ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Timelines : Italy & Switzerland </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2003-2007 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../periods.html"> <img src = "../../meh.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Central Europe </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlceurope.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xtimelines.html"> <img src = "../timelines.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "tlspain.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Iberian Peninsula </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 13th 2003, last revised on September 21st 2007</i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Timeline : Italy & Switzerland </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/timelines/meh/tlitaly.html </i></font></B> </TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "110"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> 1494 <BR> 1509 <BR> 1519 <BR> 1525 <BR> 1527 <BR> 1529 <BR> 1531 <BR> 1532 <BR> 1545-1563 <BR> 1564/1569 <BR> 1569 <BR> 1571 <BR> 1579-1580 <BR> 1606 <BR> 1632-1633 <BR> 1669 <BR> 1684-1715 <BR> 1689-1697 <BR> 1701-1714 <BR> 1720 <BR> 1728 <BR> 1733-1735 <BR> 1737 <BR><BR> 1741-1748 <BR> 1767 <BR> 1786 <BR><BR> 1792 <BR> 1797 <BR><BR> 1797-1798 <BR> 1798 <BR> 1798-1803 <BR> 1799-1800 <BR> 1800 <BR> 1800-1802 <BR> 1802 <BR> 1805-1813 <BR> 1806-1815 <BR> 1808 <BR> 1815 <BR><BR><BR> 1820 <BR><BR> 1830-1831 <BR> 1831 <BR> 1847 <BR> 1848 <BR> 1848 <BR> 1848-1849 <BR> 1854 <BR> 1857 <BR> 1859-1860 <BR> 1860-1861 <BR> 1866 <BR> 1870 <BR> 1871 <BR> 1889 <BR> 1890 <BR> 1896 <BR> 1911-1912 <BR> 1914 <BR> 1915 <BR> 1918-1920 <BR> 1919-1920 <BR> 1919 III <BR> 1919 IX 12 <BR> 1919 <BR> 1920 XI 12 <BR> 1921 <BR> 1922 X 22 <BR> 1922 <BR><BR> 1923 II <BR> 1923 <BR> 1924 III 16 <BR> 1924 VI 10 <BR> 1924 <BR> 1925 I 3 <BR> 1925 <BR> 1926 <BR> 1926 <BR> 1926 IV <BR> 1927 <BR> 1929 II 11 <BR> 1929 <BR> 1934 <BR> 1934 <BR> 1935 I <BR> 1935 X 3 <BR> 1935 X <BR> 1935 <BR> 1936 V <BR> 1936 VII 15 <BR> 1937 <BR> 1937 <BR> 1938 <BR> 1938 fall <BR> 1938 XI <BR> 1939 IV 16 <BR> 1940 VI 10 <BR> 1940 VI 11 <BR> 1940 VIII 3 <BR> 1940 IX 13 <BR> 1940 X 28 <BR> 1941 XI 27 <BR> 1942 X-XI <BR> 1943 V 12 <BR> 1943 VII 10 <BR> 1943 VII 25 <BR> 1943 IX 3 <BR> 1943 IX 8 <BR> 1943 IX 13 <BR><BR> 1943 XI <BR> 1943 XII <BR> 1944 I 11 <BR> 1944 I 22 <BR> 1944 I-V <BR> 1944 III 23 <BR><BR> 1944 VI 4 <BR> 1945 IV 28 <BR> 1945 <BR> 1947 <BR> 1947 <BR> 1948-1950 <BR> 1949 <BR> 1951 <BR> 1954 <BR> 1957 <BR> 1960 <BR> 1964 <BR> 1978 <BR> 1992 <BR> 1992 <BR> </font></TD> <BR><TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "600"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> French Invasion of Naples <BR> War of League of Cambrai <BR> Geneva frees herself from Savoyard Rule <BR> Reformation in Z&uuml;rich concluded <BR> Sacco di Roma <BR> CH : First War of Kappel <BR> CH : Second War of Kappel, death of Zwingli <BR> Florence : Republic abolished, Alessandro de Medici Duke of Florence <BR> Council of Trent <BR> Bern, Valais cede Chablais back to Savoy (which they held occupied since 1515/1506) <BR> Duchy of Florence elevated to Grand Duchy of Tuscany <BR> Naval Battle of Lepanto, Ottoman defeat; still, Cyprus lost for Venice <BR> Ottoman Turks hold Otranto <BR> Pope bans Republic of Venice, without success <BR> Trial of Galileo Galilei <BR> Venice loses Crete to Ottoman Empire <BR> Venice rules Morea (= Peloponnese) <BR> War of Grand Alliance; Savoy joined in 1690 <BR> War of Spanish Succession; Savoy gains Sicily, Austria Sardinia, Naples, Milan <BR> Savoy cedes Sicily to Austria in return for Sardinia <BR> Savoy-Piemont begins (cadastral) land survey <BR> War of Polish Succession; Bourbon Line regains Two Sicilies <BR> End of Medici Dynasty in Florence; succeeded by Francis I. of Lorraine, husband of <BR> Maria Theresia <BR> War of Austrian Succession; Duchy of Parma returned to Bourbon Rule <BR> Naples explels Jesuits; Parma follows 1768 <BR> Tuscany : Synod of Pistoia claums Gallican liberties for Tuscan Church; death penalty <BR> abolished by Grand Duke <BR> France annexes Savoy, Nice <BR> Treaty of Campo Formio; Republic of Venice abolished, most of her territory granted to <BR> Austria <BR> Piemont : Piemontese Republic <BR> Malta : Napoleon terminates rule of Order of St. John <BR> Switzerland : Helvetian Republic <BR> Malta occupied by British <BR> GD Tuscany elevated Kgd of Etruria, given to relative of Span. King <BR> Piemont : Subalpine Republic <BR> Piemont annexed to France <BR> Kingdom of Italy (Napoleon Bonaparte King) <BR> Kingdom of Naples <BR> Duchy of Parma, Kgd of Etruria annexed by France <BR> Vienna Congress : Savoy-Piemont-Sardinia, Two Sicilies, Papal State, Tuscany, <BR> Parma, Modena restored; Lombardo-Venetia Austrian; Genoa Piemontese, <BR> Avignon French <BR> Naples : Constitution adopted, Carbonari Coup fails; Revolution in Sicily. Austria sends <BR> troops. <BR> Revolution in Parma <BR> Mazzini founds Young Italy <BR> CH : Sonderbund War <BR> Savoy-Piemont-Sardinia grants liberal constitution <BR> CH : new constitution strengthens central government <BR> Revolution in Naples, Parma, Tuscany <BR> Assassination of Duke Carlo III. of Tuscany <BR> Switzerland annexes County of Neuchatel <BR> War of Italian Unification; Austria cedes Lombardy; Piemont cedes Savoy, Nice to France <BR> Garibaldi's Expedition against Sicily <BR> Austro-Prussian War; Italy defeated by Austrians, yet gains Venetia <BR> Franco-German War; French troops evacuate Rome, Italian troops move in <BR> First Vatican Council; Papal Infallibility declared; Pope rejects Liberal State <BR> Italy proclaims Protectorate over Benadir (Somalia) <BR> Italy proclaims Protectorate over Eritrea <BR> Italian forces defeated by Ethiopians in Battle of Adowa <BR> Italo-Ottoman War; Italy gains Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Dodecanese Islands <BR> World War I begins; Italy remains neutral <BR> Italy, promised Dalmatia etc., joins WW I on the side of the Entente <BR> Paris Peace Conference; Italy gains Trentino, South Tirol, Gorizia, Istria, Zara; not Dalmatia <BR> Red Biennium <BR> Mussolini founds Fasci di Combattimento, in 1921 reorganized as Fascist Party (PNF) <BR> Italian Nationalists under Gabriele D'Annunzio seized Fiume (Rijeka) <BR> Catholic Party (PPI) established <BR> Treaty of Rapallo creates Free State of Fiume <BR> Mussolini elected into Parliament <BR> March on Rome; Mussolini asked to form coalition government <BR> Italian Grand Prix held at new Autodromo Monza; Italian producers (Fiat, Alfa Romeo, <BR> Maserati, Bugatti, Ferrari) dominate car racing <BR> Acerbo Law <BR> Pope orders Don Sturzo, head of Catholic Party, to dissolve the latter <BR> Italy annexes Fiume (Rijeka) <BR> United Socialist Party leader Giacomo Matteotti abducted; corpse found three days later <BR> Land Reclamation Law <BR> Mussolini speech marking the end of the Parliamentary System <BR> Begin of Battle of Grain <BR> Begin of the Battle of the Lira <BR> Begin of Campaign against Foreign Words <BR> Syndical Law enacted, foundation of Corporate Economy <BR> Campaign to increase birth rate begins <BR> Concordat; Italy formally recognizes Vatican State <BR> Publication of Alberto Moravia's "Time of Indifference" <BR> Italian team wins soccer World Cup in Rome, Italy <BR> Corporate Economy formally established <BR> France cedes stretches of French Somaliland to Italy, keen to keep Italy in Stresa Front <BR> Italy invades Ethiopia <BR> League of Nations imposes Economic Sanctions against Italy <BR> Italy experiences Currency Crisis <BR> Ethiopia occupied by Italians <BR> League of Nations sanctions against Italy lifted <BR> Italy withdraws from League of Nations <BR> Ministry for Popular Culture (in essence Propaganda Ministry) established <BR> Italian team wins soccer World Cup in Paris, France <BR> Italy deprives Italy's Jews of citizenship (Italy's Nuremberg Laws) <BR> Enrico Fermi, Nobel Prize awardee in Physics, emigrates to the USA <BR> De facto annexation of Albania by Italy (King Umberto King of both Italy and Albania) <BR> Italy declares War on France, UK <BR> RAF bombed Turin <BR> Italy invades British Somaliland <BR> Italy invades Egypt, from Libya; British Counteroffensive XII 9th <BR> Italy invades Greece; Italian forces soon pushed back into Albania <BR> Last Italian forces in Italian East Africa surrender <BR> Battle of El Alamein; turning point of war in Africa <BR> Allied Invasion of Sicily <BR> Mussolini dismissed, arrested <BR> German Afrikakorps surrenders; North Africa lost <BR> Allied landing at Reggio di Calabria <BR> D. Eisenhower announces Italy's unconditional surrender <BR> Mussolini liberated by German commando lead by Otto Skorzeny; shortly after Republic of Salo <BR> established <BR> Republic of Salo declares Italy's Jews enemy allies <BR> Jews within territory of Republic of Salo interned <BR> Count Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini's son-in-law, executed for treason by Rep. of Salo <BR> Allied Landing at Anzio <BR> Battle of Monte Cassino <BR> Execution of several hundred Italian civilians by German soldiers in the Fosse Adreatine <BR> (Ardeatine Caves) near Rome <BR> Allied Capture of Rome <BR> Mussolini arrested and executed by Italian Partisans <BR> Italy : Universal Womanhood Suffrage introduced <BR> After Plebiscite, Italy becomes Republic <BR> Italy gets Peace Treaty, cedes Libia, Eritrea, Dodecanese, Istria, Fiume, Zara. <BR> Italy benefitted from the Marshall Plan <BR> Italy founding member of NATO <BR> Italy founding member of ECSC <BR> Triest A reintegrated into Italy, Triest B (SST Vuja) into Yugoslavia <BR> Italy founding member of EEC <BR> Somalia gains independence; Italian administration ends <BR> Malta gains independence from Britain <BR> DCI politician Aldo Moro abducted, assassinated by Brigate Rosse <BR> Maastricht Treaty marks beginning of economic reform <BR> Many political leaders jailed for corruption, having connections with the Mafia <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> WHKMLA Country Page Italy : <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xitaly.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xitaly.html</A> <BR> WHKMLA Country Page Switzerland : <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xswitzerland.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xswitzerland.html</A> <BR> WHKMLA Country Page Malta : <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xmalta.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xmalta.html</A> <BR> WHKMLA Country Page Papal State : <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xpapalstate.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xpapalstate.html</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "bib">Bibliography</A> <BR><BR> M.F. Gilbert, K.R. Nilsson, <B>Historical Dictionary of Modern Italy</B>, Methuen : Scarecrow 1999, 500 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 945.08 G464h</B> <BR> John Santore, <B>Modern Naples, 1799-1999</B>, a documentary history, NY : Italica Press 2001; KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>945 P844b v.5</B> <BR> Jeanne Chenault Porter, <B>Baroque Naples, 1600-1800</B>, a documentary history, NY : Italica Press 2001; KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>945 P844b v.4</B> <BR> John Julius Norwich, <B>A History of Venice</B>, NY : Vintage, 1989, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>945.31 N893a</B> <BR> Christopher Hibbert, <B>The House of Medici, its Rise and Fall</B>, New York : Morrow Quill 1980, 364 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>945.51 H624b</B><BR> J.T. Schnapp (ed., trsl.), <B>A Primer of Italian Fascism</B>, Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press 2000, 325 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>320.53 S358a</B> <BR> MacGregor Knox, <B>Hitler's Italian Allies.</B> Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime and the War of 1940-1943, Cambridge : UP 2000, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>940.54 K74h</B> <BR> Fernand Braudel, <B>The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II.</B>, trsl. by Sian Reynolds, Vol.1, (1949) University of California Press 1996, 642 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>909 B825m</B> <BR><BR> Christopher Duggan, <B><B>A Concise History of Italy</B>, Cambridge Concise Histories, Cambridge : University Press 1994, 320 pp. <B>[G]</B> <BR> Charles Dandliker, <B>History of Switzerland, The History of Nations</B> Volume XIII. NY : Colliers (1907) 1916, pp.327-594, revised by Elbert J. Benton <B>[G]</B><BR> Wolfgang von Wartburg, <B>Geschichte der Schweiz</B> (History of Switzerland), M&uuml;nchen : Oldenbourg 1951, 264 pp., in German <B>[G]</B> <BR> Franz Xaver Seppelt, Georg Schwaiger, <B>Geschichte der P&auml;pste</B> (History of the Popes), M&uuml;nchen : K&ouml;sel 1964, 572 pp., in German <B>[G]</B> <BR> Henri Menabrea, <B>Histoire de la Savoie</B> (History of Savoy), Les Marches : Curandera 1990. 399 pp., in French <B>[G]</B> <BR> M. le Gallais, <B>Histoire de la Savoie et du Piemont</B> (History of Savoy and Piemont), new edition, Tours : Alfred Mame 1879, 237 pp.; in French <B>[G]</B> <BR> F.W. Putzger,<B> Historischer Atlas zur Welt- und Schweizer Geschichte</B> (Historical Atlas on World and Swiss History), Aarau : Sauerl&auml;nder, 9th edition (1954) 1975, in German and French <B>[G]</B> <BR> John A. Marino, <B>Early Modern Italy 1550-1796</B>, The Short Oxford History of Italy, Oxford : UP 2002 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Douglas J. Forsyth, <B>The Crisis of Liberal Italy., Monetary and Financial Policy</B>, 1914-1922, Cambridge : UP (1993) 2003 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Maria de Blasio Wilhelm, <B>The Other Italy, The Italian Resistance in World War II</B>. NY : W.W. Norton 1988 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Philip Morgan, <B>Italian Fascism 1915-1945</B>, Basingstoke : Palgrave MacMillan (2004) 2nd edition, no date, KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>945.091 M847i</B> <BR> Martin Clark, <B>Profiles in Power : Mussolini</B>, Harlow : Pearson 2005 [G] <BR> Giuseppe Garibaldi, <B>My Life</B>, translated by Stephen Parkin, London : Hesperus (1932) 2004, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>945.08092 G 232m</B> <BR> William Roscoe Thayer, The Life and Times of Cavour, London, Vol.1 Elibron Classics (1911) 2006, Vol.2 Kessinger Publishing (1914) n.d., KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>945.08 T369</B> <BR> John Wilson, A History of Switzerland, NY : Cosimo Classics (1832) 2007, KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>949.4 W 746h</B> <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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