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Sailendra Mataram
First posted on January 10th 2010, last revised on May 11th 2010






Srivijaya was a Malay thalassocracy centered on Palembang (Sumatra), existing from the 7th to the 13th century. Historical evidence is scanty, consisting of a number of inscriptions, a few reports by mostly Chinese visitors, archaeological evidence. It is believed that Madagascar was settled by Sumatrans before the arrival of Indian religions on Sumatra. Srivijaya expanded, annexing Melayu (Jambi) c.680, taking control of the Malacca Straits. A Chinese visitor around that time describes Palembang as a center of Buddhist learning.
Srivijaya at its climax controlled Sumatra, Western Java, the western and northern coast of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. In the Malay Archipelago it had a rival in Sailendra, another thalassocracy centered on Central Java, and after the latter's fall in 852, in the Kingdom of Mataram, also centered on Central Java. When the Sailendra Dynasty was ousted from Java in 852, they moved to Palembang and took over the rule of Srivijaya.
By 1200 Srivijaya was still a major regional power, but the center had moved from Palembang to Jambi. In the course of the 13th century Srivijaya disintegrated. The Kingdom of Palembang continued to be identified with the name of Srivijaya; its territory was limited to southeastern Sumatra without Lampung (to Pajajaran). In the north it bordered on Jambi. In 1290 it was conquered by Singhasari.
Jambi, Palembang, Pajajaran and Malacca may be regarded successor states of Srivijaya, indirectly also Brunei and the Sultanates of North Sumatra such as Aceh.

Alternative spellings : Crivijaya, Sriwijaya, Shrivijaya






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WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES
Country Profiles Article : Srivijaya, from Wikipedia
Links on History startpagina - Sumatra, Dutch language site
Category : Srivijaya, from Wikipedia
Shawn Selby, Srivijaya Resources on the Internet, Antara Kita 2008
Portals Southeast Asian Archaeology Newsblog
Antara Kita. Indonesia and East Timor Studies Committee
Timelines Search Google News Archive for Srivijaya, click Timeline
Timeline of Indonesian History, from Sejarah Indonesia , 11 sub-timelines, illustrated, very detailed
Accounts of History on Sumatra J.P. Parraud, Histoire de Sumatra, 1788, in French, from Internet Archive
William Marsden, The history of Sumatra, 1784, posted on Internet Archive
Salomon Müller, Bijdragen tot de kennis van Sumatra : bijzonder in geschiedkundig en ethnographisch opzigt 1846, in Dutch, posted on Internet Archive
on Srivijaya Article : Srivijaya, from Wikipedia
Article : Srivijaya, from WikiPilipinas
F. Bosch, Crivijaya, de Cailendra en de Sanjaya-vamca, BTLV 108 1952 pp.113-123
K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Sri Vijaya, Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extreme-Orient 40 1940 pp.239-313, in English
Crivijaya Kingdom, from Melayu Online
Gabriel Ferrand, L'empire sumatranais de Çrivijaya, 1922, in French, posted on Internet Archive
George Coedes, Le Royaume de Çrivijaya, Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extreme-Orient 18 1918 pp.1-36
Specific Periods Malay Kingdom of Srivijaya Palembang, Buddhism in Palembang, The Maritime Influence, from Network Indonesia
Historiography
Military The Cholas, from Sejarah Melayu
Economy & Finances Hans-Dieter Evers, Traditional Trading Networks of Southeast Asia, Archipel 1988 vol.35 pp.89-100
Claudine Salmon, Srivijaya, la Chine et les marchands chinois (Xe-XIIe s.). Quelques reflexions sur la societe de l'empire sumatranais, Archipel 63 2000 pp.57-78
Ethnography
Religion E. Edwards, The Archaeology of Buddhist Sumatra, announcement of a lecture
History of Regions Sumatra Articles Sumatra : History, from Wikipedia
Borneo (Kalimantan) Articles History of Brunei, from Wikipedia
Malay Peninsula Buddhist Empires, from Sejarah Melayu, A History of the Malay Peninsula
Pamela Sodhy, The "International Relations" of the Malay Peninsula from the Seventh to the Fourteenth Century, Akademica 23 1983 pp.21-36
Articles Malaysia : Early History, from Wikipedia
West Java Articles West Java : History, from Wikipedia
others Stuart Robson, Srivijaya and Southern Thailand : Some Questions, Songklanakarin Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities 4/2 1998 pp.226-237
Article : Hinduism in the Philippines, from Wikipedia
Local History
Institutions
Culture
Biographies
Others J. Wisseman Christie, State formation in early maritime Southeast Asia. A consideration of the theories and the data., BTLV 151 1995 pp.235-288
H. Claessen, How unique was Srivijaya ?, BTLV 151 1995 pp.443-445
Pierre-Yves Manguin, Sriwijaya, entre texte historique et terrain archeologique : un siecle a la recherche d'un Etat evanescent, Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extreme-Orient 88 2001 pp.331-339

WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS
Historical Data Lists of Statesmen
Documents Document Collections Claudine Salmon, A Tentative Interpretation of the Chinese Inscription (1231) Engraved on a Bronze Gong Recovered in Muara Jambi {Central Sumatra) , Archipel 66 2003 pp.91-112
Historical Maps Map : Srivijaya Empire, from Wikimedia Commons
Map : Sri Vijaya, from Picasa
Institutions Archives
Musea Buyang Valley Museum (Malaysia), from Photodhgarma
Sri Vijaya Art in Thailand, from Thailand's World
Monuments
National Symbols Flags, Coats of Arms
Coins Sri Vijaya Money, from Bank of Thailand Museum

PRINTED REFERENCE
Bibliographies Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (MBRAS)
Search ISBN Database for Srivijaya, Crivijaya etc.
Search RHS Bibliography Srivijaya, Crivijaya etc.
Search DBNG Srivijaya, Crivijaya etc.
Online Libraries Gutenberg Library Online, Internet Archive
Persee (French search engine)
Search Narcis (server for theses from the Netherlands) for Srivijaya, spelling varieties
Online Journals Archipel 1971-2004
BTLV 1853-1908, 1950-2009
Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extreme-Orient 1991-2003
General Accounts On Southeast Asia Nicholas Tarling, The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, 4 vol.s, Cambridge : UP (1992) 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign. 959 T188c
John Villiers, Südostasien vor der Kolonialzeit (South East Asia prior to the Colonial Era), Frankfurt : Fischer 1965, especially pp.93-109; in German [G]
on Indonesia, Malaysia, Sumatra Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard V. Andaya, A History of Malaysia, Honolulu : Univ. of Hawai'i Press 2001, KMLA Lib.Sign. 959.5 A 543h, pp.21-36
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Macropaedia, Vol.21, pp.213-245 Article Indonesia KMLA Lib.Sign. R 032 B862h v.21
Steven Drakeley, The History of Indonesia, Westport CT : Greenwood 2005, KMLA Lib.Sign. 959.8 0763h
on Srivijaya Sumatra and the Srivijaya Kingdom, in : The History Atlas of Asia, from MacMillan, edited by Ian Barnes, NY 1998, pp.78-79, KMLA Lib.Sign. 911.5 B261t
Keith W. Taylor, The Early Kingdoms : Srivijaya, pp.173-176 in : Nicholas Tarling, The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Vol.I.1, Cambridge : UP (1992) 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign. 959 T188c
Kenneth R. Hall, Economic History of Southeast Asia : The Age of the Srivijayan Maritime Empire (670-1025), pp.196-202 in : Nicholas Tarling, The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Vol.I.1, Cambridge : UP (1992) 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign. 959 T188c
Specific Topics
Historical Atlasses Jan M. Pluvier, Historical Atlas of Southeast Asia, Leiden : Brill 1995 [G]