Aragon | Castile |
In 711 the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain was invaded by a Muslim army crossing over from North Africa. In 716 much of the Iberian Peninsula
had been conquered and was declared a province of the Umayyad Caliphate (capital Damascus). When the Umayyad Dynasty was ousted in Damascus,
a branch of the family established the separate Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba (756-1030). This period is regarded the Golden Age of al-Andalus;
the Arab Agricultural Revolution introduced rice and oranges to the Iberian Peninsula; the introduction of Syrian artisans' skills elevated
the quality of Spanish craftsmanship. From 1009 to 1106, Spain was politically fragmented (First Taifa periods); Taifas of Albarracin, Algeciras, Almeria, Alpuente, Arcos, Badajoz, Carmona, Ceuta, Cordoba, Denia, Granada, Jerica, Lisbon, Lorca, Malaga, Mallorca, Mertola, Molina, Meron, Murcia, Murvieto and Sagunto, Niebla, Ronda, Rueda, Saltes and Huelva, Santa Maria de Algarve, Segorbe, Sevilla, Silves, Toledo, Tortosa, Valencia, Zaragoza. From 1085 to 1145 the Almoravid Dynasty (from North Africa) ruled (most of) al-Andalus. It was followed by the Second Taifa period 1140-1203, Taifas of Almeria, Arcos, Badajoz, Beja and Evora, Carmona, Constantina and Hornachuelos, Granada, Guadix and Baza, Jaen, Jerez, Malaga, Mertola, Murcia, Niebla, Purchena, Ronda, Santarem, Segura, Silves, Tavira, Tejada, Valencia From 1147 to 1238 the Almohad Dynasty (from North Africa) ruled (most of) al-Andalus. It was followed by the Third Taifa period 1232-1492; Taifas of Arjona, Baeza, Ceuta, Cordoba, Denia, Granada, Jaen, Lorca, Mallorca, Menorca, Murcia, Niebla, Orihuela, Sevilla, Valencia. In the 8th century, al-Andalus covered most of the Iberian peninsula; only remote mountainous regions in the north had escaped conquest. Here a number of Christian statelets emerged, which over time expanded their territory at the expense of al-Andalus (the Reconquista). By 1266, all of mainland al-Andalus, except for Granada, had fallen to their Christian adversaries - Portugal, Castile and Aragon. This page deals with mainland al-Andalus, from 711 to 1266, thus excluding the Balearic Islands and the Emirate of Granada. Historical Atlas : Spain Page Students' Paper : Yoon, Seong Heon, Contemporary Christian, Muslim and Jewish Views on and Reactions to Islamic Spain and the Reconquista (c.700 CE - c.1500 CE) (2012) Students' Paper : Cho, Naan, Comparative Culinary History : Italy and Spain (2011) |
E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
Biography | Others |
D o c u m e n t s |
Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
Country Profiles | Current |
Article Al-Andalus, from Wikipedia;
Al-Andalus, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Al-Andalus Master Project, from Geni |
Historic |
Idrisi, Dhikra al-andalus Talif Sharif al-idris=: Descripcion de Espa? de Xerif Aledris, 1799, in Spanish, IA |
Links | General |
Category : Al-Andalus, from Wikipedia;
Categoria : Al-Andalus, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
on History |
Categoria : Historia de al-Andalus,
from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
Historical Dictionary |
Enciclopedia de la Biblioteca de al-Andalus, in Spanish |
Organizations |
American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain Fundacion Ibn Tufayl de estudios arabes |
Timelines |
Accounts of History | current |
Article Al-Andalus, from Wikipedia;
Al-Andalus, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
historical |
J. Bleda, P. Claves, Coronica de los moros de Espa?: diuidida en ocho libros,
1618, in Spanish, GB al-Maqqari (-1632), The history of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain: extracted from the Nafhu-t-tib min ghosni-l-Andalusi-r-rattib wa tarikh Lisanu-d-Din Ibni-l-Khattib vol.1 1840, GB, vol.2 1840, GB Aben-Adhari de Marruecos (= Ibn Idari), Historias de al-Andalus [1622-1624] 1860, in Spanish, GB J. Shakespear, T.H. Home, The history of the Mahometan empire in Spain 1816, GB Florian, History of the Moors in Spain, 1841, GB L. Viardot, Historia de los arabes y de los moros de Espana, 1844, in Spanish, GB E.J. Brabazon, Historical tales from the history of the Muslims in Spain, 1853, GB J.A. Conde, History of the dominion of the Arabs in Spain, 1854, GB; here French edition of 1825, GB S.P. Scott, History of the Moorish Empire in Europe vol.1, 1904, vol.2, 1904, vol.3, 1904, IA H.E. Watts, The Christian recovery of Spain, being the story of Spain from the Moorish conquest to the fall of Granada (711-1492 a.d.) 1894, IA |
Specific Periods | Muslim Conquest, Umayyad Province 711-756 |
al-Hakam (-870), Dhikr fath al-Andalus: Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's history of the conquest of Spain, 1858, GB J.G. Ursino, Cronica del Rey Don Rodrigo, con la destruycion de Espa?, y como los moros la ganaron: nueuamente corregida 1586, in Spanish, GB Article : Chronicle of 754, from Wikipedia |
Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba 756-1032 |
Article : Caliphate of Cordoba, from Wikipedia The Umayyad [Caliphate] of al-Andalus, 756-1032, from Qantara Mediterranean Heritage R.P.A. Dozy, E. Levi-Provençal, Histoire des musulmans d'Espagne: jusqu'?la conqu?e de l'Andalousie par les Almoravides (711 - 1110), 1861, in French, GB |
First Taifa Period, 1031-1086 |
The Taifa Princes 1031-1086, from
Qantara Mediterranean Heritage Article : Primeros reinos de taifas, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Article : Taifa, from Wikipedia |
Almoravid Dynasty 1056-1147 |
The Almoravid Dynasty 1056-1147, from
Qantara Mediterranean Heritage Article : Almoravide, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Article : Almoravid Dynasty, from Wikipedia |
Second Taifa Period, 1144-1172 |
Article : Segundos reinos de taifas,
from Wikipedia Spanish edition Article : Taifa, from Wikipedia |
Almohad Dynasty 1130-1269 |
The Almohad Dynasty, 1130-1269, from
Qantara Mediterranean Heritage Article : Imperio Almohade, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Article : Almohad Caliphate, from Wikipedia |
Third Taifa Period, 124-1266 |
Article : Terceros reinos de Taifas,
from Wikipedia Spanish edition Article : Taifa, from Wikipedia |
Historiography |
Politics |
Military |
Category : Batallas de al-Andalus,
from Wikipedia Spanish edition Article : Umayyad Conquest of Hispania 711-718, from Wikipedia Article : Battle of Sagrajas 1086, from Wikipedia Article : (Portuguese) Conquest of Santarem 1147, from Wikipedia Article : Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1212, from Wikipedia |
Economy & Finances | General |
Money & Finances |
Agriculture & Herding | Horse breeding |
Article : Lusitano, from Wikipedia The Arab culture in the medieval equestrian world, from The Espanish Horse |
Agriculture & Herding | Wool |
Article : Merino : History, from Wikipedia Article : Oveja merina, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
Wine, Licquor |
Article : Spanish wine, from Wikipedia Article : Vino de Espana, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
Grain |
La Historia del Arroz en Espana, from Arroz SOS, in Spanish Una aproximacion a la historia del arroz en occidente y la paella, from Historia Cocina, in Spanish |
Mining |
Las Minas de Almaden, in Spanish Article : Mineria en Andalucia : Evolucion Historica, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Evolucion Historico de la Mineria en Andalucia, from Junta de Andalucia, in Spanish |
Manufacture : Metalwork |
History of the Toledo Swords, from Aceros de Hispania Metallurgy, from Cities of Light. The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Metalwork, from Qantara Mediterranean Heritage (covers not only Spain) |
Manufacture : Glass |
N. Carmona et al.,
Islamic glasses from Al-Andalus. Characterisation of materials from a Murcian workshop (12th century AD, Spain), Journal of Cultural Heritage 10 (2009) 439-445 |
Manufacture : Textiles |
Textiles, from Cities of Light. The Rise and Fall of
Islamic Spain |
Manufacture : Pottery |
Article : Hispano-Moresque Ware, from Wikipedia Ceramics, from Cities of Light. The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain R. Chapoulie et al., Cuerda Seca Ceramics from al-Andalus, Islamic Spain and Portugal (10th?12th Centuries AD): Investigation with SEM-EDX, Archaeometry 47, 3 (2005) pp.519-534. J. Molera et al., Chemical and Textural Characterization of Tin Glazes in Islamic Ceramics from Eastern Spain Journal of Archaeological Science (2001) 28, pp.331-340 Hispanic Society of America, Hispano-Moresque pottery in the collection of the Hispanic Society of America, 1915, IA |
Mills |
Article : Water Wheel, from Wikipedia Article : Molinos de Guadalquivir, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
Social History |
T.F. Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. Comparative Perspectives of
Social and Cultural Formation 1979, thesis Princeton, LIBRO M. Shatzmiller, Women and Property Rights in al-Andalus and the Maghrib : Social Patterns and Legal Discourse 1995, thesis Univ. of Western Ontario |
Ethnography |
S. Kentaro, The Fihrids and Early Arab Settlers in Eighth Century al-Andalus and Ifrikiyah Article : Mozarabic language, from Wikipedia D. Wacks, Ethnic Polemic in Medieval Spain: Arabiyya, Shu'ubiyya, and Ibraniyya, 2011 |
Religion | General |
Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain, The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier, by
James William Brodman, scholarly, 6 long chapters L.M. Vaughan, Convivencia: Christians, Jews, and Muslims in Medieval Spain, thesis Univ. of Tennessee 2003 |
Mozarab |
Articles Mozarab,
Mozarabic Rite, from Wikipedia K.B. Wolf, Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain, 1988, thesis Cambridge, LIBRO |
Jewish |
Articles : History of the Jews in Spain,
Golden Age of Jewish Culture in Spain,
from Wikipedia Article : Historia de los judios en Espana, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Sephardim - Conversos - Marranos : Historical Overview, from JewishGen S.A. Marks, The Jews in Islamic Spain : Al Andalus, Sephardic Studies Article : Burgos, Cordoba, Murcia, Salamanca, Seville, Toledo, Valladolid, from Jewish Virtual Library A. Issaroff, Massacres of Jews in Spain, 2009, from Zionism and Israel, an Encyclopedic Dictionary E.H. Lindo, The history of the Jews of Spain and Portugal, from the earliest times to their final expulsion from those kingdoms, and their subsequent dispersion: with complete translations of all the laws made respecting them during their long establishment in the Iberian peninsula, 1848, GB J. Finn, Sephardim: or, The history of the Jews in Spain and Portugal, 1841, GB Article : 1066 Granada Massacre, from Wikipedia |
Muslims |
Article : Islam in Spain, from Wikipedia |
History of Regions | Predecessors | Galicia (Suebic Kgd.) |
Article : Suebic Kingdom of Galicia, from Wikipedia |
Spania (Byzant. Prov.) |
Article : Spania, from Wikipedia |
Tudmir (Visigothic) |
Article : Reino de Tudmir, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
Visigothic Kingdom |
Article : Visigothic Kingdom, from Wikipedia |
Provinces of al-Andalus | Septimania |
Article : Septimania, from Wikipedia |
Outposts of al-Andalus | Fraxinetum |
Article : Fraxinet, from Wikipedia |
Taifas |
First Taifa Period of some duration |
Wikipedia Articles : Taifas of
Albarracin,
Algeciras,
Almeria,
Alpuente,
Arcos,
Badajoz,
Carmona,
Cordoba,
Denia,
Granada,
Lorca,
Malaga,
Mertola,
Molina,
Moron,
Murcia,
Niebla,
Ronda, Rueda,
Saltes and Huelva,
Santa Maria de Algarve, Segorbe,
Sevilla,
Silves,
Toledo,
Tortosa,
Valencia,
Zaragoza Wikipedia Spanish edition, Articles Taifa de Almeria, Badajoz, Taifa de Denia, Jaen, Sevilla, Toledo, Zaragoza; Republica de Cordoba |
First Taifa Period Short-lived |
Wikipedia Articles : Taifas of
Jerica,
Lisbon,
Murvieto and Sagunto |
Second Taifa Period of some duration |
Wikipedia Article :
Taifas of Beja and Evora,
Jaen,
Murcia,
Silves,
Valencia Wikipedia Spanish edition, articles : Taifa de Jaen : Segundo reinos de taifas, Murchia : Segunda Taifa, Silves, Valencia : Segunda taifa, |
Second Taifa Period short-lived |
Wikipedia Article : Taifas of Almeria, Arcos, Badajoz, Carmona, Constantina and Hornachuelos, Granada, Guadix and Baza, Jerez, Malaga, Mertola, Niebla, Purchena, Ronda, Santarem, Segura, Tavira, Tejada |
Third Taifa Period of some duration |
Wikipedia Article : Taifas of Lorca, Murcia, Niebla, Orihuela, Valencia |
Third Taifa Period of some duration |
Wikipedia Article : Taifas of Alcira, Denia and Jativa, Arjona, Baeza |
Local History | Cordoba |
F. Ruano, Historia general de Cordoba, vol.1 1761, in Spanish, GB L. Miraver y Alfaro, Historia de Cordoba, vol.1, 1863, vol.2, 1866, in Spanish, GB Article : Medina Azahara (Cordoba), from Wikipedia |
Granada |
Article : Granada musulmana, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
Lisbon |
Article : History of Lisbon : Moorish rule, from Wikipedia Article : Historia de Lisboa : al-Ushbuna : Lisboa muçulmana, from Wikipedia Portuguese edition |
Murcia |
Article : Historia de Murcia :
Epoca musulmana, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
Sevilla |
A. Morgado, Historia de Sevilla, 1587, in Spanish, GB A. de Solis, Annales de la ciudad de Sevilla, 1748, in Spanish, GB |
Toledo |
Article : Toledo : History, from Wikipedia Article : Toledo : Historia medieval, from Wikipedia |
Valencia |
Article : Valencia : History, from Wikipedia Article : Historia de la ciudad de Valencia : Epoca musulmana, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
Zaragoza |
Article : Zaragoza : Arab Sarqusta, from Wikipedia Article : Historia de Zaragoza : Sarqusta, from Wikipedia |
Institutions |
Culture |
Science and Scholarship in al-Andalus, from Islamicity Andalusi Poetry, from Cities of Light. The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain The Art of Islamic Spain, from Cities of Light. The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain The Art of the Umayyad Period in Spain 711-1031, from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History G.J. Adler, The poetry of the Arabs of Spain, 1867, GB Article : Spanish architecture : The architecture of al-Amdalus, from Wikipedia |
Biographies |
Centro Digital de Estudios Biograficos, Diccionario Biografico Espanol,
posted by Real Academia de la Historia, in Spanish |
Others |
Sumptuous Living, from
Cities of Light. The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain;
Behind this nebulous title hides an occasionally romanticizing account of transfer of knowledge from the East to Spain during the Muslim period;
terms used such as "Green Revolution" lack support by evidence The Transfer of Knowledge from Islamic Spain to Europe, from Cities of Light. The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain |
WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
List of Emirs and Caliphs of Cordoba, from Wikipedia Regnal Chronologies : Iberian Peninsula : al-Andalus |
Lists of Bishops |
Lista : Episcopologio de Valencia, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Anexo : Arzobispos de Zaragoiza, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Anexo : Obispos de Malaga, from Wikipedia Spanish edition Bishops of Dumio / Vilamaior / Ribadeo / Mondonedo, from Wikipedia, Obispos de Salamanca, from Wikipedia Spanish edition, Obispos de Segovia, from Wikipedia Spanish edition, Obispos de Zamora, from Wikipedia Spanish edition, List of Bishops / Archbishops of Toledo, from Wikipedia, Arzobispos de Sevilla, from Wikipedia Spanish edition, Obispos de Cadiz, from Wikipedia Spanish edition, Obispos de Cordoba, from Wikipedia Spanish edition, Obispos de Merida-Badajoz, from Wikipedia Spanish edition, List of Bishops of Coria / Caceres, from Wikipedia |
Economic Data |
Image Databanks |
Archival Deposits |
Constitutions, Laws |
Treaties |
Document Collections |
A. Zikaron, Denksteine, Toledo (Sephardic Gravestones), 1841, posted by
Sephardic Studies |
Individual Documents |
Medieval Sourcebook : Ibn Abd-el-Hakem: The Islamic Conquest of Spain |
Historical Maps |
Maps : Eastern Hemisphere 800 AD,
Eastern Hemisphere 900 AD,
Eastern Hemisphere 1000 AD,
Eastern Hemisphere 1100 AD,
Eastern Hemisphere 1200 AD,
Eastern Hemisphere 1300 AD, by Thomas Lessman Maps : Europe in the Year 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, from Euratlas Maps : Mediterranean in 750, 880, 1000, 1100, 1180, 1214, 1300, from Qantara Mediterranean Heritage Map : Taifa Kingdoms, no date given (11th century), from Wikipedia Map : Taifa Kingdoms 1080, from Wikipedia Series of Maps : Reconquista 792-1300, from Wikipedia Map : Taifa de Sevilla 11th C., from Wikipedia |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
Secular |
Religious |
Andalusia,
Spain, from Jewish Encyclopedia 1901-1906 |
Economic |
Geographical |
Historical |
Travelogues |
Institutions | Archives |
Musea |
Portal Museos de Andalucia : Museo Arquelogico de Cordoba,
Museo Arquelogico de Granada,
Museo Arquelogico de Ubeda (Jaen),
Museo Arquelogico de Sevilla Article : Museo Arqueol?ico y Etnol?ico de C?doba, from Wikipedia Spanish edition |
Monuments |
Categorie : Monuments d'al-Andalus,
from Wikipedia French edition |
Libraries |
State Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Coins, Banknotes |
Coins of al-Andalus, Tonegawa Collection Spanish Umayyads, Almoravids, from Early Islamic Coins by J. Roberts Carolingian Era Islamic Coins from Iberia, posted by T. Oberhofer A.C. Garcia, F.M. Escudero, El Hallazgo de Moneda Califal de Fontanar (Cordoba) Digital Library Numis : Islamic Coins - Hispoano-Arabic |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | general |
ISBN Database |
on al-Andalus |
Hispania Judaica (on source editions) ORB Bibliographies : Medieval Spain Bibliography : Reconquista, from Crusades Encyclopedia |
Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus |
Thesis Server |
TDX (Theses from Spanish Universities Online) |
Online Journals | full text online |
Table of Contents Online |
Al Masaq Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean vol.s 21-22 |
General Accounts |
Joseph E. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain, Ithaca : Cornell UP 1975, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 946.02 015h W. Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cacha, A History of Islamic Spain, New Brunswick : Aldine (1965) 2007, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 946.022 W344h |
Special Topics |
David Nicolle, El Cid and the Reconquista 1050-1492, Oxford : Osprey 1988, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 946.02 N645e Jane S. Gerber, The Jews of Spain, The History of the Sephardic Experience, NY : Free Press 1994, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 946 G362j Norman A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands, A History and Source Book, Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America 1979, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 909.04 S857j A. Katie Harris, From Muslim to Christian Granada. Inventing a City's Past in Early Modern Spain, Baltimore : Johns Hopkins UP 2007, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 946.8204 H313f |