Scholar	Lifespan	Comment
Antigonos I.  Monophthalmos	382-301	the one-eyed, governor of Phrygia, after Alexander's death he pursued policy of holding   Empire together. Defeated in Battle of Ipsus 301 by coalition (Seleucus I. Nicator,  Lysimachus, Ptolemy I. Soter). Father of Demetrius I. Poliorcetes; gave his name to  Antigonid dynasty.
Antigonos II.   Gonatas	320-239	son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, the king of Macedon; served on his campaigns in Greece.   Assumed royal title on the occasion of his father's death (282), reclaimed Macedonia in  277.
Antigonos III.  Doson	263-221	King of Macedonia 229-221. In the battle of Sellasia 222 he defeated Sparta (King   Cleomenes III.) and ended Spartan independence.
Antiochos III.   the Great	242-187	faced secession of satrapies in Iran; reestablished Seleucid rule in Iran, Bactria, conquered  Indus valley, Asia Minor. Got in conflict with Rome, was defeated in 190, had to cede   large territories in Asia Minor to Pergamon.
Aratus   of Sicyon	271-213	expelled tyrant Nicocles of Sicyon; became leading politician of the Achaean   Confederation whom he established as a major force in Greece. Established an alliance   with Macedonia against the Aetolians.
Attalos I.	269-197	King of Pergamon since 241. Expanded Pergamene territory. Lost much of it during the   later part of his reign to Seleucids; Pergamon regained it in 188, after the Romans had   defeated Antiochus III. the Great.
Cassander	died 297	governor of Macedonia in the time of Alexander's death. Had Alexander's mother  Olympias, his wife Roxane and his infant son murdered.
Cleomenes III.	d. 219      B.C.	Spartan king 235-222, reintroduced Lycurgian constitution. Under him, Sparta again   became a military power, a small state with a disciplined professional army. Was defeated   by Macedonian Antigonos III. Doson in Battle of Sellasia 222, fled to Egypt.
Cleopatra	69-30 B.C.	Queen of Egypt since 51, married Julius Caesar (not recognized by Rome), mother to his   son Caesarion. After Caesar's assassination lover of Marc Anthony. After defeat at   Actium at the hands of Octavian, committed suicide.
Demetrius I.  Poliorcetes	336-283	son of Antigonos I. Monophthalmos. Blamed for having forfeited a probable victory in  the Battle of Ipsos 301 (where his father died) he made his way to Greece and seized the  throne of Macedonia, founding the Antigonid dynasty. His byname translates to the  city-besieger.
Hiero		tyrant of Syracuse; ascended to throne during 2nd Poenic War. After Battle of Cannae   216 he switched from a Roman to a Carthaginian allegiance, The Romans laid siege to   Syracuse in 212 and conquered the city in 209.
Lysimachus	355-281	governor of Thrace at time of Alexander's death. In 302 he invaded Asia Minor, allied   himself with Seleucus I. Nicator and Ptolemy I. Soter against Antigonos I. Later turned  against Seleucus; died in Battle of Corupedium 281. No descendants.    His treasure was held in the fortress at Pergamon; his governor of Pergamon, Philetaerus,  used the money to found the Kingdom of Pergamon and the Attalid dynasty.
Menander	died c. 130	Bactrian king since c. 150, conquered the Punjab where he took up residence at Sarata.  Raided as far as the Ganges valley. Introduced Hellenism to India, converted to Buddhism.
Mithradates VI.	120-63	King of Pontus; annexed Cappadocia, Bithynia, got in conflict with Rome, lost 3 wars   against Rome 89-85, 83-81, 73-68. Finally he was pushed out of Pontus and retreated to  the Crimean half of his Kingdom (Bosporian kgd.).
Perseus	213-  after 167	ruled 179-168, last King of Macedonia. Defeated by the Romans in Battle of Pydna 167.   The Romans annexed Macedonia in 168, took Perseus to Rome as prisoner. He died in  captivity.
Philip V.	238-179	King of Macedonia, of the Antigonid dynasty. Contemplated an alliance with Carthago  against Rome; was defeated by the Romans in 197 in Battle of Cynoscaphalae.
Ptolemy I.   Soter	367-282	Alexander's general, in 323 he took Alexander's corpse to Memphis, established himself   as satrap, since 305 as king. Moved his capital to Alexandria.
Pyrrhus	319-272	King of the Molossans, in Epirus. Invited by the citizens of Taras (Apulia) to defend them  against Rome, he defeated the Romans in 3 battles. Yet he was restless and aimed at  establishing a vast Empire in the west. He campaigned on Sicily, schemed invading North  Africa, was ultimately checked by an alliance of enemies. Later campaigned in Greece, for   a while held Macedonia, which he lost to Antigonos II. Gonatas in 277. Died while  campaigning.
Seleucus I.   Nicator	358-281	Alexander's general, satrap of Babylonia, victor (= nicator) at Battle of Ipsos 301,   established Seleucid Empire (Syria, Mesopotamia, Iran) with capital Seleuceia (near  Babylon); founded Antioch (named after his father Antiochus).