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History since colonialism :
Chad . Cameroon . Niger . Nigeria By the 11th century, there were kingdoms established around Lake Chad, controlling trade routes in the area. One such Kingdom, under Hummay, the founder of the Sefuwa Dynasty of Kanem, adopted Islam as state religion. Pressure of the Bulala, a rival dynasty from further east, caused the Sefuwa court to abandon Kanem proper and move to Bornu between 1382 and 1387. In 1484 the Sefuwa ruler of Bornu gained the right to wear the title Caliph. In the 16th century old Kanem, now under Bulala rule,was annexed; for the next 300 years, Bornu (also called Kanem-Bornu) controlled the entire Lake Chad basin. In the late 16th century, Bornu established diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire. In 1871 visited by German explorer Gustav Nachtigal. The 19th century saw the decline of Bornu, loss of territory to the Sultanate of Sokoto (the Haussa), it's capital destroyed in a raid in 1808. In 1893, the power in Bornu was seized by Rabeh, who died fighting the French in 1900. The country then was split up between the colonial powers. Shares of Bornu are now part of (formerly British) Nigeria, of (formerly French) Niger, of (formerly French) Chad and of (formerly German/French) Cameroun. Historical Atlas : Chad Page |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles |
| Links, General |
| Historical Dictionaries |
| Historical Maps |
| Timelines |
Search Google News Archive for Bornu, click Timeline |
| Accounts of History |
Kanem-Bornu, from Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan A Short History of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, by Detlef Gronenborn Bornu Empire (1396 AD - 1893 AD), from Half Tribe; The Islamic State of Kanem-Bornu, by Saifuddin |
| Encyclopedia Entries |
Article Bornu, from EB 1911 Article Bornu, Kanem, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German Article Bornu, Affagay, Angornu, Kanem, Kukana, Loggene, from Geografisk-Statistisk Haandbog 1858-1863, in Danish |
| Military |
| Economy & Finances |
| Ethnography |
Society - Kanuri, from Ethnoatlas Kanuri Language, from dbpedia |
| Religion |
| History of Regions |
Articles : Kanem-Bornu Empire, from Wikipedia |
| History of Cities |
| Institutions |
| Bibliographies |
Search ISBN Database for Bornu, Bornou, Kanem Search RHS Bibliography for Bornu, Bornou, Kanem |
| Specific Topics |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon);
from Regnal Chronologies |
| Document Collections |
Leo Africanus, The Kingdom of Borno (833), from African History Sourcebook Combat pres du Lac Tchad (1901), from Modern History Sourcebook, in French Search Hansard for Bornu Search Papers Past for Bornu (New Zealand Newspapers 1839-1920) |
| Archives, Musea, Libraries |
| National Symbols |
Flag of Bornu 1806, from Historical Flags : Nigeria Old and
Modern Native States merely the green standard of Islam, the same as given for the Sultanate of Adamawa |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| General Accounts |
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Macropaedia, Vol.29, pp.835-839 Article Western Africa : Chad. KMLA Lib.Sign. R 032 B862h v.29 |
| Specific Topics |
H. Barth, Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa : including accounts of Tripoli, the Sahara, the remarkable kingdom of Bornu, and the countries around lake Chad
(1890), posted on Internet Archive |
