ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Biographies : History of East Asia </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2004-2006 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Timeline </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/wh/tleasia.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../timelines/whchapters.html"> <img src = "../../region/banners/banbiography.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> Historical Dictionary </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on June 25th 2004 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Biographies : History of East Asia </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/biographies/wh/bioeasia.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "150"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> <A NAME = "chiangkaishek">Chiang Kai Shek</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "dengxiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hirohito">Hirohito</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "hongxiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "itohirobumi">Ito Hirobumi</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "kangxi">Kangxi</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "kimilsung">Kim Il Sung</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "kimku">Kim Ku</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "kojong">Kojong</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "koxinga">Koxinga</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "kublaikhan">Kublai Khan</A> <BR> <A NAME = "maozedong">Mao Zedong</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "parkchunghee">Park Chung Hee</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "puyi">Pu Yi</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> Qin Shi Huang Di <BR> <A NAME = "syngmanrhee">Rhee, Syngman</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sejong">Sejong</A> <BR><BR> <A NAME = "shihuangdi">Shi Huang Di</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "sunyatsen">Sun Yat Sen</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tanaka">Tanaka Giichi</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tojohideki">Tojo Hideki</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "tokugawaieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</A> <BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "toyotomihideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</A> <BR><BR><BR> Zheng Chenggong <BR> <A NAME = "zhenghe">Zheng He</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> <A NAME = "zhouenlai">Zhou Enlai</A> <BR><BR><BR><BR> </font></TD> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "500"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> born in 1887, participated in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#chineserevolution">Chinese Revolution</A> on 1911, was sent to study in <BR> moscow 1923, returned to China, became commander of the Whampoa Military <BR> Academy, after the death of Sun Yat Sen (1925) Chiang became commander-in- <BR> chief of the Nationalist forces; commanded the Northern expedition in 1926, broke <BR> within the Communists in the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#kuomintang">Kuomintang</A> in 1927, since 1928 Generalissimo of <BR> the Chinese forces and Chairman of the National Government. In 1934 Chiang's <BR> Nationalist forces expelled the Communist forces from Jiangxi, but they were un- <BR> able to remove them from <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#yenan">Yenan</A>. The Japanese invasion of 1937 forced Chiang to <BR> move his administration to Chungqing. After the Japanese surrender he briefly was <BR> in charge of most of mainland China, before being swept from the mainland in 1949 <BR> by the Communist forces. Withdrew to Taiwan, where he upheld the notion of a <BR> Nationalist government for all of China, the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#roc">R.O.C.</A>, served as President of the <BR> latter from 1948 to his death in 1975. <BR> born in 1904, joined the Communist Party, participated in the Long March 1934, <BR> career politician, removed from office during the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#ulturalrevolution">Cultural Revolution</A>; returned to <BR> political influence in 1974 and again in 1976. Became the guiding figure behind <BR> China's economic reforms; negotiated <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#hongkong">Hong Kong</A>'s handover, supported the sup- <BR> pression of the demonstrations on Tienanmen Square, died in 1997. <BR> born in 1901, Japanese Emperor 1926-1989; his motto Showa. Was Emperor <BR> when Japan occupied <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#manchuria">Manchuria</A> in 1931, when Japan invaded China in 1937, <BR> when Japan attacked the U.S. in 1941. <BR> born in 1812 failed Confucian scholar who, after having acquired scanty know- <BR> ledge of christian teachings, declared himself to be the brother of Jesus and <BR> established the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#taipingrebellion">Taiping Movement</A> ('Heavenly Kingdom of Perfect Peace') <BR> which turned into a rebellion against the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#qingdynasty">Qing Dynasty</A>. Hong Xiuquan retired <BR> from political life in 1853 and died in 1864. The Taiping rebellion ended the <BR> same year. <BR> born in 1841, Japanese politician, studied in Vienna, Japanese PM 1885-1888, <BR> 1892-1896, 1898, 1900-1901; drafted the Japanese constitution of 1889. 1906- <BR> 1909 Japanese governor general of Korea; in 1909 assassinated by Korean <BR> patriot Ahn Choong Keun. <BR> born in 1652, Chinese Emperor 1662-1722. During his rule <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#qingdynasty">Qing</A> China esta- <BR> blished control over Outer Mongolia (1691), Tibet (1720-1724). <BR> born in 1912; during the late Japanese occupation of Korea he became a <BR> leading figure among the Korean Communists in the Soviet Far East; when <BR> North Korea was occupied by the USSR he began his political career. By <BR> 1946 he had eliminated competition; from 1948 to 1972 he was PM of North <BR> Korea, from 1972 to his death in 1994 President. He turned the country into <BR> a communist one-party state and planned economy, isolated from the rest <BR> of the world. He failed in his attempt to unify Korea (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#koreanwar">Korean War</A> 1950-1953) <BR> and established a feudal version of communism - he was succeeded by his <BR> son (Kim Dynasty), lived in a palace while his people faced famine. <BR> born in 1876; between 1925 and 1945 President of the Korean Provisional <BR> Govt. (first in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#shanghai">Shanghai</A>, later in various Chinese cities). As such he organized <BR> a number of acts of terror against Japanese officials. Following the Japanese <BR> surrender he returned to South Korea, where he entered in Party Politics. In <BR> 1949 assassinated (instigated by his political rival Rhee, Syngman). <BR> born in 1852 as Yi Hyong, King of Korea under the name Kojong 1864-1897, <BR> then proclaimed Emperor 1897-1907, then succeeded by his son Sunjong. <BR> Kojong died in 1919. <BR> Chinese name Zheng Chenggong, 1624-1662, Chinese military commander <BR> loyal to the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#mingdynasty">Ming Dynasty</A> (ousted in Beijing in 1644); in 1661/1662 he ex- <BR> pelled the Dutch V.O.C. from Taiwan. <BR> click <A HREF = "biocasia.html#kublaikhan">here</A> <BR> also spelled Mao Tse Tung, born in 1893, leader of China's Communist <BR> Party since 1935. When the USSR went through Destalinization, Mao entered <BR> on a conflict course with the USSR. In 1958 he promoted the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#greatleapforward">Great Leap <BR> Forward</A>, which resulted in a famine of huge proportion. Promoted into early <BR> retirement, he launched the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#culturalrevolution">Cultural Revolution</A> (1966-1969). He died in <BR> 1976. <BR> born in 1917, career military officer, fluent in Japanese. Staged a coup d'etat <BR> in 1962, president-dictator 1962-1979. Negotiated a treaty with Japan which <BR> resulted in a loan to Korea; pursued an economic policy of state-supported <BR> industrialization (5-Year Plans) which resulted in high economic hrowth rates. <BR> Lived a moderate lifestyle. Assassinated in 1979. <BR> Henry Pu Yi or Aisin Gioro Puyi, born in 1906, Chinese Emperor 1908-1911. <BR> Deposed by the Chinese Revolution of 1911, ousted from the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#forbiddencity">Forbidden City</A> <BR> in 1924. In 1931 he was crowned Emperor of <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#manchukuo">Manchukuo</A> (a Japanese satellite <BR> state); in 1945 arrested by the Soviets, later handed over to Communist <BR> Chinese authorities. Spent many years in a reeducation camp; wrote his <BR> autobiography (<i>I was Emperor of China</i>). Died in 1967. <BR> see under Shi Huang Di <BR> born in 1875, Korean politician; 1919 (in absentia) elected President of the <BR> Korean Provisional Govt. (in Shanghai). Syngman Rhee lived in the U.S. <BR> where he tried to win supporters for the Korean cause (K. was under Japanese <BR> rule 1910-1945). In 1945 he returned to Korea; was President of the ROK <BR> 1948-1961. In the early years of his rule he had to deal with a chaotic situa- <BR> tion (<A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#koreanwar">Korean War</A> 1950-1953), in the later years his ruling style became in- <BR> creasingly dictatorial. Resigned following massive student demonstrations <BR> in 1961, fled to Hawaii, where he died in 1965. <BR> born as Yi Do in 1397, King of Choson 1418-1450; ordered the creation <BR> of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#koreanscript">Korean Alphabet</A> (Hangul). <BR> born 259 B.C., ruled since 246 B.C., unified China in 221 B.C., ruled until <BR> 210 B.C. Founder of the short-lived <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#qindynasty">Qin Dynasty</A>. Ordered the burning of the <BR> books, a reform of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#chinesescript">Chinese script</A>, the construction of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#greatwallofchina">Great Wall of <BR> China</A>. <BR> born in 1866, lived in Hawaii for a number of years, attempted a first coup in <BR> China in 1895, which failed; he fled, toured the world, chose Japan as his <BR> exile. Returned to China in 1911 where he was among the main organizers <BR> of the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#chineserevolution">Chinese Revolution</A> of 1911; forced into exile again in 1912 by Yuan <BR> Shi Kai. After the death of the latter (1916) he returned to China, founded <BR> the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#kuomintang">Kuomintang</A>, set up a government in <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#canton">Canton</A>. He died in 1925. <BR> born in 1866, Japanese career politician; PM 1927-1929, died in 1949. The <BR> so-called <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#tanakamemorial">Tanaka Memorial</A>, a program which foresaw the expansion of the <BR> Japanese Empire by conquest, is believed to be a forgery. <BR> born in 1884, Japanese career military officer and proponent of the war faction, <BR> PM 1941-1944, after WW II tried and sentenced as a war criminal, executed <BR> in 1948. <BR> born in 1543, Japanese <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#daimyo">daimyo</A>; winner of the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, <BR> he usurped power. In 1603 he established the Tokugawa <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#bakufu">Shogunate</A>. Died <BR> in 1616. <BR> born in 1536, Japanese <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#daimyo">daimyo</A> who unified Japan (1582). In 1592 he launched <BR> an invasion of Korea, which would last until 1598 (and fail), the year of his <BR> death. <BR> see under Koxinga <BR> born in 1371, Chinese explorer serving the <A HREF = "../../histdic/wh/hdeasia.html#mingdynasty">Ming Dynasty</A>. A Muslim eunuch. <BR> He undertook 8 expeditions in the early 15th century, to Malacca, India and <BR> the east coast of Africa. The expeditions were not intended to be profitable, <BR> and discontinued. <BR> also spelled Chou En-lai, born in 1898, joined the Chinese Communist Party <BR> in 1921, returned from studies in Europe in 1924. In 1935 he supported Mao <BR> Zedong, soon became the man for difficult negotiations. 1949 PM, Foreign <BR> Minister of the PRC; from 1958 onward only PM. Died in 1976. <BR> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> ONLINE REFERENCE : <BR> List of Emperors etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Japan.htm">Japan</A>, of Emperors, Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China.html">China</A>, of Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Taiwan.html">Taiwan</A>, of Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Korea_North.htm">North Korea</A>, of Presidents etc. of <A HREF = "http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Korea_South.htm">South Korea</A>, from World Statesmen, posted by Ben Cahoon </A> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> </DIV><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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