ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Southeast Asia, 1490-1648 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2008 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> 1300-1490 </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../13001490/hdseasia13001490.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../banners/ban14901648.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on November 4th 2008 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Southeast Asia, 1300-1490 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/14901648/hdseasia14901648.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "aceh"><B>Aceh</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> State located on the northern tip of Sumatra; converted to Islam in the mid 15th century. Following the Portuguese conquest of <A HREF = "#malacca">Malacca</A>, the Sultanate of Aceh pursued an expansionist policy, repeatedly laying siege to <A HREF = "#malacca">Malacca</A>. In 1873-1908 the Dutch, overcoming determined resistance, conquered Aceh and incorporated it in the Dutch ast Indies. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "annam"><B>Annam</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The southern part of <A HREF = "#daiviet">Dai Viet</A>. In 1600 the Nguyen Dynasty established control over Annam in defiance of the Trinh Dynasty which remained in control of most of the north (Tongking). Annam frequently at war with Tongking; reunification of Vietnam in 1802. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "arakan"><B>Arakan</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Kingdom, unified in 1431, conquered by <A HREF = "#burma">Burma</A> in 1785. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Ava</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Kingdom in Upper Burma, 1364-1555, capital Ava </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "ayutthayakgd"><B>Ayutthaya, Kingdom of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Thai kingdom, capital Ayutthaya, 1351-1767. Destroyed <A HREF = "#khmer">Khmer Empire</A> in 1431; annexed <A HREF = "#sukhothai">Sukhothai</A> in 1438. Theravada Buddhism official religion since 1360. 1569-1593 <A HREF = "#burma">Burmese</A> vassall. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#batavia"><B>Batavia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1619 a V.O.C. fleet took Jakatra, a city on Java'a north coast, constructed Fort Batavia there; it was to become the capital of the V.O.C. Empire in Asia, and later the capital of the Dutch East Indies; since 1949, under the name of Jakarta, capital of Indonesia. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#sbrunei"><B>Brunei</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Kingdom, believed to go as far back as the 7th century; temporarily vassall to Srivijaya and <A HREF = "#majapahit">Majapahit</A>; converted to Islam in the mid 15th century, when it became the Sultanate of Brunei. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#burma"><B>Burma</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In 1531 the Taungoo Dynasty (until 1752) reunited central Burma, began an expasionist policy, forcing <A HREF = "#lannathai">Lannathai</A> 1557, <A HREF = "#ayutthaya">Ayutthaya</A> 1569, <A HREF = "#lanxang">Lan Xang</A> 1574 to accept Burmese vassall status. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "#cambodia"><B>Cambodia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Remnant of the Khmer Empire, destroyed in 1431. The Buddhist Kingdom of Cambodia long suffered the condition of being a vassall to both Siam (The <A HREF = "#ayutthaya">Kingdom of Ayutthaya</A>) and Vietnam (<A HREF = "#annam">Annam</A>). French protectorate in 1859. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "daiviet"><B>Dai Viet</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> The predecessor state of modern Vietnam; a name referring to several successive dynasties. Dai Viet covered the Red River basin (northern Vietnam, Tonkin). 1407-1427 Dai Viet submitted to Ming China. In 1443 defeat and conquest of <A HREF = "#champa">Champa</A>. In 1527 split into Mac and Le Dynasty; 1600 <A HREF = "#annam">Annam</A> split off; remainder <A HREF = "#tongking">Tongking</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "lannathai"><B>Lannathai</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Thai kingdom, capital Chiang Mai, 1296-1774, when it was conquered and annexed by Siam. 1557 defeated by <A HREF = "#burma">Burma</A>, briefly Burmese vassall. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "lanxang"><B>Lan Xang</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Lao kingdom, capital Luang Prabang, 1394-1702, when it was split into Luang Prabang, Vientiane and Champasak. 1574 defeated by <A HREF = "#burma">Burma</A>, briefly a Burmese vassall. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "majapahit"><B>Majapahit, Kingdom of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historic kingdom centered on eastern Java, 1293-1500, peaked 1350-1389 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "malacca"><B>Malacca</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> City on the strategic Malacca Straits; 1402-1511 caital of the <A HREF = "#smalacca">Sultanate of Malacca</A>; 1511-1641 Portuguese; 1641-1798 possessin of the V.O.C. Important center in the spice and tin trade. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "smalacca"><B>Malacca, Sultanate of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established in 1402. When the city of <A HREF = "#malacca">Malacca</A> was taken by the Portuguese in 1511, the Sultan moved his residence to Johore. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "mataram"><B>Mataram</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Sultanate on Central Java, established c.1570; succession strife led to partition into Sultanates of Surakarta and Yogyakarta in the 1740es. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "moluccas"><B>Moluccas</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> or Spice Islands, small archipelago in NE Indonesia. Produced the best quality clovers, nutmeg and pepper. The southeastern end of the Asian-African-European trade network. Strategically most important Ambon (portuguese 1526-1605; V.O.C. 1605-1798). </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "pattani"><B>Pattani</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Trading city on the NE coast of the Malay Peninsula; the Kingdom of Pattani was a vassall of the <A HREF = "#ayutthaya">Kingdom of Ayutthaya</A>. Visited by Zheng He, later by many European merchants. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Pegu</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Bago) Kingdom of the Mon-ethnicity, located in the Irawaddy Delta, 1287-1540 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <B>Philippines</B> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Archipelago in Southeast Asia. First European visitors expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese navigator in Spanish service. Treaty of Zaragoza left the Philippines in the ortuguese sphere; later Portugal recognized Spain's claim. Spanish conquest 1567; capital established at Manila. From 1567 to 1821 the Philippines were a province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico); from 1821 to 1898 a separate Spanish colony; long the most remote part of the Spanish Empire. During Spanish rule, the population converted to Catholicism. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tondo"><B>Tondo</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> or Kingdom of Luzon, Muslim Filipino state located on Manila Bay; in 15th century attacked by <A HREF = "#sbrunei">Sultanate of Brunei</A>. In 1571 conquered by the Spanish, who established the capital of the <A HREF = "#philippines">Philippines</A> in Manila. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tongking"><B>Tongking</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Name for the northern part of <A HREF = "#daiviet">Dai Viet</A> after <A HREF = "#annam">Annam</A> split off in 1600. Most of Tongking was rued by the Trinh Dynasty, a small stretch of territory on the Chinese border by the Mac Dynasty. In 1802 reunified with Annam. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "voc"><B>V.O.C.</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (United East India Company (Dutch)); established in 1602 with monopoly to trade east of the Cape of Good Hope. Capital <A HREF = "#batavia">Batavia</A> (since 1619); had possessions on Java, in the <A HREF = "#moluccas">Moluccas</A>, on Ceylon, the Coromandel, Malabar Coast, <A HREF = "#malacca">Malacca</A>, on <A HREF = "hdfareast14901648.html#taiwan">Taiwan</A>, Mauritius, the Cape Colony. Went bankrupt in 1798; her assets taken over by the Batavian Republic. Until c.1730 the dominant European company trading with Asia. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tzaragoza"><B>Treaty of Zaragoza</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> When Spain and Portugal partitioned the world amongst themselves in the Treaty of Tordesillas 1494, the fact that the earth was round had not yet been firmly established. Magellan's expedition accmplished the first circumnavigation in history when Captain Elcano arrived in Lisbon in 1522; in 1525 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Zaragoza which left Asia in the Portuguese, the Pacific in the Spanish sphere. A later modification conceded the <A HREF = "#philippines">Philippines</A> (according to the treaty Portuguese) to be Spanish. While both parties strictly observed the Treaty of Tordesills, the Spanish violated the Treaty of Zaragoza, trading with Japan, China and the <A HREF = "moluccas">Moluccas</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Harold E. Smith, Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Thailand, Lanham Md : Scarecrow 4th edition 2005 <BR> Martin Stuart-Fox and Mary Kooyman, Historical Dictionary of Laos, Metuchen N.J. : Scarecrow 1992, <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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