ÿþ<html> <head> <title>WHKMLA : Timelines - Cultural History, 1770-1880 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2003-2007 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../meh.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "200" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Restauration and <BR> Early Nationalism</b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlenat.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xtimelines.html"> <img src = "../timelines.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlsoccon.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "200" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution</b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on April 17th 2003, last revised on October 28th 2007 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Timeline Cultural History, 1770-1880 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/timelines/meh/tlart17701880.html </i></font></B> </TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1700-1770 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rococo </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1770-1850 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Romanticism </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1780-1840 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1860-1880 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1780-1840 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Impressionism </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1753 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : British Museum founded </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1776 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Adam Smith publishes "Wealth of Nations"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3300">Gutenberg Library Online</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1776-1788 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Edward Gibbon publishes "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/g#a375">Gutenberg Library Online</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1780-1790 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">A</A> : Emperor Joseph II. opens balls, hitherto reserved for nobles, to the general public. The Vienna Waltz becomes popular </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1782 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xsweden.html">S</A> : Stockholm - Royal Opera House opened </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1786 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">A</A> : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's "Le Nozze di Figaro" premieres </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1789 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Abbe Sieyes publishes "What is the Third Estate ?" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1789-1791 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xprussia.html">Prussia</A> : Carl Gotthard Langhans constructs Brandenburg Gate in Berlin; then still city gate </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1791 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Olympe de Gouges writes "Declaration of the rights of Women and Female Citizens" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1792 III 16 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xsweden.html">S</A> : King Gustavus III. of Sweden assassinated while attending masquerade at Royal Opera House </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1792 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Mary Woolstonecraft publishes "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1792-1794 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Religion abolished; Churches converted into Temples of Reason; some, like the Abbey of Cluny, broken down, used as a quarry </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1793 VIII 10 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Louvre, Paris, hitherto Royal Palace, converted into "Musee de la Republique" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1795-1798 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Jane Austen writes "Sense and Sensibility", web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/161">Gutenberg Library Online</A>, "Pride and Prejudice", web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1342">Gutenberg Library Online</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1797 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">A</A> : Joseph Haydn composes Kaiserhymne; melody serves for national anthems of Austria (until 1918), <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">United Kingdom</A>, Germany (since 1919) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1800 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Jacques-Louis David paints "Napoleon crosses the Alps" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1802 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">A</A> : Ludwig van Beethoven composes the Eroica </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1805 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xprussia.html">Prussia</A> : University of Halle closed down </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1806 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Friedrich Schiller publishes "Wilhelm Tell"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2782">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1806 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Napoleon has Arch de Trionfe (Arch of Triumph) constructed </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1808-1814 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">E</A> : Francisco Goya, "The Disasters of War" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1808 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Jacques-Louis David paints "Consecration of Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of Empress Josephine" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1810 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xprussia.html">Prussia</A> : Humboldt University, Berlin, founded, the first modern university </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1812-1815 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Brothers Grimm publish "Kinder- und Hausm&auml;rchen" (Grimm's fairytales); web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11027">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1814 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Jacques-Louis David paints "Leonidas at Thermopylae" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1815 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : In Jena, the first Burschenschaft (Students' Fraternity) is founded </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1817-1823 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">A</A> : Ludwig van Beethoven composes 9th Symphony, "Ode an die Freude" (Ode to Joy) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1819 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">A</A> : Holy Alliance decrees Carlsbad Decrees, bans clubs and associations, enforces press censorship, establishes secret police (<A HREF = "../../region/germany/xprussia.html">Prussia</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">Austria</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrusempire.html">Russia</A>; <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">France</A> until 1830) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1819 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel publishes "The Philosophy of Right" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1821 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Arthur Schopenhauer publishes "The World as Will and Idea" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1824 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Eugene Delacroix paints "Massacre at Chios" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1824 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A> : English poet Lord Byron, having joined the Greek Independence Fighters, dies of fever </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1824 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Heinrich Heine writes the "Loreley" (music composed by Friedrich Silcher 1838) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1825 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Comte d Saint Simon publishes "Nouveau Christianisme" (New Christianity) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1825 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrusempire.html">RUS</A> : Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, opened </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1830 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Eugene Delacroix paints "Liberty leads the People" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1831 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Victor Hugo publishes "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1831 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A>/<A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Writer Heinrich Heine leaves <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xprussia.html">Prussia</A>, moves to Paris </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1831 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">PL</A>/<A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Frederic Chopin moves to Paris </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1832 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Hambach Festival </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1835 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Alexis de Tocqueville publishes "Democracy in America" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1837 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xhannover.html">Hannover</A> (<A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A>) : The G&ouml;ttingen Seven (Professor at the University, among them the Grimm Brothers, F. Dahlmann) protest the cancellation of the Hannover constitution; they are exiled by the king. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1839 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Charles Dickens publishes "Oliver Twist"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/730">Gutenberg Library Online</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1840 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : K.W.M. Schneckenburger writes the "Wacht am Rhein" (Guard on the Rhine) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1840 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Pierre-Joseph Proudhon publishes "What is Property ?"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/360">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1841 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : August Heinrich Hoffmann 'von Fallersleben' writes the "Song of Germans" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1844 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Alexandre Dumas (pere) publishes "The Three Musketeers"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1257">Gutenberg Library Online</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1844 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Alexandre Dumas (pere) publishes "The Count of Monte Christo"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1184">Gutenberg Library Online</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1844 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A>/<A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Friedrich Engels publishes "Condition of the Working Class in England"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17306">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1844/1847 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A>/<A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Heinrich Heine writes/publishes "Die Schlesischen Weber" (The Silesian Weavers) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1845 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Victor Hugo publishes "Les Miserables"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/135">Gutenberg Library Online</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1848 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A>/<A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Marx, Engels publish "Das Kommunistische Manifest"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/61">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1848 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">A</A> : Radetzky March composed </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1850 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Richard Wagner's opera "Lohengrin" premieres </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1851 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace (World Exhibition) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1851 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Charles Dickens publishes "David Copperfield"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/766">Gutenberg Library Online</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1853 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">I</A> : Verdi's "La Traviata" premieres </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1853 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Arthur de Gobineau publishes "Essay on the Inegality of the Human Race" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1854-1859 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Baron Haussmann remodels Paris </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1858 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Jacques Offenbach's operetta "Orfee aux Enfers" (Orpheus in the Underworld) premieres; in it hit melody "Can Can" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1859 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Charles Darwin publishes "On the Origin of Species"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1228">Gutenberg Library Online</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1859-1869 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/northafrica/xegypt.html">Egypt</A> : Suez Canal constructed (Organizer Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1850es </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xnorway.html">N</A> : Contests in Cross-Country Skiing, Ski Jumping held </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1860 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xswitzerland.html">CH</A> : Jakob Burckhardt publishes "Kulturgeschichte der Renaissance in Italien"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2074">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1862 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Jules Verne publishes "From the Earth to the Moon"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/83">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1863 X 26 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : English Football Association formed; team size fixed at 11 (1870); national championships played </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1863 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Claude Monet paints "Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe" (The Picnic) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1863 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xswitzerland.html">CH</A> : Jean-Henri Dunant founds the International Red Cross </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1863-1869 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Jules Verne publishes "20,000 Leagues under the Sea"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6538">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1866 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrusempire.html">RUS</A> : Leo Tolstoy writes "War and Peace"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2600">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1866 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrusempire.html">RUS</A> : Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes "The Idiot"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2638">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1867-1895 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrusempire.html">RUS</A> : Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes "Crime and Punishment"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2554">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1868 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A>/<A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Marx, Engels publish "Das Kapital" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1869 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : First bicycle race held in Paris </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1869-1870 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xpapalstate.html">Papal State</A> : First Vatican Council; permits Holy Mass in vernacular, condemns Liberal State; declares Papal Infallibility </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1869-1886 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : King Ludwig II. of <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xbavaria.html">Bavaria has 'castle' Neuschwanstein constructed </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1870-1871 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">I</A> : Verdi composes "Aida" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1870-1876 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Richard Wagner's "Ring der Nibelungen" premieres in several parts </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1871 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Eugene Pottier writes lyrics to "The International"; melody composed in 1888 by Pierre Degeyter </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1871-1880 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/asmin/xottoman.html">Ottoman Empire</A> : German Archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann and his assistant Heinrich D&ouml;rpfeld excavate Troy </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1871-1890 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Kulturkampf (Culture Struggle); attempt by Bismarck to reduce influence of Catholic Church </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1874 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : First Impressionist Exhibition </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1875-1877 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">RUS</A> : Leo Tolstoy writes "Anna Karenina"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1399">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1877 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Wimbledon : the All England Tennis Championships held for the first time </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1879 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xnorway.html">N</A> : Henrik Ibsen publishes "A Doll's House"; web edition from <A HREF = "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15492">Gutenberg Library Online</A> (Engl.) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1880 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Emile Zola publishes "Nana" </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1880 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Konrad Duden publishes his Complete Orthographic Dictionary of the German Language, thus standardizing written German </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1880 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Construction of Cologne Cathedral, begun in 1248, interrupted in the 15th century, completed </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; 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