ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Indian Subcontinent, 1490-1648 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2008 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> 1300-1490 </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "hdindia13001490.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../banners/ban14901648.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on November 5th 2008 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Indian Subcontinent, 1490-1648 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/14901648/hdindia15901648.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Ahom Dynasty</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Dynasty ruling <A HREF = "#assam">Assam</A> 1228-1826 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "assam"><B>Assam</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> State in NE India on the lower Brahmaputra </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <ANAME = "sbahmani"><B>Bahmani Sultanate</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Located in W India (Maharashtra); established independence from <A HREF = "#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A> in 1347; disintegrated 1490-1518 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "bengal"><B>Bengal</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Since 1357 independent Sultanate of Bangalah. Husaini Dynasty 1494-1538, Suri Dynasty 1539-1564, Karani Dynasty 1564-1576, to <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal Empire</A> 1576-1703, Nawabs of Bengal 1703-1770. Factual E.I.C. control of Bengal since 1757. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "bijapur"><B>Bijapur</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Muslim Sultanate in southern India, 1490 to 1686; broke away from <A HREF = "#sbahmani">Bahmani Sultanate</A>; in 1686 conquered by <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal Empire</A>. In 1510 Bijapur lost <A HREF = "#goa">Goa</A> to the Portuguese. In 1646 Bijapur and <A HREF = "#golkonda">Golkonda</A> conquered <A HREF = "Xvijayanagar">Vijayanagar</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "calicut"><B>Calicut</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> or Kalikut, Important trading port on the Malabar coast (SW India, Kerala); visited by Ibn Battuta c.1342 and by Zheng He 1433. Here Vasco da Gama arrived in 1498. Modern spelling Kozhicode. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Delhi</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> City on the Yamuna river; commands the plain separating Indus, Ganges river systems. Capital of <A HREF = "#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A> (1206-1526), <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal Empire</A> (1526-1858), British India (1858-1947), Republic of India (sincve 1947) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "sdelhi"><B>Delhi, Sultanate of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established in 1206; lasted until 1526 (1555). Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320, Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1413), Sayyid Dynasty (1413-1451), Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526/1555). Delhi was sacked by Timur Lenk in 1398. Conquered, absorbed by <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal Empire</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "diniillahi"><B>Din-i-Illahi</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Religious cult composing elements of Hinduism and Islam, also from Jainism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, introduced at the court of <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal Emperor</A> Akbar in 1581.Abolished by his successors. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "goa"><B>Goa</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Island off the western coast of India; in 1510 the Portuguese conquered Goa from the <A HREF = "bijapur">Sultanate of Bijapur</A>. Until 1961 Goa served as the capital of the Portuguese Empire in the Indian Ocean & Asia. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "golconda"><B>Golconda</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Sultanate in southeastern India from the early 16th century to 1688, when it was conquered by the <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal Empire</A>. In 1646, together with <A HREF = "#bijapur">Bijapur</A>, Golconda conquered <A HREF = "#vijayanagar">Vijayanagar</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "gujarat"><B>Gujarat</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Conquered by the <A HREF = "#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A> in 1297-1298; indepedent Sultanate of Gujarat c.1400-1576; 1578-1758 <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal rule</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "jaffnakgd"><B>Jaffna Kingdom</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Located in N Sri Lanka, 1215-1619; from 1258 temporary vassal of <A HREF = "#pandyankgd">Pandyan Kgd.</A>; 1450-1467 submitted to <A HREF = "#kottekgd">Kingdom of Kotte</A>. Jaffna Portuguese 1619-1658, from then onward Dutch. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kandykgd"><B>Kandy</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> State in C Sri Lanka, established in 1357, conquered by the Britrish in 1818. Buddhist. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kottekgd"><B>Kotte Kingdom</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Kingdom centered on Kotte in W Sri Lanka 1412-1597; in 1450 unified Sri Lanka; in the later 15th century again reduced to controlling only part of the island (<A HREF = "#jaffnakgd">Kgd. Jaffna</A> broke away 1467) </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "lodhidyn"><B>Lodhi Dynasty</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Ruled <A HREF = "#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A> in 1451-1526; succeeded <A HREF = "#sayyiddyn">Sayyid Dynasty</A> 1413-1451, was succeeded by <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal Dynasty</A> 1526-1857; during the rule of Mughal Emperor Humayun, the Lodhi continued to resist until 1555 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "malwa"><B>Malwa</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> State / region in C India (Madhya Pradesh). Conquered by <A HREF = "#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A> c.1290; independent Sultanate of Malwa 1401-1562. From 1562 into the 18th Century to <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal Empire</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "mughalemp"><B>Mughal Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established by Babur in 1526 when he conquered the <A HREF = "#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A>. Rulers Babur 1526-1530, Humayun 1530-1555 (although for most of the time nominal ruler; spent years 1530-1555 in exile; died just after restoring his rule); Akbar 1556-1605 (introduced religious tolerance; conquered <A HREF = "#gujarat">Gujarat</A>, <A HREF = "#malwa">Malwa</A>, <A HREF = "#bengal">Bengal</A>); Jahangir 1605-1627, Shah Jahan 1627-1658 (constructed Taj Mahal), Aurangzeb 1658-1707; then decline. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "newarkgd"><B>Newar Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In Nepal; Newar Kingdom under Malla Dynasty 12th C.-1769. 1370-1395 expansion to establish Newar Empire; centered on Kathmandu valley; disintegrated 1482 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Punjab</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fertile region in NW of subcontinent; also referred to as Pentapotamia; province of the <A HREF = "#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A>, from 1526 into 18th Century part of the <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal Empire</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Rajputs</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> A number of Hindu statelets located in W India (Rajasthan). At times vassalls of the <A HREF = "#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A>, at times independent political players. Leading Rajput states Jodhpur, Bikaner, Udaipur, Jaipur. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "sikhism"><B>Sikhism</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Synchretistic religion combining elements of Islam, Hinduism. Sikhism emphasizes equality (in contrast to the caste system). Established in 1507 by Guru Nanak. The tortute and execution of the fifth guru, Arjan, by <A HREF = "#mughalemp">Mughal Emperor</A> Jahangir in 1606 resulted in the Sikh movement becoming militant. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Sindh</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Region in S Pakistan. Province of the <A HREF = "#sdelhi">Sultanate of Delhi</A>, from 1526 into 18th Century part of the Mughal Empire. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "vijayanagar"><B>Vijayanagara Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> State established in 1336; soon conquered S India. Hindu. Reduced in size 1565, ceased to exist 1646. Capital Vijayanagara. In 1646 conquered and partitioned by <A HREF = "#golconda">Golconda</A> and <A HREF = "#bijapur">Bijapur</A> </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> EXTERNAL FILES : <BR> <A HREF = "http://banglapedia.net/english/index.htm"><B>Banglapedia</B></A> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Surjit Mansingh, Historical Dictionary of India, New Delhi : Vision Books (1999) 2005 <BR> C. Baxter & E. Rahman, Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh, Lanham Md. : Scarecrow 1996 <BR> Basil C. and Anne K. Hedrick, Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Nepal, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1972 <BR> S.J. Burki, Historical Dictionary of Pakistan, Lanham MD : 2nd edition Scarecrow 2003 <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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