Literature on the History of North Africa |
Morocco | Mauritania |
Spain claimed possession of Rio de Oro in 1884, of Saguia el Hamra in 1912 and of Cabo Juby in 1912 (effective occupation 1916). In 1939 Rio de Oro and Saguia el Hamra were jopined to form the Spanish Sahara; Cabo Juby (long administered as an annex) was annexed into the Spanish Sahara in 1948, but ceded to Morocco in 1957. When Spain withdrew from the Spanish Sahara in 1975, the country was partitioned by Morocco and Mauritania. The Polisario (Western Sahara Liberation Front), supported by Algeria, fought the occupation. Mauritania withdrew in 1978, and Morocco also occupied the south. Morocco had a series of walls built, which resulted in effective Moroccan control within the walls. While the Western Sahara is recognized by a number of governments, Morocco remains in control of the larger, and economically more valuable part of the country. Western Sahara since 1976 . Spanish Sahara, 1936-1976 . Spanish Sahara, 1924-1936 . Rio de Oro 1884-1924 Timeline : Western Sahara Historical Atlas, Western Sahara |
WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES note : In 1975, the Spanish administration of what until then was referred to as the Spanish Sahara was terminated. Morocco and Mauretania partitioned the Western Sahara; in 1978 Mauretania withdrew and Morocco absorbed the entire Western Sahara. A Sahrawi exile government, with Algerian support, was formed in 1976. Morocco's annexation of the Western Sahara has not been internationally recognized. Many of the websites below refer to the exile government. A number of links below will only refer to organizations representing the SADR / regard the Moroccan hold of the territory illegitimate. User discretion is advised |
Country Profiles |
from BBC Country Profiles;
from Wikipedia;
from Index Mundi;
from CIA World Factbook; countries Western Sahara Encyclopedia of the Orient : Western Sahara |
Links, General |
from Library of Congress, Portals to the World,
from BUBL,
from African Studies Center, UPenn,
from Africa South of the Sahara at Stanford African Studies : W. Sahara, from Columbia Univ. Library Category : Western Sahara, from Wikipedia |
Links, on History |
Category : History of Western Sahara, from Wikipedia |
Historical Dictionaries |
Timelines |
Timeline, from Western Sahara Online, very detailed, official site (Polisario) |
Accounts of History |
from Western Sahara Online;
from Wikipedia;
from Speedy Look Category : History of Western Sahara, from Wikipedia |
Politics |
Political Resources on the Net : Western Sahara;
Country Profile : Western Sahara, from ISS;
List of political parties in the Western Sahara, from Wikipedia Western Sahara Profile, from International Crisis Group |
Military |
M. White, Death Tolls for the Multicides of the Twentieth Century,
Morocco vs. Polisario Front, 1975- |
Economy & Finances |
Article : Economy of Western Sahara, from Wikipedia Category : Economy of Western Sahara, from Wikipedia Global Currency History : Western Sahara |
Ethnography |
Articles : Hassaniya, from Wikipedia Forced Migration Online Research Guide Western Sahara 2004 Refugee Camps, from Western Sahara Online People, from Western Sahara Online Refugee Studies Centre : Stories of a Nation : Historical Narratives and Visions of the Future in Sahrawi Refugee Camps 2005, from Forced Migration Online |
Religion |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Western Sahara, from Kirken i Norge Western Sahara, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project |
History of Regions |
see Ifni Articles Cape Juby, Rio de Oro, Saguia el Hamra, from Wikipedia |
History of Cities |
List of Cities in the Western Sahara, from Wikipedia |
Institutions |
Structurae : Western Sahara;
search Lighthouse Explorer for Western Sahara |
Biographies |
African Women Bibliographic Database |
Others |
Palearctic Ecoregion, from WWF Disaster History by Country : Western Sahara, from Relief Web Crime and Society. A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World : Western Sahara, by R. Winslow |
WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon);
from Rulers (B. Schemmel) Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, from Wikipedia |
Statistical Data | Responsible Institution |
Population Figures |
Historical Population Statistics : Western Sahara, from Population Statistics at Univ. Utrecht |
Election Results |
Online Newspapers | links from Online Newspapers, from World Newspapers |
Image Databanks |
Systematic Collections General |
Systematic Collections Specialist |
Accidental Collections |
Universal Collections Items on Western Sahara |
License Plates, from Francoplaque, from
License Plates of the World |
Document Collections |
Historical Maps | responsible institutions |
information |
J.A.R. Esteban, El Mapa del Africa Occidental Espanola de 1949 a escala 1:500.000: orgullo militar, camelladas y juegos poeticos saharauis, European Journal of Geography 2011 |
collections |
Western Sahara Maps, PCL, UTexas Category : Maps of Western Sahara, from Wikimedia Commons Sahara Mili, Mapas de Sahara Occidental |
Maghreb, Modern |
Y. Jardin, P. Rekacewicz, Les berberes en Afrique du nord 1994 Maps : Eastern Hemisphere 900 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1000 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1100 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1200 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1300 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1400 AD, Eastern Hemisphere 1500 AD, by Thomas Lessman |
Maghreb, contemporary |
Bonne, Maghreb 1771, Wikipedia Herisson, Atlas Portatif, Barbarie, 1806, posted by M. Witkam Vuillemin, Maghreb 1843, Wikipedia Stielers Handatlas, 2nd edition, North and West Africa, 1847, posted by M. Witkam Stanfords, North West Africa, c.1900, Emerson Kent |
W. Sahara, Modern |
Welsh Center for International Affairs,
Map Western Sahara : Moroccan Walls |
W. Sahara, Contemporary |
La Historia con Mapas :
El Sahara Occidental o Republica Arabe Saharaui Democratica |
Encyclopedia Entries |
Article Rio de Oro, from EB 1911 Article Adrar, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1888-1890, in German |
Tour Guides |
La Ssahhra, pp.249-278 in C.P. de Kerhallet, Manuel de la navigation ?la c?e occidentale d'Afrique vol.1, 1857, in French, GB |
Travelogues |
Archives, Musea, Libraries |
National Symbols |
Flag, from FOTW Coat of Arms of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, from Wikipedia |
Coins, Banknotes |
Banknotes of the Western Sahara, from World Currency Museum Sahrawi Coins, from African Coins and Tokens |
Stamps |
Rio de Oro Stamps 1905-1921, from Stamps Catalogue 1840-1920 by Evert Klaseboer |
PRINTED REFERENCE |
Bibliographies | general |
Search ISBN Database |
on W. Sahara | survey of bibliographies |
bibliographic database |
AfricaBib : Africana Periodical Literature,
African Women,
Women Travelers, Explorers and Missionaries to Africa African Borderlands Research Network : Bibliography |
general bibliographies |
pp.371-431 in T. Hodges, Historical Dictionary of the Western Sahara, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1982 [G] ARSO, Western Sahara : Thematic Bibliography T. Monod, Notes bibliographiques sur le Sahara occidental, Journal de la Societe des Africanistes Annee 1933 Volume 3 Numero 3-1 pp.129-196, Persee T. Monod, Notes bibliographiques sur le Sahara occidental, premier supplement ibid. Numero 3-2 pp.335-340, Persee |
annual bibliographies |
specialist bibliographies |
serial publications |
general bibliographies W. Sahara entries |
J. Gay, Bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs a l'Afrique et a l'Arabie : catalogue methodique de tous les ouvrages français et des principaux en langues etrangeres traitant de la geographie, de l'histoire, du commerce, des lettres et des arts de l'Afrique et de l'Arabie 1875, in French, Gallica Roots Institute, Bibliography of Published Primary Sources in African History (English Language) Westsahara-Bibliographie, from Afrika-Handbuch, at Univ. of Vienna Bibliographie de l'Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord des originmes a la fin du Moyen-Age Bibliographie Maghreb (1), (2), (3) from Haldun Overblog Temehu. Bibliography. A List of Books About the Berbers, Berber history, language and culture. |
booksellers |
on the Western Sahara |
Aluka, African Online Digital Library (AODL),
African Digital Library (ADL) |
General Accounts |
Historical Dictionary |
Terry M. Mays, Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping, Lanman Md. : Scarecrow 1996 [G] Tony Hodges, Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Metuchen N.J. : Scarecrow 1982 [G] |