Anatolia 1071-1517 |
Sasanid Iran . 225-644/651, capital Ctesiphon (in modern Iraq); official religion Zoroastrianism Umayyad Iran . 644/651-750. Most of Iran proper was conquered; Gilan and Tabaristan resisted. Abbasid Iran . 750-934. The Abbasid Revolution drew much of its support from Iran. In 762 the Abbasid capital was established at Baghdad. The Abbasid administration pursued a policy of discrimination against Zoroastrianism and Shi'ism. From the mid 9th century on, the Abbasid suzerainty was challenged. Saffarids, Samanids and Buyids 870s-1050s. The Saffarids, based on Sistan, were the first to openly defy Abbasid rule. The Samanids emerged as loyal Abbasid governors of Khorasan. When the Shi'ite Buyids established control of western Iran (930s), and then also of Iraq (945), the Samanids rose from Abbasid governors to independent rulers. Seljuqs and Ghaznavids 1030s to 1170s. The Turkish Seljuqs overran the Samanids and Buyids, and established a large empire, which in the early 12th century fell apart; the part controlling Iran were the Seljuqs of Hamadan. From a base in modern Afghanistan, Turk Mahmud of Ghazni established control of much of Northern India. Khwarizm Shah and the Ghurids 1170s to 1220s. Khwarizm Shah conquered Khorasan and Western Iran; the Ghurids succeeded the Ghaznavids in Afghanistan and Northern India. Ilkhanate 1250s to 1350s. Hulagu Khan overran the realm of Khwarizm Shah and established the Ilkhanate. In 1295 converson to Islam. In the early 14th century disintegration. Timurid Iran to 1450. From his base in Samarkand, Timur Lenk (Tamerlane), a Muslim of Mongol descent, established an empire the core of which was Iran and the raison d'etre was conquest and pillage. Rapid disintegration under his successors Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu. Turkoman federations who in the 15th century rivalled over control of Iran. In 1478 the Aq Qoyunlu emerged victorious over their rivals. In 1501-1510 they lost most of Iran to the Safavid Dynasty. |
Historical Atlas : Iran Page,
Western Central Asia Page,
Western Asia Page List of Wars : Iran Students' Papers : Lee, Hwee Jun, Zoroastrianism-Related Archaeology (2012) Students' Papers : Kim, Sun Hoo, History of Food and Nutrition in West Asia (2009) |
E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
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DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
Country Profiles | Current |
Historical |
Links | General |
from BUBL;
from dmoz;
List of Iran-related Topics, from Wikipedia from Wikipedia Virtual Library Iran |
on History |
from Virtual Library History;
from persia.org;
from Pars Times Category : Persian History; Category : History of Iran, from Wikipedia Articles in the Category "History of Persia", from EB 1911 History-Related Articles, from Kurdistanica |
Organizations |
Iran Heritage Foundation Foundation for Iranian Studies British Institute of Persian Studies Institut français de recherche en Iran (IFRI) Institute of Iranian Studies, Univ. of St. Andrews; Centre for Iranian Studies, Durham Univ. International Society for Iranian Studies (ISIS) DIWAN, Association des doctorants en histoire des mondes musulmans medievaux Article : Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran, from Wikipedia |
Historical Dictionary |
Encyclopaedia Iranica Kurdistanica, Digital Encyclopedia of Kurdistan A Shi'ite Encyclopedia, from DILP Iranian History Glossary AfghanWiki |
Timelines |
from Encyclopedia of the Orient;
from BBC News,
from timelines.ws;
from Perry Castaneda Library, UTexas (scan, covers
20th century); from mage.com;
from On the Matrix |
Accounts of History | modern |
from Salam Iran,
Iran's History in Brief, from
Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Ottawa, Canada from Iran Photo Album, from Iransaga, 11 chapters; from Tamasha, 12 chapters, from Lonely Planet, from Iran Chamber Society Article History of Iran, from Wikipedia History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol.4 : The Age of Achievement : A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, Part One : The Historical, Economic and Social Setting |
modern, on 644-1500 |
Specific Periods | Umayyad 644-750 |
Article : Muslim Conquest of Persia, from Wikipedia Wikibooks : Iranian History : The Islamic Conquest of Iran, Last Remnants of Sassanian Rule, The Umayyads K. Rezakhani, History of Iran, Part VII : Independence. Post-Invasion Movements F. Daftari, Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khurasan and Transoxania During Umayyad and Early 'Abbasid Times |
Abbasid 750-9th/10th c. |
F. Daftari, Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khurasan and Transoxania During Umayyad and Early 'Abbasid Times K. Rezakhani, History of Iran, Part VI : Islamic Empire : Abbasid Caliphate Wikibooks : Iranian History : The Abbasids |
Saffarids, 861-1002 |
Article : Saffarid Dynasty, from Wikipedia Article : Saffarids, from Encyclopaedia Iranica Wikibooks : Iranian History : The Indigenous Dynasties: The Tahirids, the Samanids and the Saffarids, |
Samanids, 819-999 |
Article : Samanids, from Wikipedia Article : Greater Khorasan : History, from Wikipedia C. Shahmiri, History of Iran : Samanid Dynasty P. Kessler, Samanid Emirate S. Kamoliddin, To the Question of the Origin of the Samanids Transoxania 10 2005 A. Hiloli, The Importance of the Samanid State in The History of Islamic Civilization Wikibooks : Iranian History : The Indigenous Dynasties: The Tahirids, the Samanids and the Saffarids, Samanids, from Kievan Rus Database |
Buyids, 932-1055 |
Article : Buyid Dynasty (Buwayhid), from Wikipedia;
from Global Security |
Ghaznavids, 977-1186 |
Article : Ghaznavids, from Wikipedia,
from Encyclopaedia Iranica,
from AfghanWiki Wikibooks : Iranian History : Mahmud Ghaznavi, The Later Ghaznavids and the Seljuqs K. Rezakhani, History of Iran, Part VIII : Turkic Dynasties Ghaznavids, from Kievan Rus Database Berzin Archives : Part III: The Spread of Islam among and by the Turkic Peoples (840 - 1206 CE) : 18 The Ghaznavids and Seljuqs |
Seljuqs, 1037-1194 |
S.M. Hassan, Seljuq Sultans of Hamadan 1118-1194
S.M. Hassan, Seljuq Rulers of Kerman 1041-1187 Wikibooks : Iranian History : The Later Ghaznavids and the Seljuqs K. Rezakhani, History of Iran, Part VIII : Turkic Dynasties S. Shaw, The Seljuk Empire 1040-1157, posted by Turkmen History Seljuks, from Kievan Rus Database Berzin Archives : Part III: The Spread of Islam among and by the Turkic Peoples (840 - 1206 CE) : 18 The Ghaznavids and Seljuqs |
Ghurids, 1148-1215 |
Article : Ghurids, from Wikipedia K. Rezakhani, History of Iran, Part VIII : Turkic Dynasties Berzin Archives : Part III: The Spread of Islam among and by the Turkic Peoples (840 - 1206 CE) : 20 The Ghurid Campaigns on the Indian Subcontinent |
Khwarizm Shah, 1190s-1220s |
K. Rezakhani, History of Iran,
Part VIII : Turkic Dynasties Khorezmshahs, from Kievan Rus Database |
Ilkhanate, 1256-1350s |
Article : Il-Khanids, from Encyclopaedia Iranica;
Ilkhanate, from Wikipedia K. Rezakhani, History of Iran, Chapter IX : The Mongol Attack A. Stewart, The Assassination of King Het'um II : The Conversion of The Ilkhans and the Armenians 2005 D. Aigle, Legitimizing A Low-Born, Regicide Monarch: The Case Of The Mamluk Sultan Baybars And The Ilkhans In The Thirteenth Century D. Aigle, Persia under Mongol domination. The effectiveness and and failings of a dual administrative system Bulletin d'Etudes Orientales vol. 57, Supplement (2006) pp.65-78 |
Sarbardar, 1336-1381 |
J.M. Smith, The History of the Sarbardar Dynasty,
and its Sources (1336-1381) 1970, IA |
Timurids, 1383-1450s |
Article : Timurid Dynasty, from Wikipedia,
from Institute of Ismaili Studies K. Rezakhani, History of Iran, Chapter X : Timurid and other Turkic Dynasties |
Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu, 1450s-1500s |
Article : Kara Koyunlu, from Wikipedia Article : Aq Qoyunlu, from Wikipedia |
Historiography |
Problems in Kurdish Historiography, from Kurdistanica C. Cross, Nationalist Readings of the Buyid Dynasty, 2005 Historiography : Early Islamic Period, Mongol Period, Timurid Period, from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Foreign Policy, Foreign Relations |
G. Berchet, La Repubblica di Venezia e la Persia (1865) in Italian, posted on Internet Archive S. Jiwa, Fatimid-Buyid Diplomacy during the Reign of Al-Aziz billah (365/975-386/996) D.G. Tor, A Tale of Two Murders: Power Relations between Caliph and Sultan in the Saljuq Era R.Z. Tibor, The Timurid Empire and the Ming China : Theories and Approaches concerning the Relations of the two Empires, thesis 2007 |
Administration |
D. Aigle, Persia under Mongol domination. The effectiveness and and failings of a dual administrative system Bulletin d'Etudes Orientales vol. 57, Suppl?ent (2006) pp.65-78 |
Military |
See WHKMLA, List of Wars : Iran Military History of Iran, from Wikipedia K. Farrokh, Iranian Military History and Armies Post-Islamic era to 1899, links B.F. Manz, Military Manpower in Late Mongol and Timurid Iran, Cahiers d'Asie Centrale 1997 D. Aigle, The Mongol Invasions of Bilad al-Sham by Ghazan Khan and Ibn Taymiyah's Three "Anti-Mongol" Fatwas, Mamluk Studies Review XI, 2 (2007) pp.89-120 |
Economy & Finances | General |
Money & Finances |
Persia : Money, from Marteau Platform in Economic History |
Trade |
Textile Industry |
History of Persian Carpets, from Iran Chamber Society The history of brocaded silk-weaving in Iran, from CAIS R.F. Shazadeh, The History of Persian Embroidery |
Ceramic Industry |
Islamic Ceramics : Samanid Ceramics, from Ashmolean Museum |
Metal Industry |
Mining |
Iranian Oil History in Brief, from Iranian Journalist |
Social History |
M.E. Subtelny, Socioeconomic
Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids, International Journal of Middle East Studies 20/4 1988 pp.479-505 |
Ethnography |
Languages of Iran (69), from Ethnologue Minorities at Risk, scroll down for Iran - Arabs, Azerbaijanis, Bakhtiari, Baluchis, Kurds, Turkmen Migration Information Source : Iran Article Iranian Kurdistan, from Wikipedia Armenians in Iran, from Iran Chamber Society Category : Languages of Iran, from Wikipedia Article : Demographics of Iran, from Wikipedia World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Iran Search Encyclopaedia Iranica P.M. Zehi, A Cultural Anthropology of Baluchis, posted by Iran Chamber Society M.T. Sabokdel, Language of Azari and Arrani Peoples and Pan-Turkism 2004 Z. Huseynova, Turkish Language in Iran (from the Ghaznavid Empire to the end of the Safavid Dynasty), Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2011 David Morgan, "Persian perceptions of Mongols and Europeans," chpt. VI of Stuart B. Schwartz (ed), Implicit Understandings: Observing, Reporting, and Reflecting on the Encounters Between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era, Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 201-217. posted by MSU HST 372 |
Religion | General |
Religion in Iran, from netiran;
Category Religion in Iran, from Wikipedia |
Islam |
Article : Islamization of Iran, from Wikipedia Mosques of Iran, from Iran Page (images only, locations not given) R. Ja'afariyan, Four Centuries of Influence of Iraqi Shi'ism on Pre-Safavid Iran, 1998, DILP A. Shariati, Red Shi'ism, DILP |
Zoroastrianism |
Zoroaster and Zoroastrians in Iran, from
Iran Chamber Society; Zoroastrian Sacred Sites in Iran, from
Places of Peace and Power S. Kamoliddin, On the Religion of the Samanid Ancestors, Transoxania 11 2006, To the Question of the Origin of the Samanids Transoxania 10 2005 |
Judaism |
Jews of Iran, from Jewish Virtual Library;
M. Price, A brief history of Iranian Jews, 2001,
posted by Iran Chamber Society; Iran, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project |
Christianity |
A Brief History of Christianity in Iran, from Farsinet;
Historical Churches in Iran, from Iran Chamber Society |
History of Regions | General |
Provinces of Iran, Counties of Iran, from www.statoids.com Iranian Provinces, from Iran Chamber Society Article : Provinces of Iran, from Wikipedia Category : Provinces of Iran, from Wikipedia |
Khuzestan |
History of Khuzestan, from Wikipedia History of Khuzestan Part 1, Part 2, from Tebyan |
Tabaristan/Mazandaran |
M.B. al Hasan B. Isfandiyar, History of Tabaristan;
computer may have difficulty displaying characters properly; transcribed into English |
Gulf Islands |
Abu Musa and the Tunbs, from The Persian Gulf |
Khorasan |
St. John Lovett and Euan Smith, Eastern Persia (Vol I) (1876),
posted on Internet Archive |
Georgia |
Azerbaijan |
A. Kazem-Bek, Derbend-n?eh: or, The history of Derbend, trsl. from the Turkish, 1851 GB |
Iranian Kurdistan |
Article : Iranian Kurdistan : Safavid Period, from Wikipedia |
Local History | General |
Article : Cities of Iran, from Wikipedia |
Abadan |
Article : History of Abadan, from Wikipedia |
Isfahan |
Article : History of Isfahan, from Wikipedia Article : Isfahan : Safavid Period, from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Julfa |
I. Bashiri, Julfa |
Mashhad |
Article : History of Mashhad, from Wikipedia The History of the Shrine of Imam Ali B. Musa al-Ridha, from DILP 1995 (shrine in Mashhad) |
Qazvin |
Article : Qazwin : History, from Wikipedia |
Qom |
Article : Qom, History, from Wikipedia M. Jagger, Lady Fatima Masuma of Qum, 2003, DILP Historical Caravansaries, Qom, from Tebyan Article : Qom, from Iranian History Glossary |
Shiraz |
Article : History of Shiraz : Islamic Period, from Wikipedia A.S. Shahbazi, Shiraz : History to 1940, from Encyclopaedia Iranica |
Tabriz |
Article : History of Tabriz, from Wikipedia |
Tehran |
History of Tehran, from
greatestcities.com,
Article : History of Tehran, from Wikipedia Article : Tehran, from Iranian History Glossary |
Structures, Institutions |
Culture & Science |
Online Publications on the History of Iranian Architecture, posted by ArchNet History of Painting in Iran, from Farhangsara The Persian Calendar, by Holger Oertel A History of Muslim Philosophy, Ch. LIII : Persian Literature, Ch. LXXVII : Renaissance in Iran, Ch. LXVIII : renaissance in Iran (Cont.) The Art of the Seljuqs of Iran 1040-1177, The Art of the Ilkhanid Period 1256-1353, The Art of the Book in the Ilkhanid Period, Courtly Art under the Ilkhanids, Religious Arts under the Ilkhanids, The Art of the Timurid Period (1370-1507), from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History G.E. Tetley, The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks. Poetry as a source for Iranian history Building Style : Buyid, Saffarid, Samanid, Seljuk, Ghaznavid, Il-Khanid, Timurid, Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu, from ArchNet |
Biographies |
List of Iranians, from Wikipedia;
Iranian Personalities, from Iran Chamber Society Iran, from Executed Today N. Hanif, Biographical Encyclopedia of Sufis, 2000, GB |
Others |
International Boundary Studies,
search for Iran Crime and Society : A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World : Iran Alcohol and Drugs History Society : Iran; Epidemiology of Drug Use in Iran, from UNODC Palearctic Ecoregion, from WWF |
DIRECTORY OF INTERNET SOURCES . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from Regnal Chronologies Article Rulers of Iran, from Wikipedia List of Saffarid Rulers, Samanid Rulers, Buyid Rulers, The Ghaznavid Dynasty, Ghurid Dynasty, Rulers of Khwarazm, Ilkhans, Timurid Rulers, List of Rulers of Kara Koyunlu, List of Rulers of Aq Qoyunlu, from Wikipedia I. Mladjov, Rulers of Medieval Persia, 945-1508 |
Documents | Image Databanks |
Iranian Historical Photographs Gallery Wikimedia Commons : Iran A.D.H. Bivar, Mithraic symbols on a medaillon of Buyid Iran ? |
Archival Deposits |
Iran Documents, at Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem |
Constitutions, Laws |
Treaty Collections | Pertaining to Iran |
Document Surveys |
Ch.11 : De Scriptoribus Rerum Orientalium atque Asiaticarum, Par.4 : Persicarum rerum scriptores, pp.237-239 in
B.G. Struve, Selecta bibliotheca historica, 1705, in Latin, GB ;
a catalogue of narrative historical sources |
Document Collections |
Digital Persian Archive, Universität Marburg |
Historical Maps |
Category : Maps of the history of Iran, from Wikimedia Commons click WHKMLA Historical Atlas, Iran Page Atlas of Iran, from Wikimedia Commons Map : Turkic Languages, from Titus Maps : Languages of the Caucasus, Iranian Languages from Titus Map : Linguistic Composition of Iran, from FarsiNet Map : Iran under the Buyids, 970, from Wikipedia Map : Iran c.1000, from Wikimedia Commons Map : Samanids at their greatest extent, from Wikimedia Commons Map : Samanid Dynasty, 819-999, from Wikimedia Commons Map : Ghaznavid Empire 975-1187, from Wikipedia Map : Ghaznavid Iran, 962-998 (1971), from Wikipedia Map : Ghaznavid Iran 1030, from Wikipedia Map : Seljuk Empire 1092, from Wikipedia Map : Ghori Dynasty 1149-1212, from Wikipedia Map : Iran - Ilkhanids (text in Farsi), Ilkhanate 1256-1353, greatest extent, from Wikipedia Map : Iran-Ilkhanids 1251-1293 (1971), from Wikimedia Commons Map : Timurid Empire 821-873 AH, from Wikipedia Map : Samanid Dynasty, from Wikipedia Map : Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans, 1407-1468, from Wikipedia Map : Aq Qoyunlu Confederation 1478, from Wikipedia Eastern Hemisphere 700 AD, 800 AD, 900 AD, 1000 AD, 1025 AD, 1100 AD, 1200 AD, 1300 AD, 1400 AD, 1500 AD, from Thomas Lessman's Atlas of World History |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Religious |
Economic |
Political |
Geographical |
on History |
Travelogues |
Institutions | Archives |
National Archives of Iran |
Musea | Lists, Links |
Museums in Iran, from Caroun;
Category : Museums in Iran, from Wikipedia |
Musea | Museum Websites |
National Museum of Iran |
Monuments |
Category : Monuments and memorials in Iran,
from Wikipedia UNESCO World Heritage Site, List (search for Iran), Tentative Lists : Iran Article : Ali Qapu (Grand Palace, Isfahan), from Wikipedia |
Libraries |
National Library of Iran Libraries in Iran, from LibDex |
National Symbols | Flags |
Flags : Il Khanate,
Timurid,
Kara Koyunlu,
Ak Koyunlu, from Wikipedia |
Coins | on Iran (general) |
Coin Catalog of Iran, from Numismaticon;
search Coin Archives for Persia, Iran;
Numismatic Collections of Coins - Iran, bilingual Russian-English site;
Iran, from World Coin Gallery |
Saffarid |
Saffarid Coins, from Oriental Coins Database Saffarids, Saffarids (Later), from J. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins The Saffarids, from David Collection |
Samanid |
Samanid Coins, from Oriental Coins Database The Samanids, from David Collection Samanids, from J. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins |
Buyid |
The Fitzwilliam Museum,
Buyid Iran Buwayhids, from J. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins |
Seljuq |
S.S. Kucur, A study on the coins of Tughril Beg, the Sultan of the
Great Seljuqs Great Seljuqs, from J. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Seljuqs, from David Collection |
Ghaznavid |
Ghaznavids, from J. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Ghaznavids, from David Collection H. Cole, Ghaznavid Coins The Ghaznavids, from Coin India |
Ghurid |
Ghorids, from J. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Ghurids, from David Collection Delhi Sultanate : Ghorids, Slave Dynasty, from Coin India |
Khwarizmshah |
Khwarizmshah, from David Collection |
Ilkhanid |
Ilkhanids, Mongols of Persia, from J. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins K. Khromov, The Successors of Chingiz Khan and their Coins, The Ilkhanids Ilkhanids, from David Collection |
Timurid |
Timurids, from J. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Timurids, from David Collection |
Qara Qoyunlu |
Qara Qoyunlu, from J. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Turkmen, from David Collection |
Aq Qoyunlu |
Aq Qoyunlu, from J. Roberts, Early Islamic Coins Turkmen, from David Collection |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | general |
RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
on Iran |
Iran Oral History Project, (printed memoirs), IBEX Publishers NNDB Bibliography : Iran Persian Academy; in Farsi; English language version does not work (Sept. 21st 09) Iran, from The Online Books Page from IAAB Bibliotheque Iranienne |
on specific issues |
Food and Culture (a bibliography), by R.T. Dirks, click on South West Asia Bibliography, from Kurdistanica |
Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
e-corpus Gallica International Boundary Studies |
on Iran |
Iran Online Library, from Iran Politics Club Iran Digital Library Digital Islamic Library Project (DILP) |
Online Journals | full text online |
Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 1997-2004 Iran Analysis Quarterly 2003-2007 Abstracta Iranica (in French) 1999-2007 Goftogu 1992- Kurdish Life 1991-, cumulative index International Journal of Kurdish Studies 1988-2002, cumulative index Etudes Kurdes 2000- Cahiers d'Asie Centrale 1996-2009 |
Table of Contents Online |
Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, ToCs vol.30- |
Historiography |
Article : Persian Historiography, by H. Shambayati, pp.703-705, in vol.2 of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 [G] |
On the Middle East |
General Accounts |
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Macropaedia, Vol.21, pp.930-971 Article Iran. KMLA Lib.Sign. R 032 B862h v.21 Elton L. Daniel, The History of Iran, Greenwood 2000, 320 pp., KMLA Lib.Sign. 955 D 184t J.A. Boyle (ed.), The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, vol.5 of The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge : UP 1968 [G] P.M. Holt et al. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Islam : vol.I, The Central Islamic Lands, Cambridge : UP 1970 [G] |
Specific Topics |
Historical Dictionaries |
John H. Lorenz, Historical Dictionary of Iran, Lanham MD : Scarecrow 1995, KMLA Lib. Call Sign R 955.003 L868h |
Yearbooks |