ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Italy during the Interbellum </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2003-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../meh.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> USSR during <BR> the Interbellum </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlibussr.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xtimelines.html"> <img src = "../timelines.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlibger.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Germany during <BR> the Interbellum </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on April 9th 2003, last revised on September 6th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Timeline Italy during the Interbellum </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/timelines/meh/tlibit.html </i></font></B> </TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "110"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> 1883 VII 29 <BR> 1908 <BR> 1910 <BR> 1911 <BR> 1914 VIII <BR> 1914 XI <BR> 1919-1920 <BR> 1919 III <BR> 1919 IX 12 <BR> 1919 <BR> 1920 XI 12 <BR> 1921 <BR> 1922 X 22 <BR> 1922 <BR><BR> 1923 II <BR> 1923 <BR> 1924 III 16 <BR> 1924 VI 10 <BR> 1924 <BR> 1925 I 3 <BR> 1925 <BR> 1926 <BR> 1926 <BR> 1926 IV <BR> 1927 <BR> 1929 II 11 <BR> 1929 <BR> 1934 <BR> 1934 <BR> 1935 I <BR> 1935 X 3 <BR> 1935 X <BR> 1935 <BR> 1936 V <BR> 1936 VII 15 <BR> 1937 <BR> 1937 <BR> 1938 <BR> 1938 fall <BR> 1938 XI <BR> 1939 IV 16 <BR> 1940 VI 10 <BR> 1940 VI 11 <BR> 1940 VIII 3 <BR> 1940 IX 13 <BR> 1940 X 28 <BR> 1941 XI 27 <BR> 1942 X-XI <BR> 1943 V 12 <BR> 1943 VII 10 <BR> 1943 VII 25 <BR> 1943 IX 3 <BR> 1943 IX 8 <BR> 1943 IX 13 <BR><BR> 1943 XI <BR> 1943 XII <BR> 1944 I 11 <BR> 1944 I 22 <BR> 1944 I-V <BR> 1944 III 23 <BR><BR> 1944 VI 4 <BR> 1945 IV 28 <BR> </font></TD> <BR><TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "600"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Benito Mussolini born, son of a blacksmith and a schoolteacher <BR> Mussolini became journalist <BR> Mussolini joined Socialist Party <BR> During Italo-Turkish War, Mussolini imprisoned for spreading Pacifist Propaganda <BR> At the Outbreak of WW I, Mussolini supports neutrality <BR> Mussolini founds newspaper "Il Populo d'Italia" (People of Italy). He joins the Army. <BR> Red Biennium <BR> Mussolini founds Fasci di Combattimento, in 1921 reorganized as Fascist Party (PNF) <BR> Italian Nationalists under Gabriele D'Annunzio seized Fiume (Rijeka) <BR> Catholic Party (PPI) established <BR> Treaty of Rapallo creates Free State of Fiume <BR> Mussolini elected into Parliament <BR> March on Rome; Mussolini asked to form coalition government <BR> Italian Grand Prix held at new Autodromo Monza; Italian producers (Fiat, Alfa Romeo, <BR> Maserati, Bugatti, Ferrari) dominate car racing <BR> Acerbo Law <BR> Pope orders Don Sturzo, head of Catholic Party, to dissolve the latter <BR> Italy annexes Fiume (Rijeka) <BR> United Socialist Party leader Giacomo Matteotti abducted; corpse found three days later <BR> Land Reclamation Law <BR> Mussolini speech marking the end of the Parliamentary System <BR> Begin of Battle of Grain <BR> Begin of the Battle of the Lira <BR> Begin of Campaign against Foreign Words <BR> Syndical Law enacted, foundation of Corporate Economy <BR> Campaign to increase birth rate begins <BR> Concordat; Italy formally recognizes Vatican State <BR> Publication of Alberto Moravia's "Time of Indifference" <BR> Italian team wins soccer World Cup in Rome, Italy <BR> Corporate Economy formally established <BR> France cedes stretches of French Somaliland to Italy, keen to keep Italy in Stresa Front <BR> Italy invades Ethiopia <BR> League of Nations imposes Economic Sanctions against Italy <BR> Italy experiences Currency Crisis <BR> Ethiopia occupied by Italians <BR> League of Nations sanctions against Italy lifted <BR> Italy withdraws from League of Nations <BR> Ministry for Popular Culture (in essence Propaganda Ministry) established <BR> Italian team wins soccer World Cup in Paris, France <BR> Italy deprives Italy's Jews of citizenship (Italy's Nuremberg Laws) <BR> Enrico Fermi, Nobel Prize awardee in Physics, emigrates to the USA <BR> De facto annexation of Albania by Italy (King Umberto King of both Italy and Albania) <BR> Italy declares War on France, UK <BR> RAF bombed Turin <BR> Italy invades British Somaliland <BR> Italy invades Egypt, from Libya; British Counteroffensive XII 9th <BR> Italy invades Greece; Italian forces soon pushed back into Albania <BR> Last Italian forces in Italian East Africa surrender <BR> Battle of El Alamein; turning point of war in Africa <BR> Allied Invasion of Sicily <BR> Mussolini dismissed, arrested <BR> German Afrikakorps surrenders; North Africa lost <BR> Allied landing at Reggio di Calabria <BR> D. Eisenhower announces Italy's unconditional surrender <BR> Mussolini liberated by German commando lead by Otto Skorzeny; shortly after Republic of Salo <BR> established <BR> Republic of Salo declares Italy's Jews enemy allies <BR> Jews within territory of Republic of Salo interned <BR> Count Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini's son-in-law, executed for treason by Rep. of Salo <BR> Allied Landing at Anzio <BR> Battle of Monte Cassino <BR> Execution of several hundred Italian civilians by German soldiers in the Fosse Adreatine <BR> (Ardeatine Caves) near Rome <BR> Allied Capture of Rome <BR> Mussolini arrested and executed by Italian Partisans <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> History by Period : Interbellum : <A HREF = "../../period/betwwar/xinterbellum.html"> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/betwwar/xinterbellum.html</A> <BR> History by Region : Italy : <A HREF = "../../region/italy/xitaly.html"> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xitaly.html</A> <BR><BR> J.T. Schnapp (ed., trsl.), <B>A Primer of Italian Fascism</B>, Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press 2000, 325 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>320.53 S358a</B> <BR> Philip Morgan, <B>Italian Fascism 1915-1945</B>, Basingstoke : Palgrave MacMillan (2004) 2nd edition, no date, 262 pp. KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>945.091 M847i</B> <BR> Martin Clark, <B>Profiles in Power : Mussolini</B>, Harlow : Pearson 2005 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Alexander N&uuml;tzenadel, <B>Dictating Food : Autarchy, Food Provision, and Consumer Politics in Fascist Italy, 1922-1943</B>, pp.88-108 in : Frank Trentmann (ed.), <B>Food and Conflict in Europe in the Age of the Two World Wars</B>, Basingstoke : Palgrave MacMillan 2006, KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>940.31 T795f</B> <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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