnamese. It also reflected the Fact that the Confucian Base of Vietnamese Culture made them more receptive to Marxism. Theravada Buddhist Base of Cambodian and Lao Culture,, NUS History Society e-Journal

DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS
Historical Data Lists of Statesmen from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon); from Rulers (B. Schemmel), scroll down
Population Figures Historical Population Statistics, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, UUtrecht
Documents Historical Newspapers Official Gazettes Bulletin officiel de l'Indochine française 1889, Gallica
Staatskalender Annuaire general de l'Indo-Chine française 1901-1925, Gallica
Newsreels Archives Audiovisuelles de la Recherche
British Pathe
Wochenschau-Archiv (in German)
Archief Beeld en Geluid : Polygoon (in Dutch)
ECPAD Videos : Fonds de Guerre d'Indochine
Image Databanks Systematic Collections
General 		Archives nationales d'outre-mer, Base Ulysse, image base
Systematic Collections
Specialist 		Philippe Millour, Photos d'Indochine : L'Indochine en 1930-1940
Accidental Collections Category : French Indochina, from Wikimedia Commons
Oriental Collections
Items on French Indochina
Universal Collections
Items on French Indochina 		French Indochina, from License Plate Online (Image of car license plate)
Historic Picture Postcards : Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, from Postcardman, commercial site
Belle CPA : Cartes Postales d'Indochine, commercial site
Video Documentaries Search INA for Indochine
Archival Deposits Search Janus
Search ARCHIEVEN.NL
Search New Zealand Electronic Text Centre
Constitutions, Laws
Treaties Indochina - Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, Documents 1950-1964, from Avalon Project at Yale Law School
Document Collections Foreign Office (British) : Peace Handbooks (1919-1920), posted on Internet Archive; v.13 Persian Gulf : French and Portuguese possessions in Asia, no. 76-81
Indochine : Documents, from Academie Rheims
Yosuke Matsuoka Japan's Foreign Minister's Address at Opening of Thai-French Indo-China Border Dispute Mediation Conference, Tokyo, February 7, 1941, from Words of Peace, Words of War
Exchange of Letters between the French Ambassador, Charles Arsene-Henry and Yosuke Matsuoka, Japanese Foreign Minister, March 11 1941, from Words of Peace, Words of War
Mediation Terms of the Thai-French Indo-China Border Dispute, March 11, 1941, from Words of Peace, Words of War
Acting Secretary of State Sumner Welles' Statement on Japanese-French Collaboration in Indochina, July 24, 1941, from Words of Peace, Words of War
Agrement between Japan and France Pledging Military Co-Operation in Defense of Indo-China, Tokyo, July 29, 1941, from Words of Peace, Words of War
Statement by Japanese Board of Information on "Reinforcing Japanese Forces in Indo-China", Tokyo, August 1, 1941, from Words of Peace, Words of War
President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Press Conference on Indochina: Statement of the Domino Thesis, 1954. from McGraw-Hill
Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference on the Problem of Restoring Peace in Indochina, July 21, 1954 and the United States' Statement of Unilateral Dissent. from McGraw-Hill
Historical Maps collections see here
Cartotheque et Chronologie, from Dossier Indochine by Academie Rheims
Canby Publications, Cambodia : Historical Map Index
Historical Maps Archive : Historical Maps of Indo-China
Indochine Souvenir : Cartes
Links Belle Indochine, Cartes
French Indochina, Modern Map of French Indochina 1859-1939, J. de Salas Vara del Rey
Atlas historique : L'expansion coloniale fran?ise en Indochine (1859-1907), La guerre d'Indochine (1946-1954)
Indochina, ethnolinguistic groups, 1970, PCL, UTexas
Indochina 1939, 1945, 1949, 1993, J. de Salas Vara del Rey
French Indochina, Contemporary Canby Publications, French Indochina 1913
French Indo-China 1922, from Probert Encyclopedia
Cosmovisions, Carte de l'Indochine française, Vidal la Blache c.1910
Detail, Modern
Detail, Contemporary Shutterstock, Saigon 1860
Annam 1906, 1938, Cambodia 1922, 1932, 1938, Tong-King 1906, from Probert Encyclopedia
Cosmovisions, Cochinchine française, Tonkin, Vidal la Blache c.1910
Historical
Encyclopedia Entries 		Secular Articles Kambodscha, Anam, Tongking, Kotschinchina, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German, posted by Retro Bibliothek
Article French Indo-China, Saigon, Laos, Cochin-China, Cambodia, Tongking, Annam, from EB 1911
Religious Article Indo-China, from Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910 edition
Economic
Geographical French Indochina pp.252-255 in J. MacFarlane, Economic geography, c. 1910, GB
Historical
Other Article : Französische Kolonien, from Röll, Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens (Encyclopedia of Railroads) 2nd ed. 1912-1923, in German; scroll down for Französisch Indo-China
Parliamentary Debates Hansard (British Parliament)
Tour Guides, Travelogues Madrolle, Guide du voyageur: Indo-Chine, Canal de Suez, Djibouti et Harar, Indes Françaises, 1902, in French, IA
Institutions Archives Archives Nationales d'Outremer (France)
Official Symbols Flags, Coats of Arms Flag, from FOTW; from Flags of French Asian & Near Eastern Territories : Far East
Coins, Banknotes Banknotes of French Indochina from World Currency Museum; of French Indochina from Ron Wise's World Paper Money; from Numismatic Image Gallery; Indochine Paper Notes, posted by Thuan D. Luc
Coins and banknotes from Vietnam and French Indochina, from Art Hanoi, from Coin Pictures 1892-1943, scroll down

PRINTED REFERENCE
Bibliographies general Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde (Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies) (site in German, most titles listed in English; numerous entries; publications mostly since 1970)
RHS Bibliography
UK National Archive Online Library
ISBN Database
on French Indochina Sources for the Study of French Indochina, from Univ. of Washington Library, bibliography
Online Libraries general Google Books; Internet Archives; Gutenberg Library Online; HathiTrust; e-corpus
Gallica
Center for Research Libraries (CRL)
International Boundary Studies, search for Thailand
Search DBNG for Indochina etc.
Online Libraries ISEAS Working Papers, Back Issues 2000-2003
Online Journals Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extreme-Orient 1991-2003
Southeast Asian Studies 1963-, mostly in Japanese
Explorations, 1997- Graduate Student Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, CSEAS, Univ. of Hawaii
General Accounts Nicholas Tarling, The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, 4 vol.s, Cambridge : UP (1992) 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign. 959 T188c
Stanley Karnow, Vietnam : a History, Penguin (1985) 1991, KMLA Lib.Sign. 959.704 K18v
Specific Topics Pham Quoc Su, Negative Consequences caused by Japanese Fascism in Vietnam (in the Second World War), pp.138-154 in : Korean Society for Western History (ed.), Modern History as Described in Japanese Histoy Textbooks and Basic Direction of History Education, Seoul 2005
Historical Dictionaries William J. Duiker, Historical Dictionary of Vietnam, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1989, 269 pp. [G]
M. Stuart Fox, Historical Dictionary of Laos, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1992 [G]
J. Corfield, Historical Dictionary of Cambodia, Lanham Md. : Scarecrow 2003
Historical Atlasses Jan M. Pluvier, Historical Atlas of Southeast Asia, Leiden : Brill 1995 [G]
Statistical Data IHS : B.R. Mitchell, International Historical Statistics. Africa, Asia & Oceania 1750-2000, London : Palgrave 2003 [G]
Yearbook Entries Britannica Book of the Year (French) Indo-China, 1913 p.1007, French Colonial Empire : Indo-China, 1946 pp.329-330, 1947 pp.344-345, French Overseas Territories : Indo-China, 1948 pp.330-331, 1949 pp.289-290, French Union, 1950 pp.305-308, Indochina, 1951 pp.363-364, 1952 pp.357-358, 1953 pp.357-358, 1954 pp.356-357, 1955 pp.405-407 [G]
Statesman's Year-Book French Indo-China, 1895 pp.508-510, 1898 pp.506-508, 1901 pp.580-583, 1905 pp.638-643, 1910 pp.784-789, 1918 pp.844-848, 1919 pp.849-853, 1924 pp.889-895, 1925 pp.900-906, 1926 pp.873-878, 1928 pp.887-893, 1929 pp.875-880, 1932 pp.877-882, 1937 pp.916-923, 1943 pp.902-910 [G]
(New) Int'l Yearbook French Indo-China, 1898 pp.428-429, 1899 pp.441-442, 1900 pp.477-478, 1914 p.274, 1916 p.249, 1918 pp.232-233, 1919 pp.272-273, 1920 pp.260-261, 1921 p.260, 1923 pp.266-267, 1925 p.261, 1928 p.277, 1930 p.289, 1932 pp.304-305, 1933 pp.289-290, 1934 pp.252-253, 1935 pp.259-260, 1938 p.271, 1939 p.293, 1940 pp.290-292, 1941 pp.223-225, 1942 pp.267-268, 1943 p.228, 1944 pp.239-240, 1945 pp.223-227 [G]
Americana Annual French Indo-China, 1927 p.364, 1928 pp.323-324, 1930 p.341, 1931 p.338, 1932 pp.307-308, 1933 p.336, 1934 p.265, 1935 p.307, 1936 p.312, 1937 p.306, 1938 p.298, 1939 p.322, French Indochina, 1940 p.323, 1943 p.308, 1944 pp.295-296, 1945 pp.304-305, 1946 pp.307-308, 1947 pp.274-275
Other Article : French Indo-China, in : Funk & Wagnall's New Standard Encyclopedia Year Book 1932 pp.271-272, 1933 p.227, 1934 pp.250-251, 1935 p.242, 1936 p.214, 1937 pp.216-217, 1938 pp.223-224, 1939 pp.237-238, 1940 pp.256-258, 1941 pp.208-210, 1942 pp.184-185, 1943 pp.186-187, 1944 pp.128-130 [G]