ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : Central Asia with Iran, 1648-1789 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2008 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> 1490-1648 </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../14901648/hdcasia14901648.html"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "x16481789.html"> <img src = "../banners/ban16481789.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on November 9th 2008 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : Central Asia with Iran, 1648-1789 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/16481789/hdcasia16481789.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "afsharid"><B>Afsharid Dynasty</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Dynasty ruling Iran 1736-1750. Founder Nader Shah reunified Iran after the Afghan interlude (1722-1736); raided Delhi (1739). Succeeded by the <A HREF = "#zand">Zand Dynasty</A> 1750-1794. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "bukhara"><B>Bukhara</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> City on the Amu Darja in <A HREF = "../14901648/hdcasia14901648.html#mawarannahr">Mawaranahr</A>; from 1500 to 1598 capital of the Shaybanid Khanate of Bukhara; 1785-1920 capital of Emirate of Bukhara </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "chagatai"><B>Chagatai</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Chaghatay, Jagatai) State which emerged from the partition of the Mongol Empire in 1296; originally controlled the areas south of Lake Balkhash, East Turkestan (present Xinjiang) and <A HREF = "../14901648/hdcasia14901648.html#mawarannahr">Mawarannahr</A>. Islam had made inroads since 1330; under Yunus Khan (1462-1487) Sharia law introduced. Disintegrated in the 1670s. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "durraniemp"><B>Durrani Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Centered on Afghanistan; established in 1747, ended in 1823. The Durrani frequently undertook campaigns into India. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "hormuz"><B>Hormuz</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Or Ormus, historical kingdom centered on the islansd and city of Hormuz at the outlet of the Gulf. Existed sincve the 10th century, a Persian vassall since the 13th; Portuguese 1515-1622; then Persian; in the mid-17th century briefly held by Muscat. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "irkutsk"><B>Irkutsk</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Founded in 1652 as a Russian post in Buryat Mongol country; since 1679 seat of the Governor General of <A HREF = "#siberia">Siberia</A>; 1686 given city status; in 1760 connected with Moscow by the Siberian Road; suffered a major fire in 1879; connected to the Transiberian Railroad in 1898. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "jungars"><B>Jungars</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Or Dzungars; broke away from Oirat Mngol Khanate in 1474; became a major force in western Mongolia in 1667-1670. Held <A HREF = "#tibet">Tibet</A> 1717-1720; were forced to submit to Chinese Empire (<A HREF = "hdfareast16481789.html#qingdyn">Qing Dynasty</A>) 1755-1757. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kamchatka"><B>Kamchatka</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Peninsula in Northeast Asia, scarcely inhabited when annexed by the Russian Empire 1697-1706. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kazakhkhanate"><B>Kazakh Khanate</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fraction of the Golden Horde, independent Khanate since 1456; centered on the steppe of eastern Kazakhstan. Competed with the <A HREF = "../14901648/hdcasia14901648.html#shaybanidkanate">Uzbek (Shaybanid) Khanate</A> over control of the steppe of West Turkestan. Divided into 3 hordes which subsequently submitted to Russian rul in the early 19th century, the last in 1847. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "khalkha"><B>Khalkha Mongols</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Rivals of the <A HREF = "#oirats">Oirat Mongols</A>. The Khalkha Altan Khanate rose to importance in the 16th century; controlled most of Mongolia from the 17th century; introduced Buddhism into Mongolia in 1578. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "kyakhta"><B>Kyakhta, Treaty of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Treaty between Russian Empire and Chinese Empire (<A HREF = "hdfareast16481789.html#qingdyn">Qing Dynasty</A>), signed in 1727, regulating trade between the two countries. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "moghulistan"><B>Moghulistan</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> (Moghuliya, Kashgaria) The southern part of the Tarim basin, with Kashgar at its center, controlling a stretch of the Silk Road. Part of the Mongol Empire since the 1220s, of <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> 1296-1347 when Moghulistan broke away in resentment of the ongoing conversion of <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> to Islam. <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> rule restored in 1380, but Moghulistan repeatedly broke away until <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> rule was firmly reestablished c.1420. Islam made progress; Sharia law introduced in the later 15th century. <A HREF = "#chagatai">Chagatai</A> rule continued into 1670s. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "nerchinsk"><B>Nerchinsk, Treaty of</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Treaty between Russian Empire and Chinese Empire (<A HREF = "hdfareast16481789.html#qingdyn">Qing Dynasty</A>), signed in 1689, delineating spheres of influence, parttitioning Mongolia. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "oirats"><B>Oirats</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Oirat Mongols; an alliance of Mongol tribes which established control over modern Mongolia in the course of the 14th century, at the time of the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty (1368). Oirat Mongolia suffered series of <A HREF = "hdfareast13001490.html#mingdyn">Ming</A> invasions (under Emperor Yongle 1402-1424); greatest ruler Esen Khan 1439-1454 who raided <A HREF = "hdfareast13001490.html#beijing">Beijing</A> and captured Emperor Yu Qian in 1449. Rivals of the <A HREF = "#khalkha">Khalkha Mongols</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "safavid"><B>Safavid Dynasty</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Shi'ite. Ruled Persia from 1507 (absorbing the Ak Koyunlu state) to 1722. One of the "Gunpowder Empires"; stopped Ottoman expansion to the east. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "siberia"><B>Siberia</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Name for Russia's possessions east of the Ural Mountains. Russian expansion began with the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir 1582-1584; Russian explorers reached the Sea of Okhotsk in 1639, Cape Dezhnev in 1648. <A HREF = "#kamchatka">Kamchatka</A> was acquired 1697-1706, Alaska in 1741. Capital <A HREF = "#irkutsk">Irkutsk</A> (est. 1652). Only in 1760 was capital Irkutsk connected with Moscow by the Siberian Road. Construction of the Transiberian Railroad 1891-1913. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tibet"><B>Tibet</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Conquered by Mongol Empire in 1230s and 1240s. From 1271/1296 part of <A HREF = "hdfareast13001490.html#yuandyn">Yuan Empire</A>. C. 1350 Tibet reestablished independence. Since 1430s internal power struggles; in 1578 Mongol ruler Altan Khan referred to Tibetan monk Sonam Gyatsu as the (first) Dalai Lama. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "yasak"><B>Yasak</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Fur tax paid by the indigenous inhabitants of <A HREF = "#siberia">Siberia</A>, first to the Mongols, later to the Russians; collection of this fur tax was the incentive for the Russian exploration and conquest of what is now known as <A HREF = "#siberia">Siberia</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "zand"><B>Zand Dynasty</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Dynasty ruling Iran from 1750 to 1794. Succeeded <A HREF = "#afsharid">Afsharid Dynasty</A>; was followed by Qajar Dynasty. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> John H. Lorenz, Historical Dictionary of Iran, Lanham MD : Scarecrow 1995 KMLA Lib. Call Sign <B>R 955.003 L868h</B> <BR> Jamil Hanifi, Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Afghanistan, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1976 <BR> Alan J.K. Sanders, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, London : Scarecrow 1996 <BR> Paul D. Buell, Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire, Lanham MD : Scarecrow 2003 KMLA ib. Call Sign <B>R 909.0494201 B928h</B> <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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