ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Germany during the Interbellum </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2003-2007 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../meh.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Italy during the <BR> Interbellum </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlibit.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xtimelines.html"> <img src = "../timelines.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlibarts.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Arts during the Interbellum </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on April 6th 2003, last revised on September 6th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Timeline Germany during the Interbellum </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/timelines/meh/tlibger.html </i></font></B> </TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "110"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> 1918 X 29 <BR><BR><BR> 1918 XI 9 <BR> 1918 XI 9 <BR> 1918 XI 10 <BR><BR> 1918 XI 11 <BR> 1919 I 1 <BR> 1919 I 15 <BR><BR> 1919 II-IX <BR> 1919 VI 28 <BR> 1920 III <BR> 1920 III 4 <BR> 1921 III <BR> 1921 VIII 2 <BR> 1921 VIII 15 <BR> 1921 VIII 29 <BR> 1922 IV 16 <BR><BR> 1922 VI 24 <BR> 1922 VIII 2 <BR> 1923 I 3 <BR> 1923 I 11 <BR> 1923 I 13 <BR><BR> 1923 V 23 <BR> 1923 IX 7 <BR> 1923 IX 26 <BR><BR> 1923 X 10 <BR> 1923 X <BR><BR> 1923 XI 8/9 <BR><BR> 1923 XI 16 <BR> 1924 IV 1 <BR> 1925 XI 28 <BR> 1926 II 15 <BR> 1926 IX 9 <BR> 1926 X 15 <BR> 1926 <BR> 1929 I 15 <BR> 1929 IX 5-9 <BR><BR> 1929 X 3 <BR> 1929 X 25 <BR> 1930 III 29 <BR> 1930 IX 29 <BR> 1931 III 15 <BR> 1931 IX 7 <BR> 1931 X 31 <BR><BR> 1931 XI 23 <BR> 1932 II 15 <BR> 1932 IV 13 <BR> 1932 V 29 <BR> 1932 V 30 <BR> 1932 VII 20 <BR><BR> 1933 I 30 <BR> 1933 II 27 <BR><BR><BR> 1933 III 23 <BR> 1933 III 31 <BR><BR> 1933 V 10 <BR> 1933 VI-VII <BR><BR> 1934 VI 30 <BR> 1934 VII 25 <BR><BR><BR> 1934 VIII 2 <BR> 1934 <BR> 1935 X 15 <BR> 1935 <BR> 1936 <BR> 1937 XI 23 <BR><BR> 1938 II 26 <BR> 1938 III 12 <BR> 1938 V 4 <BR> 1938 IX 29 <BR> 1938 XI 9 <BR><BR> 1939 III 16 <BR> 1939 VIII 23 <BR> 1939 IX 1 <BR> 1939 IX 1 <BR> 1940 X 28 <BR><BR> 1942 I 20 <BR> 1942 II 15 <BR> 1943 VI 16 <BR> 1944 VII 20 <BR> 1945 IV 30 <BR> 1945 IV 30 <BR> 1945 V 7/8 <BR> </font></TD> <BR><TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "600"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> German Fleet (ports Wilhelmshaven, Kiel) ordered to leave port direction mouth of the Thames; <BR> sailors mutiny; occupy Wilhelmshaven city hall, establish Soldiers' and Workers' Council; <BR> begin of German Revolution, which quickly spreads to other German cities <BR> Kaiser Wilhelm II., crown prince abdicate, go into exile (NL) <BR> Philipp Scheidemann, SPD moderate, proclaims the Republic <BR> In a telephone conversation with Reichstag majority party leader Friedrich Ebert, General <BR> Groener (High Command, Spa) recognizes a government to be formed by the latter <BR> Germany requests an armistice; hostilities are terminated, the naval blockade continues <BR> 8-hour workday introduced <BR> Free Corps take Berlin; Spartakus leaders Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg murdered; <BR> lution crushed <BR> Nationalversammlung (Nat'l Assembly) holds sessions in Weimar <BR> Treaty of Versailles signed; naval blockade lifted VII 12 <BR> Coup d'Etat by Wolfgang Kapp; Trade Unions call for General Strike; coup fails after three days <BR> DAP renamed NSDAP; a few thoudand members strong <BR> War between Free Corps and Polish insurgents in Upper Silesia plebiscite region <BR> NSDAP (still insignificant) establishes party militia, in Nov. renamed <i>Sturmabteilung</I> (SA) <BR> At the Frankfurt Currency Exchange, 1 US $ traded for 88 Mark <BR> Matthias Erzberger, signatory of the Treaty of Versailles, assassinated <BR> In Treaty of Rapallo, Germany and USSR recognize each other, agree on German secret army <BR> ning in USSR <BR> Walther Rathenau, Minister of Foreign Affairs, assassinated <BR> Frankfurt Currency Exchange : 1 US $ = 860 Mark <BR> Frankfurt Currency Exchange : 1 US $ = 7.525 Mark <BR> French and Belgian troops occupy Ruhr District etc. to enforce payment of reparations <BR> Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno announces passive resistance; state officials in Rhineland are forbidden <BR> to cooperate with occupants; General Strike called by Trade Unions <BR> 1 US $ = 40,500 Mark <BR> New York Currency Exchange : 1 US $ = 53,000,000 Mark <BR> Berlin : price for a loaf of bread 10,370,000 Mark; Government announces end of campaign of <BR> passive resistance against French occupation of the Ruhr District <BR> 1 US $ = 2,900,000,000 Mark <BR> Attempts of communist revolutions in Hamburg, Saxony fail due to lack of support, <BR> armed suppression <BR> Hitler attempts to place himself at the head of archconservative malcontents; March on the <BR> Feldherrnhalle ends in his arrest (11. 11.)<BR> Currency Reform : 1 US $ = 4.2 (new) Mark <BR> Hitler sentenced to 5 years in prison; released 1924 XII 20; while in prison, wrote "Mein Kampf" <BR> German Govt. signs Treaty of Locarno <BR> Number of unemployed reaches 2.4 million <BR> Germany joins League of Nations <BR> Number of unemployed 1.24 million <BR> Hitler's "Mein Kampf" published <BR> Number of unemployed 2 million <BR> At League of Nations session, Ministers of Foreign Affairs Gustav Stresemann (D) and Aristide <BR> Briand (F) suggest creation of a United, Federal Europe <BR> Gustav Stresemann dies of a stroke <BR> Black Friday at New York Stock Exchange <BR> Heinrich Br&uuml;ning charged with forming a cabinet; austerity policy, rule bt decree <BR> Salaries of state officials cut by 6 % <BR> Number of unemployed almost 5 million <BR> SA organizes pogrom against Jewish businesses in Berlin <BR> Int'l Court of Justice (Den Haag) rejects Customs Union of Germany and Austria <BR> (planned 1931 III 19) <BR> Carl von Ossietzky sentenced to 18 months in prison for trading military secrets <BR> Number of unemployed 6.127 million <BR> Br&uuml;ning bans SA, SS <BR> The NSDAP wins the absolute majority in state elections in Oldenburg <BR> Cabinet Br&uuml;ning steps down <BR> State Government in Prussia deposed by Central Government ("Preussenschlag") <BR> ban on NSDAP party membership in Prussia (since 1930), ban of SA, SS lifted <BR> Hitler appointed chancellor of a coalition government <BR> Reichstag burns, set afire by Dutchman Marinus van der Lubbe <BR> Government blames communists; hunt of communists, incarceration in (makeshift) <BR> concentration camps begins (Dachau III 23) <BR> Erm&auml;chtigungsgesetz (Empowerment Act) passed by Reichstag <BR> Gleichschaltung (Synchronization) - state governments to be organized by the parties which <BR> make up the central government <BR> Burning of the Books, organized simultaneously in many German cities by NS organizations <BR> many political parties "dissolve"; Communists, Social Democrats banned; the formation <BR> of new political parties is outlawed <BR> President Paul von Hindenburg dies; Hitler has himself elected president, combining both offices <BR> Austrian Nazis assassinate Austrian chancelor and de facto dictator Engelbert Dollfuss; <BR> Mussolini has Italian troops march to the Brenner Pass; Hitler does not proceed with attempt to <BR> annex Austria; Kurt Schuschnigg succeeds Dollfuss as chancelor-de facto dictator in Austria <BR> so-called R&ouml;hm-Putsch; Hitler has SA leadership eliminated by SS <BR> Federal states abolished, replaced by "Reichsgaue" <BR> "Law on Racial Hygiene" enacted <BR> Nuremberg Race Laws enacted; Jews deprived of German citizenship <BR> Olympic Games held in Berchtesgaden, Berlin <BR> Oslo : Nobel Peace Prize for 1935 awarded to Carl von Ossietzky. Hitler forbidshim to accept <BR> the prize <BR> Propaganda exhibition "Degenerate Art" in Berlin begins <BR> German invasion of Austria; Anschluss (annexation) III 13 <BR> Carl von Ossietzky dies of wounds inflicted during imprisonment in concentration camp <BR> Munich Pact; Sudetenland annexed into Germany <BR> "Kristallnacht" (Reichspogromnacht), countrywide anti-Semitic pogrom; begin of max edodus <BR> of Jews <BR> Germans invade, occupy central Czech lands ("Protectorate Bohemia & Moravia") <BR> Germany-USSR Non-Aggression Pact <BR> German invasion of Poland; begin of World War II <BR> Euthanasia decree in force <BR> Zeugungserlass (procreation decree); SS and police officers were ordered to father children <BR> before being sent to the front, no matter if they were married or not <BR> Wannsee Conference <BR> ration cards for tobacco introduced <BR> Gauleiter Goebbels proclaims Berlin "judenfrei" (cleansed of Jews) <BR> Attempt to assassinate Hitler and establish a provisional non-Nazi government fails <BR> Hitler commits suicide <BR> Red Army takes Berlin <BR> Unconditional Surrender of Germany <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> History by Period : Interbellum : <A HREF = "../../period/betwwar/xinterbellum.html"> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/betwwar/xinterbellum.html</A> <BR> History by Region : Germany : <A HREF = "../../region/germany/xreich.html"> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/germany/xreich.html</A> <BR><BR> Very detailed, German-language timelines : <A HREF = "http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Deutschland/1921-23.html"> http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Deutschland/1921-23.html</A> (Weimar Republic, 1919-1933) <BR> <A HREF = "http://www.berlinische-monatsschrift.de/bms/bmstxt00/0009kala.htm"> http://www.berlinische-monatsschrift.de/bms/bmstxt00/0009kala.htm</A> (Berlin Calendar, 1933-1945) <BR><BR> R.J. Overy, <B>The Nazi Economic Miracle</B>, Cambridge : UP (1982) 1996, 77 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>330.943 O96n</B> <BR> Gerald D. Feldman, <B>The Great Disorder.</B> Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation 1914-1924, Oxford : UP 1997, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>332.41 F312t</B> <BR> Frank Trentmann (ed.), <B>Food and Conflict in Europe in the Age of the Two World Wars</B>, Basingstoke : Palgrave MacMillan 2006, KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>940.31 T795f</B> <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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