ÿþ<html> <head> <title> WHKMLA : Historical Dictionaries : the Americas, 1300-1490 </title> <!-- copyright Alexander Ganse, 2008 --> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="black" link="blue" vlink="red" alink="brown"> <style> <!-- A{ font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt; font-face: arial; } --> </style> <DIV align ="center"> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <A HREF = "../../index.html"> <img src = "../../whkmla2.jpg" border = "0"></a></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width = "150" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowleft.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../banners/ban13001490.jpg" border = "0"> </TD> <TD width = "36" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <img src = "../../region/arrowright.gif" width = "36" height = "36" border = "0"> </a></TD> <TD width = "100" height = "36" align = "center" valign = "center"> <font size = "2" face = "arial"><B> </b></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <font size = "3" face = "arial"><B><i>First posted on October 25th 2008 </i></b></font><BR><BR><BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "center" valign = "center" width = "900"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "5"><B> Historical Dictionaries : the Americas, 1300-1490 </B></font> <BR> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"><i> http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/13001490/hdamericas13001490.html </i></font> </B></font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "aztecs"><B>Aztecs</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Federation of the Mexica, Texcoco and Nezahualcoyotl, established in 1427; went on to conquer much of the Mexican plateau, established the Aztec Empire; in 1519-1521 conquered by Hernan Cortes. Capital <A HREF = "#tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</A>, lingua franca <A HREF = "#nahuatl">Nahuatl</A>. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "chimu"><B>Chimu Culture</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Civilization centered in NW coastal Peru, around Trujillo. Conquered by the <A HREF = "#incaemp">Inca</A> in c.1470. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "cusco"><B>Cusco</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> or Cuzco, settled since c.900, capital of the Kingdom of Cusco c.1200-1438, of the <A HREF = "#incaemp">Inca Empire</A> 1438-1533. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "incaemp"><B>Inca Empire</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established when the Kingdom of <A HREF = "#cusco">Cusco</A> embarked on a policy of military expansion in 1438. Capital Cusco, lingua franca <A HREF = "#quechua">Quechua</A> and Aymara. Conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1532-1533. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "macchupichu"><B>Macchu Pichu</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Mysterious <A HREF = "#incaemp">Inca</A> hilltop city, constructed c.1460, not found by the Spanish; abandoned within a century (perhaps due to infectious disease killing off population); city then overgrown by the jungle found in 1911. Of historical value as Inca architecture has not been destroyed & built over by the Spanish. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "mayapan"><B>Mayapan</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Leading Maya city-state in the later part of the <A HREF = "#postclassicper">Post-Classic Period</A>; destroyed in a rebellion in 1441 </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "nahuatl"><B>Nahuatl</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Language of the <A HREF = "#aztecs">Aztecs</A>; dialects of Nahuatl still spoken in parts of rural Mexico </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "postclassicper"><B>Post-Classic Period</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> In Mayan history, period from the 10th to the 16th century. A period of decline of the Mayan civilization; the city-state of Mayapan was in control of Yucatan until destroyed by a revolt in 1441. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "quechua"><B>Quechua</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Language of the <A HREF = "#incaemp">Inca</A>; still spoken in parts of highland Peru and Bolivia </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "quito"><B>Quito</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Kingdom of Quito allegedly established in 980; conquered by the <A HREF = "#incaemp">Incas</A> in 1462, by the Spanish in 1533, when the city was burnt down by the defenders. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tarascanstate"><B>Tarascan State</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historic state in western Mexico (Michoacan), existed around 1300; extended territory to Pacific coast in 1460, was able to withstand attacks by the <A HREF = "#aztecs">Aztec Empire</A> in 1470s and 1480s; still in existence when Spanish arrived in 1519. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tenochtitlan"><B>Tenochtitlan</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Established by the Mexica in 1325; from 1427 to 1521 capital of the <A HREF = "#aztecs">Aztec Empire</A>; 1521-1821, under the name of Mexico City, capital of New Spain. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD width="200" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> <A NAME = "tlaxcala"><B>Tlaxcala</B></A> </font></TD> <TD width="480" valign="top" align="left"> <font size = "2"> Historic state in highland Mexico which was surrounded by <A HREF = "#aztecs">Aztec</A> territory but, at the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, still resisted Aztec attempts of conquest. Cortez hired 5000 Tlaxcalans as auxiliary troops. </font></TD> </TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> EXTERNAL FILES : <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <TABLE border = "0" cellspace="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <TR> <TD align = "left" valign = "center" width = "700"> <font face = "Times Roman" size = "2"> PRINTED REFERENCE : <BR> Donald C. Brigs, Marvin Alisky, Historical Dictionary of Mexico, Metuchen N.J.: Scarecrow 1981, 259 pp. <BR> Albert William Bork and Georg Maier, Historical Dictionary of Ecuador, Metuchen NJ : Scarecrow 1973 <BR> Salvatore Bizzarro, Historical Dictionary of Chile, Scarecrow 1972, 309 pp. <BR> Dwight B. Heath, Historical Dictionary of Bolivia, Metuchen N.J.: Scarecrow 1972, 324 pp. <BR> </font></TD></TR></TABLE> <BR><BR> </DIV> </DIV> <DIV align="center"> <A href="mailto:aganse@hotmail.com"> <IMG src="../../email.gif" border="0"></a><BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR><BR> <!-- Start of CH Counter --> <script type="text/javascript"> //<!-- // chCounter v2.0.0 // settings: cstatus = "active"; visible = "0"; path_to_counterfile = "http://www.zum.de/whkmla/counter/counter.php"; urlhp = "http://www.zum.de"; //////////////// url = unescape(location.href); file = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf(urlhp) + urlhp.length, url.length); file = (file.charAt(0) != "/") ? 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