ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Timelines : Low Countries </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2003-2007 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../periods.html"> <img src = "../../meh.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xtimelines.html"> <img src = "../timelines.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 1st 2003, last revised on September 21st 2007 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Timeline : Low Countries </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/timelines/meh/tllowctr.html </i></font></B> </TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "110"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> 1477 <BR> 1512 <BR> 1548 <BR> 1559 <BR> 1566 <BR> 1567-1573 <BR> 1572-1579 <BR> 1579 <BR> 1582 <BR> 1584-1585 <BR> 1602 <BR> 1609-1621 <BR> 1625 <BR> 1628 <BR> 1630-1654 <BR> 1648 <BR> 1650-1672 <BR> 1652-1654 <BR> 1665-1667 <BR> 1672-1674 <BR> 1672-1678 <BR> 1672-1702 <BR> 1689-1702 <BR><BR> 1689-1697 <BR> 1701-1714 <BR> 1702-1747 <BR> 1713-1794 <BR> 1745-1748 <BR> 1747-1795 <BR> 1787 <BR> 1789 <BR> 1792-1794 <BR> 1795-1813 <BR> 1795-1806 <BR> 1806-1810 <BR> 1810-1813 <BR> 1815 <BR><BR> 1830-1839 <BR> 1831 <BR> 1848 <BR> 1863 <BR> 1866 <BR> 1885 <BR> 1890 <BR> 1908 <BR> 1913 <BR> 1914-1918 <BR> 1917 <BR> 1919 <BR> 1928 <BR> 1929 <BR> 1932 <BR> 1939-1940 <BR> 1940-1945 <BR> 1947 <BR> 1949 <BR> 1949 <BR> 1953 <BR> 1957 <BR> 1960 <BR> 1962 <BR> 1967 <BR> 1970-1995 <BR> 1976 <BR> 1982 <BR> </font></TD> <BR><TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "600"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Charles the Bold, last Duke of Burgundy, falls in Battle <BR> Reform of the Holy Roman Empire; Burgundian Circle created <BR> Low Countries declared a separate entity within Holy Roman Empire <BR> Philip II. attempts (Catholic) Church Reform <BR> Calvinist Iconoclasm <BR> Alva (Alba) Governor General; Council of Troubles <BR> Holland and Zeeland in Rebellion against Spanish Rule <BR> Unions of Arras (Catholic South), Utrecht; begin of Dutch Revolt <BR> Assassination of William the Silent <BR> The Spanish take the cities of the south (Brussels, Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp) <BR> V.O.C. (United East India Company) founded <BR> Foundation of Nieuw Amsterdam (present New York) <BR> Piet Heyn takes Spanish Silver Fleet <BR> Twelve Year Truce with Spain <BR> Brazil's sugar plantation regions Dutch <BR> Treaty of Westphalia recognizes independence of Dutch Republic <BR> Dutch Republic : First Era of Liberty <BR> First Anglo-Dutch War <BR> Second Anglo-Dutch War <BR> Third Anglo-Dutch War <BR> Dutch War of Louis XIV. <BR> Dutch Republic : Stadholdership of William III. <BR> In Consequence of the Glorious Revolution, England and the Dutch Republic are in <BR> Personal Union <BR> War of the Grand Alliance <BR> War of Spanish Succession <BR> Dutch Republic : Second Era of Liberty <BR> Southern Netherlands Austrian <BR> War of Austrian Succession; Austrian Netherlands Battleground <BR> Dutch Republic : Stadholdership of William IV, V <BR> Patriot Revolution, suppressed by Prussian Troops <BR> Belgium : Revolution; in 1790 Austrian Troops restored Ancien Regime <BR> Southern Netherlands Battleground in 1st War of the Coalition <BR> Belgium French <BR> Dutch Republic reorganized as Batavian Republic <BR> Batavian Republic restructured Kingdom of Holland (Napoleon's Brother Louis) <BR> Kingdom of Holland annexed into France <BR> Vienna Congress created Kingdom of United Netherlands (Orange-Nassau Dynasty); <BR> Netherlands has to cede Cape Colony, Ceylon to UK <BR> Brabant Revolution; Belgium independent, constitutional monarchy <BR> Ten Days War (Dutch Invasion of Belgium) <BR> King William III. accepts liberal constitution (Thorbecke); NL becomes constitutional monarchy <BR> Netherlands abolishes Slavery <BR> Luxemburg, Limburg leave German Confederation <BR> Netherlands introduces School Law; Begin of Pillarization <BR> Dynastic Union between Netherlands and Luxemburg ended; Nassau Dynasty succeeds in LUX <BR> Belgium takes over Congo Free State (Belgian Congo) <BR> B : Open Letter by Jules Destrees; Begin of Walloon Movement <BR> World War I - Belgium occupied, Netherlands neutral <BR> Netherlands introduces Universal Manhood Suffrage <BR> Netherlands introduces Universal Womanhood Suffrage <BR> Olympic Games held in Amsterdam; Women participate for first time <BR> NL : Wieringermeerpolder drained <BR> NL : Afsluitdijk (Closure Dam) closed <BR> Early in World War II, NL, B neutral <BR> World War II, NL, B, LUX occupied by Germans <BR> Establishment of BENELUX <BR> B, NL, LUX founding members of NATO <BR> Dutch East Indies, as Indonesia, released into Independence; many Indonesians move to NL <BR> NL suffers from severe inundation <BR> NL, B, LUX founding members of EEC <BR> Belgian Congo released into Independence as Congo Leopoldville <BR> Ruanda, Burundi released into Independence by Belgium <BR> Brussels becomes NATO headquarters <BR> Belgium : Constitutional Reform creates Federal State <BR> NL legalizes sipervision consumption of soft drugs <BR> NL : Wassenaar Accoord attempt to check rising expenses of Welfare State <BR> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> WHKMLA Country History Webpages : <BR> . . . <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/xnederland.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/xnederland.html</A> <BR> . . . <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/xbelgium.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/xbelgium.html</A> <BR> . . . <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/xluxemburg.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/xluxemburg.html</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "bib">Bibliography</A> <BR><BR> J.C.H. Blom and E. Lamberts, <B>History of the Low Countries</B>, N.Y.: Berghahn 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>949.3 B653h</B> <BR> Mark T. Hooker, <B>The History of Holland</B>, Westport : Greenwood, 1999; title misleading, it is a history of the (northern) Netherlands; KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>949.2 H783h</B> <BR> Encyclopaedia Britannica, article the Netherlands, 15th edition, Vol.24 (Macropaedia) pp.864-897, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 032 B862h v.24</B> <BR> Jonathan Israel, <B>The Dutch Republic</B>, It's Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477-1806, Oxford : Clarendon 1998; KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>949.2 I85t</B> <BR> J.L. Price, <B>The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century</B>, St. Martin's Press, 1998, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>949.204 P945d</B> <BR> Article Belgium from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Vol.14 (Macropaedia) pp.857-871, KMLA Lib. Sign. <B>R 032 B862h v.14</B> <BR> Adriaan J. Barnouw, <B>The Land and People of Holland</B>, Philadelphia : Lippincott, 1961 - misleading title <B>[G]</B> <BR> <B>Memo from Belgium : Documents Illustrating the History of Belgium</B>, ed. Th. Maes et al., Brussels : Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2 volumes, 1978, in total 324 documents in English translation, from the Stone Age to recent times <B>[G]</B> <BR> Maarten Prak, <B>The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century</B>, Cambridge : UP 2005, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>949.2 P898d</B> <BR> Jan de Vries and Ad van der Woude, <B>The First Modern Economy. Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815</B>, Cambridge : UP 1997, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>330.9492 V982f</B> <BR> Demetrius C. Boulger, <B>The History of Belgium</B>, 2 parts, Elibron Classics (1902) 2005, KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>949.3 B763h</B> <BR> Dorothy Loder, <B>The Land and People of Belgium</B>, Philadelphia : Lippincott (1957) revised edition 1973 <B>[G]</B> <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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