ÿþ<html> <head> <title>WHKMLA : Timelines - Cultural History, 1770-1880 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2003-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../meh.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "200" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> First Industrial Revolution <BR> 1769-1829 </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlindrev.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xtimelines.html"> <img src = "../timelines.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlart17701880.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "200" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Cultural History <BR> 1770-1880 </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on April 18th 2003, last revised on September 6th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Timeline Restauration and Early Nationalism </B></font><BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/timelines/meh/tlenat.html </i></font></B> </TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "110"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> 1814 IV 6 <BR> 1814 V 3 <BR> 1814 <BR> 1814 <BR> 1815 III 1 <BR> 1815 III 26 <BR> 1815 VI 12 <BR> 1815 VI 18 <BR> 1815 VI 22 <BR> 1815 VII 15 <BR> 1815 X-1816 V <BR> 1816 <BR> 1817 X 18/19 <BR> 1818 <BR> 1818 <BR> 1819 III 23 <BR><BR> 1819 <BR><BR> 1820 VII 13 <BR> 1820 <BR> 1820 <BR> 1820 <BR><BR> 1821 <BR> 1821 <BR> 1821 <BR> 1821 <BR> 1821 <BR><BR><BR> 1822 <BR> 1823 IX 23 <BR> 1824 IX 16 <BR> 1824 <BR> 1825 XII <BR> 1826 <BR> 1827 VII <BR><BR> 1828 <BR> 1829 <BR> 1830 II <BR> 1830 VII-VIII <BR><BR> 1830 XI-1831 IX <BR> 1830 <BR> 1830-1831 <BR><BR> 1831 II-III <BR><BR> 1831 <BR> 1831 <BR> 1831 <BR> 1831 <BR> 1832 II <BR> 1832 V 27-30 <BR> 1832 <BR> 1832 <BR> 1832-1834 <BR> 1833 <BR> 1833 <BR> 1833 <BR> 1833-1839 <BR> 1834 <BR> 1834 <BR> 1835 <BR> 1837 <BR> 1837 <BR> 1840 <BR> 1840 <BR> 1842 <BR> 1843 <BR> 1845 <BR> 1845 <BR> 1846 <BR> 1846 <BR> 1846-1849 <BR> 1847 V <BR> 1847 XI <BR> 1847 <BR> 1848 II <BR> 1848 II-XI <BR><BR> 1848 III-X <BR> 1848 III-VI <BR> 1848 III-VIII <BR><BR> 1848 III-XII <BR> 1848 III-49 VIII <BR> 1848 IV <BR> 1848 V <BR> 1848 V-1849 VI <BR> 1848 VII <BR> 1848 <BR> 1848 IX-X <BR><BR> 1848 XI <BR> 1848 <BR><BR> 1848 <BR> 1848 <BR> 1848 <BR> 1848 <BR> 1848-1849 <BR> 1849 IV-VII <BR> </font></TD> <BR><TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "600"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Napoleon abdicates; New Constitution offers throne to Louis XVIII. <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Louis XVIII. returns to Paris, assumes rule <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">E</A> : Spanish troops return to South America to restore colonial rule <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xpapalstate.html">Papal State</A> : Pope Pius VII. restores the Jesuit Order <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">I</A> : Napoleon leaves Elba, returns to France; begin of Hundred Days (-June 18th) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Louis XVIII. flees Paris before Napoleon arrives <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : First Burschenschaft (German Students' Fraternity) founded in Jena <BR> Battle of Waterloo <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Napoleon abdicates for second time <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Louis XVIII. reenters Paris <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xnaples.html">Two Sicilies</A> : Joachim Murat's attempt to reconquer his Kingdom fails <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xnaples.html">Two Sicilies</A> : Carbonari outlawed <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Wartburg Festival <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xprussia.html">Prussia</A> : Congress of Aachen (Fr.: Aix-la-Chapelle) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Bavaria, <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xbaden.html">Baden</A> grant Constitutions <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Russian Diplomat August von Kotzebue stabbed to death by German Student <BR> Karl Ludwig Sand, co-founder of Burschenschaft in Erlangen (Bavaria) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xaustria.html">A</A> : Carlsbad Decrees - the Holy Alliance agrees to ban clubs and associations, implement <BR> severe censorship and introduce secret police <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xnaples.html">Two Sicilies</A> : King grants Constitution <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xnaples.html">Two Sicilies</A> : brief revolution in Palermo, suppressed <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xaustria.html">A</A> : Congress of Troppau <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xportugal.html">P</A> : While King still resides in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), a coup d'etat succeeds, a new constitution <BR> adopted (1821). Upon arrival in Portugal (1822), King John swears oath on constitution <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xnaples.html">Two Sicilies</A> : Constitution cancelled; resistance suppressed by Austrian troops <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xaustria.html">A</A> : Congress of Ljubljana (Ger.: Laibach) <BR> St. Helena : Napoleon dies as a British prisoner <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A> : Begin of Greek Rebellion <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xpiemont.html">Piemont-Sardinia</A> : King Vittorio Emanuele I, facing a liberal revolution, abdicates; <BR> successor Charles-Felix promulgates a Liberal Constitution, which then is cancelled <BR> under Austrian pressure <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xaustria.html">A</A> : Congress of Verona; <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> withdraws from Holy Alliance <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">E</A> : King Ferdinand VII. cancels Liberal Constitution <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : King Louis XVIII dies, succeeded by his brother Charles X. <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A> : British Poet Lord Byron dies at Missolonghi <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">RUS</A>, : Decembrists <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">E</A> : Spain withdraws from Continental Latin America <BR> Treaty of London : <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> , <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">RUS</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> recognize Autonomy of <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A>; Ottoman Fleet defeated <BR> in Battle of Navarino 1827 X <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xportugal.html">P</A> : King John dies; successor King Miguel nullifies Constitution of 1821 <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Catholic Emancipation Act <BR> London Conference : <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> , <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">RUS</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> guarantee Independence of <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xgreece.html">Greece</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : "Revolution"; Demonstrations cause King Charles X. to abdicate; Citizen King <BR> Louis Philippe crowned, Constitution adopted. France leaves Holy Alliance <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">PL</A> : Polish Rebellion against <A HREF = "../../region/russia/xrussia.html">Russian</A> Rule <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Revolution in Hessen, <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xbraunschweig.html">Braunschweig</A> (Brunswick) and <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xsaxony.html">Saxony</A>; monarchs dethroned<BR> <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xbelgium.html">B</A> : Revolution; Secession from <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xnederland.html">NL</A>; 10 Days' Campaign; Liberal Constitution, International Recognition (NL 1832) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xpapalstate.html">Papal State</A> : Revolution in Bologna, Umbria; All Italian National Congress held in Bologna; <BR> suppressed by Austrian troops <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xparma.html">Parma</A> : Revolution, suppressed by Austrian troops <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">I</A> : Giuseppe Mazzini founds "Young Italy" <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xhkassel.html">Hessen-Kassel</A>, <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xsaxony.html">Saxony</A> adopt Constitutions <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xmoldavia.html">Moldavia</A>, Vallachia adopt Constitutions <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">PL</A> : Czar Nicholas II. abolishes Constitution of Congress Poland <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Hambach Festival <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xuk.html">UK</A> : Reform Act expands Franchise <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Republican Uprising in Paris suppressed <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xportugal.html">P</A> : Civil War <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xswitzerland.html">CH</A> : Catholic Cantonsform "Sonderbund" <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : Deutscher Zollverein founded <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xhannover.html">Hannover</A> grants constitution <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">E</A> : First War of the Carlists <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xportugal.html">P</A> : King Miguel goes into exile; his brother Pedro crowned; Constitution reinstated <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xfinland.html">SF</A> : Elias L&ouml;nnroth publishes the "Kalevala" <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">E</A> : Constitution adopted; bicameral parliament introduced <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">E</A> : Rebellion in Barcelona suppressed, Cortez dissolved <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : King of <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xhannover.html">Hannover</A> cancels Constitution, exiles G&ouml;ttingen 7 <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : Remains of Napoleon Bonaparte reburied in Paris, Les Invalides <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xhungary.html">H</A> : Hungarian Diet replaces Latin as official language by Hungarian <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">E</A> : New Constitution adopted <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xireland.html">Ireland</A> : Young Ireland founded <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xiceland.html">Iceland</A> (under <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xdenmark.html">DK</A>) : Althingi reconstituted; in 1848 granted wider authority <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xmoldavia.html">Moldavia</A>, Vallachia establish Customs Union <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">PL</A> : Austria annexes Cracow <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">PL</A> : Insurrection in Galicia (Austrian Poland) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/spain/xspain.html">E</A> : Carlist Rising <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">PL</A> : Russia formally annexes Congress Poland <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xswitzerland.html">CH</A> : Sonderbund War; Sonderbund defeated, dissolves <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xtuscany.html">Tuscany</A> annexes Lucca <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : February Revolution; Louis Philippe abdicates, Republic proclaimed (Lamartine) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xpapalstate.html">Papal State</A> : Liberal Cabinet formed (III 10); Constitution adopted (III 14); Papal State <BR> joins <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xpiemont.html">Piemont-Sardinia</A> in War against Austria (IV 21); Pope Pius IX. flees Rome (XI 24) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xaustria.html">A</A> : Revolution in Vienna <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xaustria.html">A</A> : Revolution in Prague (<A HREF = "../../region/germany/xbohemia.html">Bohemia</A>) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/scandinavia/xdenmark.html">DK</A>/Schleswig-Holstein : Denmark adopts Liberal Constitution; Schleswig incorporated; <BR> German Schleswig-Holsteiners rise in revolt <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xprussia.html">Prussia</A> : Revolution in Berlin <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xhungary.html">H</A> : Hungarian Revolution (Kossuth) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xpoland.html">PL</A> : Polish Insurrection in Warsaw crushed by Russian, Prussian troops <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xaustria.html">A</A> : Pan-Slavic Congress held in Prague (<A HREF = "../../region/germany/xbohemia.html">Bohemia</A>) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xgermany.html">D</A> : German National Assembly in Frankfurt, later in Stuttgart; passes Constitution March 1849 <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xmoldavia.html">Moldavia</A>, Vallachia occupied by Russian, Ottoman forces, in order to suppress Rebellion <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xparma.html">Parma</A> : Revolution; Austrian troops restore order <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/balkans/xcroatia.html">HRO</A> : Croatian troops under Ban Jelacic, fearful of Hungarian Cultural Domination, <BR> invade <A HREF = "../../region/eceurope/xhungary.html">Hungary</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/france/xfrance.html">F</A> : November Revolution; Constitution passed (Louis Napoleon) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xtuscany.html">Tuscany</A> : Liberal Constitution granted; Republic proclaimed (1849 II 8), supprressed <BR> by Austrian troops; Constitution cancelled 1852 <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xpiemont.html">Piemont-Sardinia</A> adopts a Liberal Constitution <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xswitzerland.html">CH</A> : Switzerland adopts a new Constitution <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/lowcountries/xnederland.html">NL</A> : Liberal Constitution adopted (Thorbecke) <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/britain/xireland.html">Ireland</A> : attempt of National Insurrection crushed before it could spread <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html">I</A> : First War of Italian Independence <BR> <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xpapalstate.html">Papal State</A> : Franco-Austrian invasion restores Papal Rule <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "bib">Bibliography</A> <BR><BR> Charles Breunig, <B>The Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1789-1850</B>, NY : Norton (1970) 1977, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>940.2 N882h v.5</B> <BR> Raymond Pearson, <B>European Nationalism 1789-1920</B>, London : Longman 1994, 336 pp. <B>[G]</B> <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; 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