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Grand Duchy of Muscovy |
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| Kingdom of Poland |
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Grand Duchy of Muscovy |
 
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The Lithuanian polity emerged as a political entity in the 12th century, resisting the expansion of the state of the Teutonic
Knights. The decline of the Khanate of the Kipchak Tatars (Golden Horde) provided Lithuania with the opportunity to expand
in eastern and southern direction. On the occasion of the marriage of Duke Jogaila with Queen Jadwiga of Poland, the Duke converted to Christianity and the hitherto pagan Lithuanians followed suit; the ethnic Russian population in Modern Belarus and Ukraine, subject to Lithuania, continued to adhere to Orthodox Christianity. In 1566 Livonia merged into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1569 the Union of Lublin created the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A territorially reduced Grand Duchy of Lithuania (minus Ukraine) continued to exist within the Rzeczpospolita, with a degree of autonomy. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was dominated by Poland; the Lithuanian & Belarussian nobility, and part of the urban population, assimilated into Polish culture. Over the years, territory on the eastern border got lost to the Grand Duchy of Muscovy / the Russian Empire. In the Polish Partitions (1772, 1793, 1795) the remaining territory of the Grand Duchy was annexed by the Russian Empire, where it was to form the Gubernias of Vitebsk, Mogilev, Minsk, Grodno, Vilna and Kovno. The core region of the historic Grand Duchy of Lithuania today makes up the Republics of Lithuania and Belarus. While the historic origin of the Grand Duchy lay in modern Lithuania, was tied to ethnic Lithuanians, the Grand Duchy from the 14th to the 18th century was a multiethnic state, with Eastern Lithuania and Northwestern Belarus as its core region. During the time the Grand Duchy existed, the question of nationality was of secondary importance; that of confession more important; the Union of Brest 1596 brought the Orthodox Church of Belarus and Ukraine into the Catholic Church, while granting the latter the right to keep practicing the eastern rite. The 19th century, the territory of the former Grand Duchy now under Russian rule, saw the rise of Lithuanian, Belorussian, Ukrainian and Polish nationalism. While all these political movements were to claim territory of the Grand Duchy, the Lithuanian and Belorussian national movements competed for the historical legacy of the Grand Duchy. The Republic of Lithuania took the name; both Republics, Lithuania and Belarus, borrowed the Coat of Arms. Lithuania 1569-1795 Lithuania 1386-1569 Historical Atlas, Lithuania Page |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles |
Article : Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from Wikipedia Cheryl Renshaw, Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1253-1795 |
| Links, on History |
Categories History of Lithuania 1219-1569,
History of Lithuania 1569-1795,
Polish-Lithuanian Union, from Wikipedia |
| Historical Dictionary |
OrthodoxWiki |
| Timelines |
Timeline, to 1929, from timelines.ws Category : Years in Lithuania, from Wikipedia History of Belarus I (until 1700, Since 1700, from Official Internt Portal of the President of Belarus From the History of Samogitia, from Samogitia |
| Accounts of History | General Accounts |
Article : Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from Wikipedia Library of Congress, Country Studies : Lithuania History of Lithuania, from Ramunas Personal Pages History of Lithuania, from Scantours Tomas Baranauskas, The Formation of the Lithuanian State Medieval Lithuania The Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1253-1795, by Cheryl Renshaw Grand Duchy of Lithuania, anonymous |
| Specific Periods |
Medieval Lithuania, by Tomas Baranauskas Article : Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from Wikipedia |
| Historiography |
| Politics |
Article : Seimas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,
from Wikipedia |
| Military |
Category : Battles involving the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania A Military History of Belarusian Lands up to the End of the Twelfth Century, by Jahor Novikau Napoleon's Lithuanian Forces, by Henry L. Gaidis |
| Economy & Finances |
A Global History of Currencies :
Lithuania Article Lithuanian Auksinas, from Wikipedia History of Lithuanian Customs Article : Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth : Economy, from Wikipedia |
| Ethnography |
The Lithuanian Tatars, from The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire The Lithuanian Tatars, from Lithuania Articles : Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth : Languages of the Commonwealth, Lipka Tatars, Polish Minority in Lithuania, Polish Minority in Belarus, from Wikipedia |
| Religion |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses - Lithuania, from Kirken i Norge Virtual Jewish History Tour : Belarus, Vilnius, Lithuania, from Jewish Virtual Library Novogrudek, the History of a Jewish Shtetl Jewish Belarus Halych Metropoly, from Lviv Best Via Crucis. 450 Years of Protestantism in Belarus, in English / Belarussian / Russian History of the (Greek Catholic) Byelorussian Church, from Eastern Catholic Pastoral Association of Southern California |
| History of Regions |
Administrative-Territorial Division of Belarus : 18th to 20th Centuries, from Archives of Belarus Article : Administrative Division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from Wikipedia Brief History of Lida District, from Shtetl Links The History of Podlaskie Voivodeship, from Wrota Podlasie |
| Local History |
Shtetls of Lithuania, from JewishGen History of Minsk, from Belarus Guide Articles Hrodna : History, Brest : History, Slonim : History, Kaunas : History, Panevezys : History, Siauliai : History, Telsiai : History, Wikipedia Pinsk : History, Babrujsk : History, Mazur, Rechytsa, Navahrudak : History, Slutsk, Mahilyow : History, Gomel : History, Horki, Klimavichy, Mstsislaw, Orsha : History, Rahachow, from Wikipedia History of Mogilev, History of Vilnius, Lida : History, Vitebsk : History, Polotsk : History, Rechytsa, from Wikipedia |
| Institutions |
Structurae : Belarus, Hrodna,
Brest,
Minsk,
Pinsk,
Gomel,
Vitebsk,
Polotsk,
Lithuania, Kaunas,
Siauliai,
Vilnius Article : Vilnius University : History, from Wikipedia |
| Culture |
| Biographies |
| Others |
The Origins of the Grand Duchy of Litva, from Belarus Guide The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Retrospective of Comparative Historical Sociology of Empires, by Zenonas Norkus, abstract Z. Norkus, The History of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Contemporary Theories of International Relations |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
World Statesmen : Lithuania by Ben Cahoon;
Rulers : Lithuania, by B. Schemmel;
Regnal Chronologies : Poland and the Baltics, scroll down for Lithuania |
| Lists of Bishops |
List of Bishops of Vilnius,
Bishops of Samogitia, from Wikipedia |
| Image Databanks |
Europeana Wikimedia Commons |
| Archival Deposits | Online |
| Archival Deposits | Catalogue Online |
Epaveldas, Lithuanian Cultural Heritage;
here description from European History Primary
Sources |
| Constitutions, Laws |
Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from Virtual Guide to
Belarus |
| Treaties |
| Source Catalogues |
Ch.30 : De Scriptoribus Historiae Polonicae, Lithuanicae, atque Moscoviticae, pp.746-764 in
B.G. Struve, Selecta bibliotheca historica, 1705, in Latin, GB ;
a catalogue of narrative historical sources |
| Document Collections |
Historical Documents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from
National Library of Lithuania, Collection of Parchments Documents on Lyakhovichi History, from Shtetl Links Codex diplomaticus Lithuaniae, 1845, IA |
| Individual Documents |
History of the Lithuanian Metrica, summary by O. Litskevich |
| Historical Maps |
Category : Maps of the History of Lithuania, from Wikipedia Map : Rzeczpospolita, from Wikimedia Map : Lithuania in the 17th Century, from Wikimedia Maps : Eastern Hemisphere 1400 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1500 AD, by Thomas Lessman History Map of Europe, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, from www.euratlas.com Map Partition of Poland-Lithuania 1799, from Wikimedia Map Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from JewishGen Map : Administrative Division of the GD Lithuania, 17th and 18th C., from Medieval Lithuania Map GD Lithuania 1726, posted by Vilnius University Library Map of the GD Lithuania 1613, from Vilnius University Map : Poland-Lithuania 1739, from Muzeum Polskie City Panoramas 1600, from Historic Maps, Vilnius, Grodno |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Category : History of Poland and Lithuania,
Governments : Kovno,
Mogilev,
Minsk,
Vitebsk,
Vilna,
Grodno,
Cities : Kovno,
Mogilev on the Dniepr,
Homel,
Orsha,
Minsk,
Pinsk,
Vitebsk,
Dvinsk,
Polotsk,
Ryezhitsa,
Vilna,
Grodno,
Byelostok,
Brest-Litovsk,
Slonim,
from EB 1911 Articles Litauen, Litauische Sprache und Literatur, Weissrussen, Weissrussland, Kowno, Wilkomir, Rossieny, Nowo-Alexandrowsk, Mohilew, Gorki, Homel, Klimowitschi, Orscha, Rogatschew, Strayj-Bychow, Tscherikow, Minsk, Pinsk, Beresinakanalsystem, Dünaburg, Polozk, Witebsk, Wilna, Grodno (City), Bialystok, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German |
| Religious |
Articles Lithuania, Ruthenians,
Vilna, Mohileff,
Minsk, Samogitia,
Lutzk, Zhitomir and Kamenetz,
Union of Brest, from Catholic Encyclopedia 1907-1914 edition Articles Lithuania, Podolia, Berezino, Birzhi, Bobruisk, Borisov, Bragin, Brest-Litovsk, Brestovitza Bryansk, Byelostok, Byelsk, Byeshenkovichi, Chashniki, Chelm, David-Gorodok, Derechin, Dokshitzy, Drissa, Dvinsk, Dyvin, Grodno, Homel, Kletzk, Kobryn, Kovno, Kremenetz, Krozhe, Lutzyn, Malcha, Minsk, Moghilef, Mstislavl, Nesvizh, Novoaleksandrovsk, Novogrudok, Novy-Dvor, Orsha, Pinsk, Plungian, Polotsk, Ponievicz, Pruzhany, Rossiena, Shklov, Shkud, Slonim, Troki, Vitebsk, Volozhin, Wilna, Cossak's Uprising, from Jewish Encyclopedia 1901-1906 |
| Economic |
| Geographical |
Lithuania Vetus, pp.218- in
vol.2 of Ph. Briet, Parallela geographiae veteris et novae, 1649, in Latin, GB Lithuania, pp.23- in J. Priestley, A description of a new chart ... containing a view of the principal ..., 1777, GB |
| Ethnological |
| Historical |
The History of Lithuania, pp.408- in vol.34 of
G. Sale, An universal history: from the earliest accounts to the present time, 1762, GB |
|
Historical Yearbook Entries |
For the Year 1733 : the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, pp.111-
in : The historical register, vol.18 1733, GB Noticias de Polonia, de Rusia y de los paises del norte, pp.524- in : Mercurio Historico 1772, in Spanish, GB |
| Institutions | Archives |
The Lithuanian Archival System : a Brief Guide, by
T. Balkelis Lithuanian Archives Department Archives of Belarus National Archive of Belarus |
| Musea |
Museums of Lithuania |
| Libraries |
Libraries in Lithuania, from LibDex, 29 entries History of the Lithuanian National Library, from The European Library Martinas Mazvidas National Library of Lithuania National Library of Belarus |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag of the GD of Lithuania of 1578, from FOTW |
| Coins, Banknotes |
LDK Monetos Gallery Trade Relations of the Baltic Tribes in the 1st-13th Centuries and the Currency of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th-18th Centuries, from Bank ofLithuania |
| Others |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| Bibliographies | general |
Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
(Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies) (site in German, most titles listed in English;
numerous entries; publications mostly since 1970) RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library |
| on Lithuania |
Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1253-1795, by Cheryl Renshaw, scroll down for annotated bibliography Lithuanian Historical Studies Bibliography Poland-Lithuania, from Heraldica Numismatics of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in General, Coins of Grand Duchy of Lithuania during New Times (1492-1795), from Numisma.lt, bibliography |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus |
| Online Libraries | on Eastern Europe |
Virtual Library Eastern Europe, maintained in Germany, most sources in German Central and Eastern European Online Library |
| on Lithuania |
Epaveldas, Lithuanian Cultural Heritage;
here description from European History Primary
Sources |
| Online Journals | full text online |
Lituanus 1954-2004; English-language Annaberger Annalen über Litauen und deutsch-litauische Beziehungen 1993-2009 |
| table of contents online |
Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung
1952-, in German |
| Historiography |
Click here for Catalogues of Sources on Lithuanian History Article : Lithuanian Historiography, by J. Danauskas, J. Rackauskas, pp.563-566, in vol.2 of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 [G] |
| General Accounts |
David G. Kirby, The Baltic World 1772-1993, London : Longman 1995 Manfred Hellmann, Grundzüge der Geschichte Litauens (Main Features of Lithuania's History), Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1976 (in German) [G] |
| Specific Topics |
| Historical Atlas |
W. Czaplinski, T. Ladogorski, The Historical Atlas of Poland, Wroclaw : State Cartographic Publishers 1986 [G] |
