ÿþ<html> <head> <title>WHKMLA : Timelines - From Monarchy/Empire toward Nation State </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2003-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../meh.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlsoccon.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xtimelines.html"> <img src = "../timelines.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlhimp.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> High Imperialism</b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on April 17th 2003, last revised on September 6th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Timeline From Monarchy/Empire toward Nation State, 1849-1914 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/timelines/meh/tlempnat.html </i></font></B> </TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "110"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> 1800 <BR><BR> 1829 <BR> 1832 <BR> 1834 <BR> 1843 <BR> 1848 <BR><BR> 1848 <BR> 1848 <BR> 1848-1851 <BR><BR> 1851 <BR> 1852-1870 <BR> 1853-1856 <BR> 1857 <BR> 1858 <BR> 1858-1861 <BR> 1859 <BR> 1860-1861 <BR><BR> 1861 <BR><BR> 1861 <BR><BR> 1863 <BR><BR> 1863 <BR> 1864 <BR><BR> 1864 <BR><BR> 1864 <BR> 1864-1914 <BR> 1865 <BR> 1866 <BR> 1866 <BR> 1867 <BR> 1867 <BR><BR> 1867 <BR><BR> 1869 <BR><BR> 1870 <BR> 1870-1871 <BR> 1870 <BR> 1871 <BR><BR> 1871 <BR> 1871-1890 <BR> 1873 <BR> 1874 <BR> 1875 <BR><BR> 1875-1876 <BR> 1876-1898 <BR> 1877 <BR> 1877-1878 <BR> 1878 <BR><BR> 1879 <BR> 1879 <BR> 1881 <BR> 1881 <BR> 1881-1914 <BR> 1882 <BR> 1884 <BR> 1884 <BR><BR> 1885 <BR> 1885 <BR> 1885-1886 <BR> 1886-1893 <BR> 1891-1905 <BR><BR> 1893 <BR> 1893 <BR> 1896 <BR> 1897 <BR> 1898 <BR> 1898 <BR> 1898 <BR> 1903 <BR> 1905 <BR><BR> 1905 <BR> 1906 <BR><BR> 1907 <BR> 1908 <BR><BR> 1908 <BR> 1909 <BR> 1910 <BR> 1910 <BR> 1911-1912 <BR> 1912 <BR> 1912 <BR><BR> 1912-1913 <BR> 1912-1914 <BR> 1913 <BR> 1913 <BR> </font></TD> <BR><TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "600"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xireland.html">Ireland</A> : Act of Union abolishes Irish Parliament, creates United Kingdom of <BR> Great Britain and Ireland <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Catholic Emancipation Bill - Catholics granted right to vote (still property qualifications) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Reform Bill extended Franchise (still property qualifications) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Establishment of the Deutscher Zollverein <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xiceland.html">Iceland</A> : (under <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xdenmark.html">DK</A>) Althingi (Parliament) restored (had been abolished in 1800) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xdenmark.html">DK</A> : Constitution adopted, Bicameral Parliament, Cabinet System, Universal Manhood <BR> Suffrage introduced <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">France</A> : Second Republic; Universal Manhood Suffrage introduced, Slavery abolished <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xnederland.html">NL</A> : Constitution adopted; Parliamentary Rule, Cabinet System introduced <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xdenmark.html">DK</A> : First Schleswig Revolt <BR><BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/x,megro.html">Montenegro</A> changed from Theocracy to Hereditary Principality <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">France</A> : Second Empire (Napoleon III.) <BR> <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/crimeanwar.html">Crimean War</A>; Holy Alliance shattered <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xswitzerland.html">Switzerland</A> annexes Neuchatel <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xireland.html">Ireland</A> : (under UK) Irish Republican Brotherhood founded (IRB) <BR> Duchies of Moldavia, Walachia merged to form Principality of <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xromania.html">Romania</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">Italy</A> : <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/francoaust.html">War of Italian Unification</A> (<A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">France</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xpiemont.html">Piemont-Sardinia</A> vs <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">Austria</A>) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">Italy</A> : <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/garibexp.html">Garibaldi's Expedition</A> against the <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xnaples.html">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</A>; Franco-Italian <BR> Occupation of the Papal State <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">Italy</A> : Italian Unification (without Rome (occupied by French, until 1870) and Venice <BR> (Austrian, until 1866) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">Austria</A> : Reichsrat, a Bicameral Parliament for entire Habsburg Monarchy, introduced; <BR> limited authority <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xdenmark.html">DK</A> : November Constitution passed, which called for integration of Schleswig in Danish <BR> state; Begin of Second Schleswig Revolt (1863-1864) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">Congress Poland</A> (under <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">Russia</A>) : Polish Rebellion; <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xlithuania.html">Lithuanians</A> join <BR> <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/gerdanwar1864.html">German-Danish War</A>; <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xdenmark.html">DK</A> defeated by <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xprussia.html">Prussia</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">Austria</A>, cedes Schleswig, Fehmarn, <BR> Lauenburg to Prussia, Holstein to A <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xsweden.html">S</A> : Estates abolished, Bicameral Parliament, Cabinet System introduced <BR> (Constitutional Monarchy) <BR> Ionian Islands, after Plebiscite, unified with <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">Congress Poland</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xlithuania.html">Lithuania</A> (under <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">Russia</A>) : Russification Policy <BR> Latin Monetary Union established (<A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xbelgium.html">B</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xswitzerland.html">CH</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">I</A>; 1867 <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">AH</A>, 1868 <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">GR</A>); dissolved in 1920es <BR> <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/austroprus.html">Austro-Prussian War</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">Italy</A> annexes Venice (ceded by <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">Austria</A>) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : North German Confederation established, under Prussian leadership <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xhungary.html">H</A> : Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich (Compromise); Hungary granted political autonomy <BR> (Home Rule); ethnic minorities in H suffer from Magyarization Policy <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">Galicia</A> (under <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">Austria</A>) : granted political autonomy; Polonization Policy in Eastern <BR> Galicia (Ruthenian = Ukrainian population) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">Spain</A> : Queen Isabel II deposed, new constitution adopted, Universal Manhood <BR> Suffrage introduced <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xsweden.html">S</A> : Jews emancipated <BR> <A HREF = "../../military/19cen/francoger.html">Franco-German War</A> (in some sources called Franco-Prussian War) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">Italy</A> : French troops withdraw from Rome; Italy annexes Rome, Unification completed <BR> Unification of <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">Germany</A>; Universal Manhood Franchise introduced; Reichstag has <BR> limited authority, chancellor / cabinet represents Kaiser <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">France</A> : Paris Commune; Establishment of Third Republic <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">Germany</A> : Kulturkampf Policy targets Catholic Church; <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">Polish Minority</A> alienated <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">Spain</A> : Monarchy abolished, Republic proclaimed, Civil War, Monarchy reintroduced <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xiceland.html">Iceland</A> : (under <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xdenmark.html">DK</A>) New Constitution grants country political autonomy <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xsweden.html">S</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xnorway.html">N</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xdenmark.html">DK</A> : Scandinavian Monetary Union (currency Krone) established; formally dissolved <BR> in 1924 <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xbulgaria.html">Bulgaria</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/asmin/xottoman.html">Ottoman Empire</A> : Bulgarian Rebellion crushed <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">Spain</A> : Canovite System, Caciques engineer election results <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Queen Victoria crowned Empress of India <BR> Russo-Turkish War, Peace of San Stefano : Establishment of Great <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xbulgaria.html">Bulgaria</A><BR> Berlin Congress; Smaller <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xbulgaria.html">Bulgaria</A>, Nis Serbian, <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xbosnia.html">Bosnia-Herzegovina</A> Austrian, <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/asmin/xcyprus.html">Cyprus</A> British; <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xserbia.html">Serbia</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xromania.html">Romania</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xmnegro.html">Montenegro</A> fully independent <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xbohemia.html">Bohemia, Moravia</A> (under Austria) : both Czech and German decreed official language <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xmnegro.html">Montenegro</A> : Constitutional Reform establishes State Council, High Court <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xromania.html">Romania</A> elevated a Kingdom <BR> Graeco-Turkish War; <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A> annexes Thessaly from <A HREF = "../../region/asmin/xottoman.html">Ottoman Empire</A><BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xestonia.html">Estonia</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xlatvia.html">Latvia</A> (under <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">Russia</A>) : Russification policy implemented by R. administration <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xbohemia.html">Bohemia</A> : Franchise extended; Czech population element gains in political representation <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Reform Bill significantly extends Franchise <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xnorway.html">Norway</A> : Swedish King approves reform which introduces Parliamentarism <BR> (permanent parliament, Norw. cabinet) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xbulgaria.html">Bulgaria</A> annexes Eastern Rumelia <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xnederland.html">NL</A> : Begin of Pillarization of Society <BR> War between <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xserbia.html">Serbia</A> and <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xbulgaria.html">Bulgaria</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xireland.html">Ireland</A> : Irish Home Rule Bill discussed; failed to gain majority in parliament <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xfinland.html">Finland</A> (under <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">Russia</A>): Administration pursues Russification policy; in 1899 manifesto <BR> claims right of Czar to rule Finland without consent of Finnish parliament <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">Austria</A> : Celje (now <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xslovenia.html">Slovenia</A>) School Language of Instruction Conflict <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xbelgium.html">Belgium</A> : Universal Manhood Suffrage introduced <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">Austria</A> : Theodor Herzl publishes "Der Judenstaat" (The Jewish State) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xswitzerland.html">CH</A> : First Zionist Congress held in Basel <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xnorway.html">Norway</A> : Universal Manhood Suffrage introduced <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xfinland.html">Finland</A> (under <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">Russia</A>) : Governor Nicolai Bobrikov assassinated <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/asmin/xottoman.html">Ottoman Empire</A> : Cretan Rebellion ( <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A>) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xserbia.html">Serbia</A> : Coup d'Etat, Royal Couple assassinated; Peter Karadjordjevic ascends throne <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xnorway.html">Norway</A> gains full independence by dissolving Dynastic Union with Sweden after plebiscite; <BR> Constitutional Monarchy <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">Russia</A> : Revolution of 1905; introduction of Duma (parliament with rather limited authority) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xfinland.html">Finland</A> (under <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">Russia</A>) : unicameral parliament, universal suffrage introduced; 1st nation <BR> in Europe to grant voting right to women; country granted political autonomy <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">Austria</A> : Reichsrat (parliament) for the first time elected in direct elections <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/asmin/xottoman.html">Ottoman Empire</A> : Young Turk Rebellion; <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A> annexes Crete; <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xbulgaria.html">Bulgaria</A> declares <BR> Independence; <A HREF = "../../region/germany/ahindex.html">Austria-Hungary</A> annexes <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xbosnia.html">Bosnia-Herzegovina</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xportugal.html">Portugal</A> : King Carlos assassinated <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xsweden.html">S</A> introduces universal manhood suffrage <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xfinland.html">Finland</A> (under <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">Russia</A>) : Czar revokes Finnish autonomy <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xportugal.html">Portugal</A> : Monarchy terminated, Republic introduced <BR> Italo-Turkic War : <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitalt.html">Italy</A> conquers Libya, <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Dodecanese Islands</A> from <A HREF = "../../region/asmin/xottoman.html">Ottoman Empire</A> <BR> First Balkan War (<A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xbulgaria.html">Bulgaria</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xserbia.html">Serbia</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xmnegro.html">Montenegro</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A> vs. <A HREF = "../../region/asmin/xottoman.html">Ottoman Empire</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xbelgium.html">Belgium</A> : Open letter by Jules Destree concedes existence of a Belgian State, denies existence <BR> of a Belgian people; marks beginning of Walloon Movement (Flemish Movement older) <BR> Second Balkan War (<A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xromania.html">Romania</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xserbia.html">Serbia</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xmnegro.html">Montenegro</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A> vs. <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xbulgaria.html">Bulgaria</A>) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xireland.html">Ireland</A> : Irish Home Rule Bill debated in Parliament <BR> Kingdom of <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xalbania.html">Albania</A> established <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xnorway.html">Norway</A> introduces Universal Suffrage, i.e. grants women right to vote <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "bib">Bibliography</A> <BR><BR> Norman Rich, <B>The Age of Nationalism and Reform, 1850-1890</B>, N.Y.: Norton (1970) 1977, 270 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>940.2 N882h v.6</B> <BR> Raymond Pearson, <B>European Nationalism 1789-1920</B>, London : Longman 1994, 336 pp. <B>[G]</B> <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; 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