ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Timelines : Russia </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2003-2007 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../periods.html"> <img src = "../../meh.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "xtimelines.html"> <img src = "../timelines.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on May 7th 2003, last revised on September 21st 2007 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Timeline : Russia </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/timelines/meh/tlrussia.html </i></font></B> </TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 989 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Prince Vladimir, Russians convert to Orthodox Christianity </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1240 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#ktatars">Tatar</A> Conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#kiev">Kiev</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1380 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Prince Dmitry Donskoy of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#muscovy">Muscovy</A> defeats <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#ktatars">Tatars</A> in Battle of Kulikovo; begin of Rise of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#muscovy">Muscovy</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1478 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#muscovy">Muscovy</A> annexes <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#rnovgorod">Republic of Novgorod</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1533 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Unification of all the Russian Principalities, except for those under Lithuania, completed </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1547 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ivan IV., Grand Duke of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#muscovy">Muscovy</A>, proclaims himself Czar of all the Russians </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1552 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#kazan">Khanate of Kazan</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1556 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#astrakhan">Khanate of Astrakhan</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1558-1582 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Livonian War </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1563-1579 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russo-Polish War </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1584 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#sibir">Khanate of Sibir</A> (beyond Ural Mountains) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1589 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Metropolit of Moscow claims title of Patriarch of Moscow </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1598-1613 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#ttroubles">Time of Troubles</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1610-1612 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Moscow occupied by Poles; Project to unite Russia and Poland-Lithuania in Personal Union </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1613 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Coronation of Mikhail Romanov as Czar; begin of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#romanov">Romanov Dynasty</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1617 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Peace of Stolbovo with <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A>; Ingria, Kexholm L&auml;n ceded to <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdscand.html#sweden">Sweden</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1619, 1634 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Truce of Deulino; Smolensk, Chernigov, Severia ceded to Poland </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1667 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Treaty of Andrussovo; Poland cedes Smolensk, Chernigov, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#kiev">Kiev</A> to Russia </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1689-1725 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rule of Peter the Great </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1689 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Treaty of Nerchinsk signed with China </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1697-1698 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Peter the Great's first journey to Western Europe </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1700-1721 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Great Northern War; Russia gains Ingria, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdscand.html#ekarelia">Eastern Karelia</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#livonia">Livonia</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#estonia">Estonia</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1702 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Begin of Construction of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#stpetersburg">St. Petersburg</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1717 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Peter the Great's second journey to Western Europe </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1721 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Peter the Great abolishes Patriarchate, introduces Holy Synod </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1722 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Peter the Great introduces Table of Ranks </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1725 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Foundation of the Russian Academy of Sciences </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1733-1735 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> War of Polish Succession </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1741-1762 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rule of Elizabeth </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1741 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Vitus Bering crosses Bering Strait, claims <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#alaska">Alaska</A> for Russia </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1755 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> University of Moscow founded </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1756-1763 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Seven Years War </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1762-1796 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rule of Catherine the Great </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1772 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#polpart">First Polish Partition</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1773 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Catherine the Great introduces Religious Toleration </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1773-1774 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#pugachevchina">Pugachev's Rebellion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1783 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russia annexes <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#crtatars">Crimea</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1785 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Catherine the Great issues Charter of the Nobility </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1788-1790 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russo-Swedish War </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1793 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#polpart">Second Polish Partition</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1795 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#polpart">Third Polish Partition</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1796-1801 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rule of Paul I. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1801-1825 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rule of Alexander I. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1808-1809 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russo-Swedish War; acquisition of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1812 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> French Invasion; Scorched Earth Policy, Burning of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#moscow">Moscow</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1815 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Vienna Congress, Establishment of Holy Alliance; <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#congresspol">Congress Poland</A> Russian </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1825 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> On succession of Nicholas I., Decembrists Movement </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1830-1831 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#polishreb">Polish Rebellion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1848-1849 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russia comes to <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdgermany.html#austria">Austria</A>'s aid in fighting the revolutionaries in <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdceurope.html#kgdhungary">Hungary</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1853-1856 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Crimean War; Russia finds herself attacked by UK, France, Savoy </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1855-1881 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rule of Alexander II. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1861 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Liberation of the Serfs </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1863 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#polishreb">Polish Rebellion</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1877-1878 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russo-Ottoman War; <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdbalkans.html#berlincong">Berlin Congress</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1881 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Alexander II. assassinated </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1881-1894 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rule of Alexander III. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1881 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Kishinev Pogrome against local Jewish minority; more pogromes followed </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1892/1894 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Franco-Russian Alliance signed / ratified </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1898 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Foundation of Russian Social Democratic Party </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1904-1905 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#rjwar">Russo-Japanese War</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1905 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#r1905">Revolution of 1905</A>; Creation of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#duma">Duma</A> (Parliament); political parties legalized </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1907 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Anglo-Russian Entente signed </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1914-1918 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> World War I </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1917 III 8 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#febrev">February Revolution</A>; <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#duma">Duma</A> convenes </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1917 III 8 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Petrograd <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#soviet">Soviet</A> formed </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1917 IV </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Lenin returns to Russia, from exile in Switzerland </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1917 VI </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> First All-Russia Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies held </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1917 VI-VII </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russian summer offensive results in failure </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1917 XI 7 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#octrev">October Revolution</A> in Petrograd </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1917 XI 17 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#bolzheviks">Bolsheviks</A> seize power in Moscow </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918 I </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Creation of Red Army </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918 II </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russia implements Gregorian Calendar </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918 III 3 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918 III </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Begin of foreign intervention (UK, F, JPN, USA); -1920 ) JPN on Sakhalin -1925) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918 VI </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Industry nationalized </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918 VII 10 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#rsfsr">RSFSR</A> Constitution </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918 VII 17 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Czar and his family executed </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918 IX </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Red Terror declared </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Land Reform implemented in areas under <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#bolzhevik">Bolshevik</A> rule </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1918-1919 XI </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#rusiancivilwar">Russian Civil War</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1919 VI 1 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Establishment of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#ukraine">Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1919 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#comintern">Comintern</A> founded </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1919-1920 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russo-Polish War </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1921-1922 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Famine of 1921-1922 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1921 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#nep">NEP</A> introduced </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1921 XI 16 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> National Bank of Russia founded, paper money, coins issued </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1922 IV </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Stalin appointed Secretary General of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#centcom">Central Committee</A> of the Communist Party of the RSFSR </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1922 IV </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Patriarch Tikhon arrested </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1922 IV </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Treaty of Rapallo; <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdibger.html#weimar.html">Germany</A> and Russia recognize each other, agree on training of German army on Soviet territory </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1922 XII 30 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> established (Russia, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#belarus">Belarus</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#ukraine">Ukraine</A>, Transcaucasia, Turkestan) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1924 I 21 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Lenin dies </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1924 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> UK, F establish diplomatic relations with <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1926 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Trotsky ousted from Politburo </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1928 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Stalin in full control; <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#nep">NEP</A> terminated, first 5 Year Plan launched </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1929 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Trotsky expelled from <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1932-1933 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Climax of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#kulaks">Kulak</A> famine </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1933 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> US, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> enter in diplomatic relations </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1934 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> joins League of Nations </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1934 VIII 17 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Socialist Realism as art style propagated </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1934 XII 1 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Assassination of Kirov </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1934-1937 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> suggests system of Collective Security in Europe </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1935 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#stakhanovyear">Stakhanov Year</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1936 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> New Constitution adopted </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1936-1939 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Spain : Civil War; UK, F, D, I adopt policy to contain the conflict; <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> excluded </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1937 I </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Radek <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#showtrials">Show Trial</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1937 V-VI </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Tukhachevsky <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#showtrials">Show Trial</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1938 III </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Bukharin <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#showtrials">Show Trial</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1938 IX 29 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Munich Pact : UK, F, I, D decide over Czechoslovakia; <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> excluded </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1939 V-1939 IX </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Russo-Japanese War over Mongolia </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1939 VIII 23 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1939 IX 17 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Soviet Invasion, Annexation of Eastern Poland </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1939 XI-1940 III </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Winter War against <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdscand.html#finland">Finland</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1939 XII 14 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> expelled from League of Nations </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1940 VI </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Annexation of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#estonia">Estonia</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#latvia">Latvia</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#lithuania">Lithuania</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1940 VIII 20 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Trotsky assassinated in Mexico </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1941 VI 22 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> German Invasion of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1942 XI-1943 II </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Battle of Stalingrad </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1945 II </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Yalta Conference </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1945 VII </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Potsdam Conference </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1946 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Begin of construction of Iron Curtain </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1947-1948 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Establishment of Soviet-style People's Republics in <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdbalkans.html#bulgaria">Bulgaria</A>, Poland, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdceurope.html#hungary">Hungary</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdbalkans.html#romania">Romania</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A>, N. Korea </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1948-1949 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Berlin Blockade and Airlift </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1950-1953 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Korean War; <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> formally neutral </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1953 III 5 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Death of Joseph Stalin </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1955 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Establishment of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdecw.html#warsawpact">Warsaw Pact</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1956 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Khrushchev accuses Stalin of being responsible for the maladministration of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A>; begin of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#destalinization">Destalinization</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1956 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Hungarian Rebellion </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1957 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> launches <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#sputnik">Sputnik</A> satellite </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1961 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin first man in space </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1962 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Cuban Missile Crisis </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1964-1982 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Leonid Brezhnev Secretary General </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1968 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Invasion, by fellow <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdecw.html#warsawpact">Warsaw Pact</A> countries, of <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdceurope.html#czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1979 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1980 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Summer Olympic Games held in <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#moscow">Moscow</A>, boycotted by many western nations </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1985-1991 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Mikhail Gorbachev Secretary General </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1986 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Chernobyl nuclear power station meltdown, leakage of radiation </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1989 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Communist regimes in Soviet European Satellites crumble </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1990 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> German Unification </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="100" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> 1991 </font></TD> <TD width="580" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Coup of Hardline Communists in Moscow fails; Russian President Boris Yeltsin strongman. Gorbachev resigns at year's end; no successor elected, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdcomrus.html#ussr">USSR</A> disintegrates; <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#belarus">Belarus</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdrussia.html#ukraine">Ukraine</A>, Moldova, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#estonia">Estonia</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#latvia">Latvia</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/meh/hdeceur.html#lithuania">Lithuania</A> independent. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> WHKMLA Country History, USSR page : <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/xussr.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/xussr.html</A> <BR> WHKMLA Country History, Russia page : <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/xrussia.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/xrussia.html</A> <BR> WHKMLA Country History, Ukraine page : <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/xukraine.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/xukraine.html</A> <BR> WHKMLA Country History, Belarus page : <A HREF = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/xbelarus.html">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/xbelarus.html</A> <BR> <BR> <A NAME = "bib">Bibliography</A> <BR><BR> Geoffrey Hosking, <B>The First Socialist Society. A History of the Soviet Union from within</B>, Cambridge MA : Harvard UP (1985) 1992, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>947 H826f</B> <BR> Christopher Read, <B>The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System</B>, Basingstoke : MacMillan 2001, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>947 R282n</B> <BR> Rex A. Wade, <B>The Russian Revolution 1917</B>, Cambridge : Cambridge UP 2000, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>947.084 W118t</B> <BR> Peter Waldron, <B>The End of Imperial Russia</B>, 1855-1917, NY : St. Martin's, 1997, 189 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>947.08 W167e</B> <BR> Mark Galeotti, <B>Gorbachev and his Revolution</B>, NY : St. Martin's, 1997, 142 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>947.085 G 153g</B> <BR> James D. White, <B>Lenin. The Practice and Theory of Revolution</B>, London : Palgrave 2001, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>947.0841 W582l</B> <BR> Simon Dixon, <B>The Modernization of Russia 1676-1825</B>, Cambridge : UP 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign.: <B>947 D621t</B> <BR> Anna Reid, <B>Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine</B>, Westview 2000, 258 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>947.7 R353b</B> <BR> John Channon, <B>The Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia</B>, London : Penguin 1995, KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>R 947 C458p</B> <BR> Melvin K. Wren, <B>Course of Russian History</B>, Waveland 1997, 617 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>947 W945</B> <BR> Charles E. Ziegler, <B>The History of Russia</B>, Greenwood 1999, 272 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>947 Z66t</B> <BR> Robert V. Daniels (ed., trsl.), <B>A Documentary History of Communism in Russia</B>, from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hanover : University of Vermont 1993, 392 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. <B>335.43 D186a</B> <BR> Martin Gilbert, <B>Atlas of Russian History</B>, Dorset Press (1972) 1985 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Simon Sebag Montefiore, <B>Stalin. The Court of the Red Czar</B>, NY : Alfred A. Knopf 2004 <B>[G]</B> <BR> M.E. Falkus, <B>The Industrialization of Russia 1700-1914</B>, London : MacMillan (1972) 1984 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Richard Overy, <B>Russia's War. A History of the Soviet War Effort 1941-1945</B>, NY : Penguins 1998 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Beryl Williams, <B>The Russian Revolution 1917-1921</B>, Oxford : Basil Blackwell 1987, 119 pp. <B>[G]</B> <BR> Mervyn Matthews, <B>Privilege in the Soviet Union. A Study of Elite Life-Styles under Communism</B>. London : George Allen & Unwin 1978 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Jamey Gambrell (ed.), <B>The Inner Circle. An Inside View of Soviet Life under Stalin</B>, NY : Newmarket 1991 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Anders &Aring;slund, <B>Gorbachev's Struggle for Economic Reform</B>, Ithaca : Cornell UP 1989 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Nicholas L.Fr.-Chirovsky, <B>The Economic Factors in the Growth of Russia</B>, NY : Philosophical Library 1957 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Richard Lourie, <B>Russia Speaks, An Oral History from the Revolution to the Present</B>, NY : Edward Burlingame 1991 <B>[G]</B> <BR> Sergei Khrushchev (ed.), <B>Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev</B>, Providence : Brown UP 2006, Vol.1 : Commissar, 1918-1945; Vol.2 : Reformer, 1945-1964, KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>947.0852 K45m</B> <BR> R.C. Kingsbury and R.N. Taaffe, <B>An Atlas of Soviet Affairs</B>, NY : Frederick A. Praeger 1965 <B>[G]</B> <BR> James R. Harris, <B>The Great Urals. 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Norton 1985 [G] <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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