ÿþ<html> <head> <title>WHKMLA : Timelines - North Africa </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"> </a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "200" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../whchapters.html"> <img src = "../timelines.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../biographies/wh/bionafrica.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "200" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Biographies </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on July 12th 2004, last revised on July 14th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Timeline North Africa </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/timelines/wh/tlnafrica.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "110"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> c.3000 <BR> c.2550-2490 <BR> c.1182-1151 <BR> 9th century <BR> c.814 <BR> c.785 <BR> c.750 <BR> 669 <BR> c.625 <BR> c.590 <BR> 525 <BR> 404 <BR> 343 <BR> 332 <BR> 301 <BR><BR> 264-241 <BR> 218-201 <BR> 149-146 <BR> 30 <BR><BR> 3rd Century <BR> 394 <BR> 439 <BR> 533-534 <BR> 535, 557 <BR> 538 <BR> 629 <BR> 639-642 <BR> 642-647 <BR> 694-705 <BR> 711 <BR> 876 <BR><BR> 902-912 <BR> 969-973 <BR> 980 <BR> 1014 <BR> 1049 <BR> c.1050-1100 <BR><BR> 1171 <BR> 1218-1222 <BR> 1236 <BR> 1239 <BR> 1250 <BR> 1269 <BR> 1276 <BR> 1325-1349 <BR> 1404 <BR> 1415 <BR> c.1460 <BR><BR> 1497 <BR> 1509-1511 <BR><BR> 1516-1547 <BR> 1517 <BR> 1706 <BR> 1798-1799 <BR><BR> 1830 <BR> 1859-1869 <BR> 1881 <BR> 1882 <BR> 1885 <BR> 1898 <BR> 1904 <BR> 1906 <BR> 1911 <BR> 1911-1912 <BR> 1921-1926 <BR><BR> 1922 <BR><BR> 1936 <BR><BR> 1940-1943 <BR> 1948 <BR> 1951 <BR> 1952 <BR> 1953 <BR> 1954 <BR> 1954-1962 <BR> 1956 <BR><BR> 1956 <BR> 1956 <BR> 1956 <BR> 1958-1961 <BR> 1960 <BR> 1962 <BR> 1962 <BR> 1967 <BR> 1969 <BR> 1969 <BR> 1973 <BR><BR> 1975 <BR><BR> 1978-1979 <BR> 1979 <BR> 1981 <BR> 1985 <BR> 1992 <BR><BR> 1998 <BR> 2002-2004 <BR> 2004 <BR> </font></TD> <BR><TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "600"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt <BR> Egypt : construction of the large pyramids <BR> Egypt : rule of Ramses III. <BR> Camel introduced to Egypt, from Arabia <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#carthago">Carthago</A> founded by Phoenician colonists from Tyrus <BR> Sudan : ruler of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#napata">Napata</A> unified northern <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#nubia">Nubia</A>, established Kgd. of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#kush">Kush</A> <BR> Egypt conquered by <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#kush>Kush</A> (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#napata">Napata</A>) <BR> Assyrian conquest of Egypt <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#cyrene">Cyrene</A> founded as a Greek colony <BR> Sudan : capital of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#kush">Kush</A> moved from <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#napata">Napata</A> to <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#meroe">Meroe</A> <BR> Persian conquest of Egypt <BR> Egypt establishd independence from Persian Empire <BR> Persian reconquest of Egypt <BR> Alexander the Great in Egypt, deified, founded <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#alexandria">Alexandria</A> <BR> Egypt : establishment of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#ptolemaicdyn">Ptolemaic Dynasty</A>, capital <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#alexandria">Alexandria</A>, Hellenistic. Greek <BR> the language of administration until the Arab conquest <BR> First Punic War <BR> Second Punic War <BR> Third Punic War; <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#carthago">Carthago</A> annexed (Roman province Africa) <BR> Egypt conquered by Octavian, annexed as Roman province; death of Cleopatra, <BR> end of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#ptolemaicdyn">Ptolemaic Dynasty</A> <BR> Egypt : begin of christian monasticism <BR> Egypt : last known Hieroglyphic temple inscription <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#carthago">Carthago</A> conquered by Vandals; establishment of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#vandals">Vandal Kgd.</A> in Africa <BR> Byzantinian conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#vandals">Vandal Kingdom</A> (Province Africa, capital <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#carthago">Carthago</A>) <BR> Egypt : Byzantine administration undertook steps to end paganism <BR> Egypt : <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#copticchurch">Coptic Church</A> (Monophysite) broke with Constantinople <BR> Byzantine reconquest of Egypt from the Persians <BR> Arab conquest of Egypt; foundation of al-Fustat <BR> Arab conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#tripolitania">Tripolitania</A> <BR> Arab conquest of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#maghreb">Maghreb</A> <BR> Arab conquest of Visigothic Spain <BR> Egypt : Governor Ahmad ibn Tulun declared Egypt independent of Abbasid Caliphate, <BR> established <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#tuluniddyn">Tulunid Dynasty</A> <BR> Algerian Shi'ite rebellion established <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#fatimiddyn">Fatimid state</A> <BR> Shi'ite <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#fatimiddyn">Fatimids</A> conquered Egypt, founded <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#cairo">Cairo</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#alazharuniversity">al Azhar University</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#morocco">Morocco</A> broke away from <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#fatimiddyn">Fatimid</A> rule <BR> Eastern Algeria, under <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#ziriddyn">Zirid Dynasty</A>, broke away from <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#fatimiddyn">Fatimid</A> rule <BR> Tunisia-Tripolitania broke away rom <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#fatimiddyn">Fatimid</A> rule <BR> Establishment of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#almoravid">Almoravid</A> rule over Morocco and Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, <BR> southern Spain <BR> Egypt : end of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#fatimiddyn">Fatimid Dynasty</A>, begin of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#ayyubiddyn">Ayyubid Dynasty</A> (Saladin) <BR> Fifth crusade targetting Egypt <BR> Hafsid Dynasty established in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#tunisia">Tunisia</A> <BR> Ziyanid Dynasty established in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#algeria">Algeria</A> <BR> Egypt : establishment of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#mamlukdyn">Mamluk Sultanate</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#morocco">Morocco</A> : <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#almohaddyn">Almohad Dynasty</A> succeeded by <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#meriniddyn">Merinid Dynasty</A> <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A> : <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#dongola">Dongola</A>, capital of christian kgd. in the Sudan, sacked by the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#mamlukdyn">Mamluks</A> of Egypt <BR> Travels of Moroccan Ibn Battuta <BR> Castile annexed <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#canaryislands">Canary Islands</A> <BR> Portuguese conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#ceuta">Ceuta</A> <BR> the Portuguese had established trade with West Africa, which adversely affected the <BR> Moroccan trans-Sahara trade (Gold) <BR> Spanish conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#melilla">Melilla</A> <BR> Spanish conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#oran">Oran</A>, Penon de Algiers, Tripolis (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#algiers">Algiers</A> lost 1529, Tripolis in 1555, <BR> Oran in 1706 <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#algiers">Algiers</A> : rule of the Barbarossa brothers (Arouj, Khaireddin); begin of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#barbarycoastpirates">Barbary Coast Piracy</A> <BR> Egypt : <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#mamlukdyn">Mamluk sultanate</A> conquered, annexed by Ottoman Empire <BR> Spanish lost <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#oran">Oran</A> <BR> Napoleon landed French force in Egypt; French defeated Ottoman forces; French fleet <BR> destroyed by British fleet under Nelson <BR> begin of French conquest of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#algeria">Algeria</A> <BR> Egypt : Construction of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#suezcanal">Suez Canal</A> (Ferdinand de Lesseps) <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#tunisia">Tunisia</A> occupied by French troops, declared Fr. protectorate in 1883 <BR> Egypt : British established control (formally an Ottoman province) <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A> : Khartoum occupied by <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#mahdiyya">Mahdist</A> forces, governor Charles Gordon killed <BR> Sudan occupied, declared an Anglo-Egyptian protectorate <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#mauritania">Mauritania</A> declared a French colony <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#moroccancrises">First Moroccan Crisis</A>; Conference of Algeciras <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#moroccancrises">Second Moroccan Crisis</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#morocco">Morocco</A> partitioned between France, Spain <BR> Italian forces conquered <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#tripolitania">Tripolitania</A> and <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</A> (Libya), hitherto Ottoman provinces <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#morocco">Morocco</A> : rebellion in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#rif">Rif Mountains</A> (Spanish Morocco) suppressed by Spanish, <BR> French troops <BR> Egypt : independence declared under King Fu'ad I.; British remained in control <BR> (indirect rule) <BR> General Franco declared rebellion against Spanish Popular Front Govt., began Spanish <BR> Civil War from <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#canaryislands">Canary Islands</A> <BR> World War II fought in North Africa <BR> Egypt participated in First Arab-Israeli War <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#libya">Libya</A> became independent <BR> Egypt : coup d'etat; Nasser strongman <BR> Egypt : monarchy terminated, republic poclaimed <BR> Egypt : British forces evacuated the country <BR> Algerian struggle for independence <BR> Egypt : Nasser nationalized <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#suezcanal">Suez Canal</A>; British, French, Israeli invaded; withdrew when <BR> the U.S. declared her displeasure with decisions taken <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A> became independent <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#tunisia">Tunisia</A> became independent; monarchy abolished, republic introduced in 1957 <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#morocco">Morocco</A> became independent; Spanish held on to <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#ceuta">Ceuta</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#melilla">Melilla</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#ifni">Ifni</A> <BR> Egypt, Syria formally federated in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#uar">U.A.R.</A>, de facto remained independent <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#mauritania">Mauritania</A>, hitherto French, became independent <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#algeria">Algeria</A> became independent <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A> : begin of the Sudanese Civil War (in the southern provinces) <BR> Egypt participated in Arab-Israeli War (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sixdayswar">Six Days War</A>); Israel occupied <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sinai">Sinai</A> peninsula <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#libya">Libya</A> : coup d'etat brought Muammar al Gaddafi to power <BR> Spain ceded <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#ifni">Ifni</A> to <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#morocco">Morocco</A> <BR> Egypt participated in Arab-Israeli War (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#yomkippurwar">Yom Kippur War</A>), Egyptian forces restored <BR> self-respect <BR> Spain released <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#spanishsahara">Spanish Sahara</A> into independence; occupied, partitioned by <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#morocco">Morocco</A>, <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#mauritania">Mauritania</A>; <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#polisario">Polisario</A> fought Moroccans for Saharan independence <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#campdavidaccord">Camp David Accord</A>, Peace Treaty between <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#egypt">Egypt</A> and Israel <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#mauritania">Mauritania</A> withdrew from <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#westernsahara">Western Sahara</A>; her sector occupied by Moroccans <BR> Egypt : President Anwar as-Sadat assassinated <BR> Israeli air strike against the PLO headquarters in Tunis <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#algeria">Algeria</A> : following an election win by the opposition Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), <BR> military coup d'etat, civil war <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A> : US launched missile strike against factory <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A> : peace agreement for the southern Sudan negotiated <BR> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#sudan">Sudan</A> : begin of uprising, in retaliation of ethnic cleansing in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdnafrica.html#darfur">Darfur</A> region <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "200"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> </font></TD> <BR><TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "510"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> REFERENCE : <BR> Timeline History of Egypt <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe/ht02afe.htm">8000-2000 B.C.</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/03/afe/ht03afe.htm">2000-1000 B.C.</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/afe/ht04afe.htm">1000 B.C.-1 A.D.</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/05/afe/ht05afe.htm">1-500 A.D.</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/nfe/ht06nfe.htm">500-1000 A.D.</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/nfe/ht07nfe.htm">1000-1400 A.D.</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/08/nfe/ht08nfe.htm">1400-1600 A.D.</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/09/nfe/ht09nfe.htm">1600-1800 A.D.</A>, from Metropolitan Museum of Art <BR> Timeline History of Sudan <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afs/ht02afs.htm">8000-2000 B.C.</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/03/afs/ht03afs.htm">2000-1000 B.C.</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/afs/ht04afs.htm">1000 B.C.-1 A.D.</A>, <A HREF = "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/05/afs/ht05afs.htm">1-500 A.D.</A>, from Metropolitan Museum of Art <BR> Timelines from BBC News : <A HREF = "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/790978.stm">Egypt</A>, <A HREF = "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/827425.stm">Sudan</A>, <A HREF = "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/1398437.stm">Libya</A>, <A HREF = "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/2506465.stm">Tunisia</A>, <A HREF = "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/811140.stm">Algeria</A>, <A HREF = "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/2431365.stm">Moroco</A>, <A HREF = "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/2483315.stm">Mauritania</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE><BR><BR><BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; 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