ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Sub-Saharan Africa, 1300-1490 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2008 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../banners/ban10001300.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../13001490/hdssafrica13001490.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> 1300-1490 </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on October 27th 2008 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Sub-Saharan Africa, 1000-1300 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/10001300/hdssafrica10001300.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "alodia"><B>Alodia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Suba, Soba) Christian kingdom located in southern Sudan; converted to Christianity in the 6th century; a state since the 10th century, conquered by the Funj in the early 16th century. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "dongola"><B>Dongola</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Christian kingdom located in northern Sudan; converted to Christianity in the 6th century; a state since the 10th century. During the crusades allied with the Christian crusaders against Muslim Egypt. 1276 capital Dongola sacked by Mamluks. In 1315 Mamluks appointed a Muslim King of Dongola; some time after annexed into Egypt. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ethiopia"><B>Ethiopia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ethiopian civilization reaches back into 9th century B.C. Ethiopia converted to Christianity in the 4th century A.D. Zagwe Dynasty 9th century to 1270, (First) Solomonic Dynasty 1270-1527. Lingua franca Amharic. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ghana"><B>Ghana</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Animist; c.750-1076. Capital Koumbi Saleh. Described by al Bakri in 1067. Conquered by the Almoravids in 1076. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ifat"><B>Ifat, Sultanate of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Muslim state in NW Somalia, established in the 13th century, conquered <A HREF = "#shewa">Shewa</A> in c. 1285, defeated by <A HREF = "#ethiopia">Ethiopia</A> in 1332, from when onward it was an Ethiopian satellite state. In either 1403 or 1415 replaced by the <A HREF = "#adal">Sultanate of Adal</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kanem"><B>Kanem</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Empire located on the NE banks of Lake Chad, established in the 8th century, converted to Islam in the 11th century; began policy of expansion (conquest of Fezzan) in the 13th century; lost most of its territory in 1376. By 1388 conquered by the Bulala. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kilwakis"><B>Kilwa Kisiwani</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "#swahili">Swahili</A> city the roots of which reach back to the 10th century. Visited by Ibn Battuta in c.1330; conquered by the Portuguese in 1505. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "lalibela"><B>Lalibela</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Capital of <A HREF = "#ethiopia">Ethiopia</A> from c.1187 to 1270; constructed as the "New Jerusalem". </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "maliemp"><B>Mali</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Muslim Empire on the Upper Niger, established in 1230, climax in the early 14th century; reduced in size by the later 14th century, lasted into the 17th century. Lingua franca Mandinke, capital first Niani, later Ka-ba. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "mogadishu"><B>Mogadishu</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "#swahili">Swahili</A> city established in the 10th century, visited by Ibn Bttuta in 1330. Resisted Portuguese attacks. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "mombasa"><B>Mombasa</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A HREF = "#swahili">Swahili</A> city visited by Ibn Battuta in 1331, by Ming Admiral Zheng He in c.1415, by Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama in 1498. Sacked by the Portuguese in 1502. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "shewa"><B>Shewa</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Shoa) Muslim state in NW Somalia, 896-c.1285 when it was conquered by the <A HREF = "#ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "sofala"><B>Sofala</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> southernmost <A HREF = "#swahili">Swahili</A> city, located in modern Mo&ccedil;ambique, established in the 8th century. In the 14th and 15th century outlet of <A HREF = "#mutapa">Mutapa</A>'s gold export; conquered by the Portuguse in 1505. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "songhai"><B>Songhai</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The Songhai inhabited the middle Niger region around capital Gao from the 9th century; from mid 13th century part of <A HREF = "#maliemp">Mali Empire</A>, during which time Islam was introduced; during late 14th century independence restored. From 1464 onward Kingdom of Songhai expanded, established the Songhai Empire; 1591 destroyed by Moroccan invasion. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "swahili"><B>Swahili</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> name of a civilization which emerged by combining African, Arabic, Persian, Indian and Malay elements; the Swahili are Muslims and proud of their Arab ancestry. Swahili language an African language with many loanwords from the aforementioned languages. Swahili civilization urban, engaged in maritime trade with Arabia, Persia, India (dhows). Historic Swahili city states include <A HREF = "#kilwakis">Kilwa Kisiwani</A>, <A HREF = "#mogadishu">Mogadishu</A>,<A HREF = "#mombasa">Mombasa</A>, <A HREF = "#sofala">Sofala</A>, Zanzibar. The Swahili city states were the starting points of caravan routes into the interior, via which products such as ivory, metals such as Zimbabwean gold, Katangan copper, rubber etc. made it to the coast. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "grzimbabwe"><B>Zimbabwe, Stone City of Great</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> flourished between the 11th and 15th centuries. Later abandoned. Unkown to Europeans until found in 1867. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> EXTERNAL FILES : <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Pascal James Imperato, Historical Dictionary of Mali, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1977 <BR> A. Oyewole, Historical Dictionary of Nigeria, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1987, 391 pp <BR> Samuel Decalo, Historical Dictionary of Chad, Metuchen N.J. : Scarecrow 1977 <BR> Samuel Decalo, Historical Dictionary of Niger, Methuen : Scarecrow 1979, 358 pp. <BR> Lucie Colvin, Historical Dictionary of Senegal, Metuchen N.J. : Scarecrow 1981 <BR> Alfred G. Gerteiny, Historical Dictionary of Mauritania, Metuchen N.J. : Scarecrow 1981 <BR> C. Fluehr-Lobban, R.A. Lobban, J.O. Voll, Historical Dictionary of the Sudan, Metuchen : Scarecrow 1992 <BR> Margaret Castagno, Historical Dictionary of Somalia, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1975 <BR> Laura S. Kurtz, Historical Dictionary of Tanzania, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1978 <BR> Mario Azevedo (ed.), Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, Lanham Md. : Scarecrow 2003 <BR> Terry M. Mays, Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping, Lanham Md. : Scarecrow 1996 <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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