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Estonia gained independence in 1918/1920, and at this time its modern borders were established. Before, only the northern stretches
of modern Estonia were refered to as Estland (Estonia), while the south was regarded part of Livland (Livonia). From 1561 to 1712,
the island of Saaremaa (Ezel, Ösel) formed a separate administrative unit. For much of its history, Estonia has been controlled by foreign ethnicities, from 1218 to 1346 by a Danish elite, from 1346 to 1880/1918 by an ethnic German elite. This pattern was repeated during the years of Soviet occupation (1940-1941) 1944-1991, when ethnic Russians took the role traditionally held by German nobles. The bulk of the population, the Estonians, for centuries had been treated as serfs, and even after their liberation in 1816, they remained socially underprivileged, a status only ended by the Land Reform of 1919. This page attempts to deal with the history of Estonia (within its modern borders). Estonia since 1991 Estonia 1939-1945 . 1945-1949 . 1949-1991 . . . see also USSR Estonia 1918-1920 . 1920-1934 . 1934-1939 Estonia Gubernia 1710-1918 . . . Livland Gubernia 1710-1918 . . . see also Russian Empire Swedish Estonia 1561-1721 . . . Swedish Livonia 1621-1721 . . . Swedish Ösel 1645-1710 . . . see also Sweden Estonia 1561-1721 . . . Duchy of Livonia 1561-1621 . . . Danish Øsel 1560-1645 . . . see also Sweden (Estonia), Kingdom of Poland (Livonia), Denmark (Øsel) Livonia 1525-1561 Livonia 1346-1525 Estonia 1218-1346 . . . Livonia 1199-1346 . . . Denmark The Eastern Baltic before the Crusades (-1199) Historical Atlas : Estonia Page |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles |
from BBC Country Profiles;
from World Desk Reference ;
from Nations Encyclopedia;
from Wikipedia;
from CIA World Factbook, countries - Estonia Library of Congress, Country Studies : Estonia |
| Links, General |
from Library of Congress, Portals to the World;
from BUBL; from SSEES;
from Internet Archive |
| Links, on History |
from Virtual Library History |
| Organizations |
Öpetatud Eesti Selts (Learned Estonian Society) Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes against Humanity; Latvia's History Commission, from MOFA Latvia Estonian Museum Association; Latvijas Muzeju Biedriba (in Latvian) Eesti Genealoogia Selts (Estonian Genealogical Society); Latvian Genealogical Society; Association of the Four Baltic Noble Corporations, Livonia, Estonia, Courland, and Oesel (Baltische Ritterschaften); click Estonia, Livonia, Oesel (Estländische Ritterschaft; Livländische Ritterschaft; Oeselsche Ritterschaft) Institut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen in Nordosteuropa at Universität Hamburg Eesti Ajaloopetajate Selts (Estonian History Teachers Association), from Euroclio |
| Historical Dictionary |
Estonica |
| Timelines |
from timelines.ws,
from BBC News |
| Accounts of History |
Article History of Estonia, from Wikipedia History, from Estonica E. Seraphim, Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands von der "Aufsegelung" des Landes bis zur Einverleibung in das russische Reich, vol.1, 1895, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Specific Periods |
F.G. von Bunsen, Das Herzogthum Estland unter den
Koönigen von Daänemark, (1877) Reprint 1973, in German, posted on Internet Archive F.G. Bienemann, Die Statthalterschaftszeit in Liv- und Estland (1783-1796), 1886, in German, posted on Internet Archive H.K.H. Almquist, Sverge och Ryssland, 1595-1611 : Tvisten om Estland, förbundet mot Polen .., 1907, in Swedish, posted on Internet Archive M. Martna, L'Esthonie; les Esthoniens et la question esthonienne, 1920, in French, posted on Internet Archive Georg von Rauch, The Baltic States : The Years of Independence. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, 1917-1940, (1970) trsl. from the German by Gerald Onn, 1974, GB |
| Historiography |
| Politics |
Political Resources on the Web : Estonia;
Governments on the WWW : Estonia;
For the Record 2000 : Estonia, from UN Human Rights System Article : Politics of Estonia, from Wikipedia Category : Politics of Estonia, from Wikipedia Concentration Camps Today : (Soviet) Estonia, from ATTAC Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bilateral Relations, detailed files on the history of relations with other countries |
| Military |
Wars of Estonia, from ACED Article : Military History of Estonia, from Wikipedia Category : Military of Estonia, from Wikipedia Estonian Military History, from Visit Estonia |
| Economy & Finances |
A Global History of Currencies :
Estonia Article Economy of Estonia, from Wikipedia History of the Nordic Exchange Raimo Pullat and Lauri Suurmaa, Probate Inventories as Sources for the Study of the History of Luxury in Estonian Towns in the Early Modern Period (18th Century), IEHC 2006 Estonia, from European Textile Network (historical sites) |
| Ethnography |
Languages of Estonia, from Ethnologue Ethnic Minorities in Estonia, from Estonia Page (1998) Integration through Education ? The Russian-Speaking Minority and Estonian Society, by Karen Brown Estonia, from European Centre for Minority Issues World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Estonia |
| Religion |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses - Estonia, from Kirken i Norge Jewish Virtual History Tour : Estonia, from Jewish Virtual Library; Estonia, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project Category Religion in Estonia, from Wikipedia Religion, Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia, from Estonica Patron Saint Index : Estonia Andres Andresen, The Reconfiguration of Lutheran Church Organization in the Baltic Region from the 1520s to 1917 |
| History of Regions |
History of Saaremaa (Ösel, Øsel),
Hiiumaa : History (Dagö, Dagø),
Harjumaa (Harrien),
Virjumaa (Vironia, Wierland),
Järvamaa (Jervia),
Revelia,
Läänemaa (Wiek),
Sakala,
Ugandi (Ugaunia), from Wikipedia Counties of Estonia, Municipalities of Estonia, from www.statoids.com Peter Wilhelm Baron von Buxhövenden, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Provinz Oesell, 1838, posted by Google Books |
| Local History |
History of Tallinn (Reval), from Wikipedia History of Tartu (Dorpat), from Wikipedia Article Narva, from Wikipedia F.G. von Bunge, Die Revaler Rathslinie nebst Geschichte der Rathsverfassung und einem Anhange über Riga und Dorpat 1874, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Institutions |
History of the University of Tartu, from Wikipedia History of Tallin Stock Exchange, from The Nordic Exchange Estonia, from Airline History Structurae : Estonia; Search Lighthouse Explorer for Estonia History (of Narrow-Gauge Railways in Estonia, since 1896), from Estonian Museum Railway; scroll down for English language text; Estonian Railways : History, from Railroad Development Corporation |
| Culture |
Estonian Philately and Postal History, from Estonian Philatelic Society A Short History of Estonian Literature, from Estonian Literature Information Centre A Brief History of the Estonian Book, by Lott / Moeldre Article : Music of Estonia : History, from Wikipedia Film, from Estonica Architecture, from Estonica Russian Culture in Estonia |
| Biographies |
Baltische Biographische Lexika (Baltic Biographical Lexica), in German List of Estonians, from Wikipedia J.F. von Recke, Allgemeines Schriftsteller- und Gelehrten-Lexikon der Provinzen Livland, Esthland und Kurland, vol.II : G-K, 1829, vol.III : L-R, 1831, Supplements vol.I : A-K, 1859, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Others |
Alcohol and Drugs History Society : Estonia Category Disasters in Estonia, from Wikipedia Articles Estonia at the Olympics, Football in Estonia, Estonia National Ice Hockey Team, from Wikipedia Palearctic Ecoregion, from WWF F.G. von Bunge, Einleitung in die Liv-, Esth- und curländische Rechtsgeschichte und Geschichte der Rechtsquellen, 1849, in German, posted on Internet Archive F.G. von Bunge, Geschichte des Gerichtswesens und Gerichtsverfahrens in Liv-, est- und Curland, 1874, posted on Internet Archive Ernest Fromme, The republic of Esthonia and private property, 1922, posted on Internet Archive A. Baron von Heyking, The main issues confronting the minorities of Latvia and Eesti, 1922, posted on Internet Archive |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon);
from Rulers (B. Schemmel);
from Regnal Chronologies;
from World Rulers (E. Schulz, illustrated) |
| Lists of Ambassadors |
List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Estonia, from
Wikipedia;
Liste der deutschen Botschafter in Tallinn, from
Wikipedia German edition;
List of Soviet and Russian Ambassadors to Estonia Article : U.S. Ambassador to Estonia, from Wikipedia Heads of Canadian Legation / Embassy in Tallinn (since 1993), from MOFA Canada Chinese Ambassadors to Estonia, from PRC MOFA |
| Statistical Data | Responsible Institution |
Statistics Estonia |
| Population Figures |
Historical Population Statistics : Estonia, from Population Statistics
(Jan Lahmeyer) Historical Abortion Statistics - Estonia, from Johnston's Archive P.A.F.K. Possart, Statistik und Geographie des Gouvernements Esthland , 1846, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Election Results |
from Psephos (since 1999);
from IFES Election Guide (since 1998);
from Electoral Geography 2.0 (since 1992) Elections and Electoral Systems around the world : Estonia, from Area Studies, at Keele |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers | Official Gazette |
Flare, Union List of Official Gazettes : Estonia Riigi Teataja 2002-2012 |
| Hemerotheques |
Wikipedia : List of Online Newspaper Archives : Estonia Periodika, from Digitales Forum Mittel- und Osteuropa, German language historical periodicals from Central and Eastern Europe |
| Specific Newspapers |
Life Magazine, 1936-1972,
Search for "Estonia", search all issues; 138 Estonia articles, GB |
| Modern Newspapers | links from Online Newspapers, from World Newspapers |
| Online Yearbooks - Estonia Entries |
| Newsreels |
| Films on History/Society |
Estonia Film Archives linked by National Film Preservation Board (U.S.) Filmarchives Online (Europe-wide); Estonian Film Archives Article : Cinema of Estonia, from Wikipedia Estonia, from Cinema of the World List of Estonian Films, from Wikipedia; Estonia Film, from IMDb |
| Image Databanks |
Systematic Collections General |
7is7, Photos of Estonia |
|
Systematic Collections Specialist |
Herder-Institut : Bildarchiv P.E. Damier, Wappen-buch sämmtlicher zur ehstländischen Adelsmatrikel gehöriger Familien, 1837, posted on Internet Archive Eric Hammerin, Bildbank Tallinn |
| Accidental Collections |
Wikimedia Commons |
|
Universal Collections Items on Estonia |
License Plates, from Francoplaque, from
License Plates of the World Passport, from World Passports; scroll down Airline Timetable Images : Estonia |
| Archival Deposits | Online |
Digital Archive, from Estonial National Archive Search CIA Released Documents for Estonia P.K. Grimsted, Archives and manuscript repositories in the USSR, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia, 1981, IA Guide to the Hoover Institution Archives 1980, GB ; search for Estonia |
| Archival Deposits | Catalogue Online |
Estonia Documents, at Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People,
Jerusalem P.K. Grimsted, Archives and manuscript repositories in the USSR, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia, 1981, posted on Internet Archive |
| Constitutions, Laws |
List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Estonia, from
ILO,
31 docs. since 1921 Internet Law Library : Estonia Verfassungen der Republik Estland (Constitutions of the Republic of Estonia), from verfassungen.de, in German |
| Treaties | General Treaty Collections |
| Bilateral Treaty Collections |
Australian Treaty Series : Bilateral Treaties - Estonia Estonia, pp.602-657 in vol.7 of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776-1949, 1971, GB |
| Document Collections |
European History Primary Sources : Estonia F.G. von Bunge, Liv-, Est- und Kurländisches Urkundenbuch und Regesten vol.II : 1301-1367, 1855, vol.III : supplements, 1368-1393, 1857, vol.VI : supplements 1875, 2nd Series vol.1 : 1495-1500, 1900, 2nd Series vol.2 : 1501-1505, 1905, posted on Internet Archive Monumenta Livoniae Antiqua. Sammlung von Chroniken, Berichten, Urkunden und andern schriftlichen Denkmälern und Aufsätzen, welche zur Erläterung der Geschichte Liv-, Ehst- und Kurland's dienen, vol.1 1835, vol.2 1839, vol.3 1840, vol.4 1844, vol.5 1847, posted on Internet Archive Making the History of 1989 : Estonia |
| Individual Documents |
| Historical Maps | responsible institutions |
UNESCO, National Mapping Agencies : Estonia :
Riigi Maa-amet - Estonian Land Board, Tallinn |
| collections |
click here NLE Cartography Collection, Old City Maps, Old geographical maps K.R. Kupffer, Baltische Landeskunde : Atlas (1911) in German, posted on Internet Archive David Rumsey Historical Map Collection : Estonia Estonia Maps, PCL, UTexas Category : Old Maps of Estonia, Maps of the History of Estonia, Wikimedia Commons Discus Media, The 1900 Collection, Maps of Yesteryear, Estonia |
| Estonia, hindsight |
Europe in the Year
1000,
1100,
1200,
1300,
1400,
1500,
1600,
1700,
1800,
1900,
2000,
euratlas |
| Estonia, Contemporary |
Estonia 1922,
1932,
1938, Probert Encyclopedia |
| detail, hindsight |
| detail, contemporary |
City Panoramas 19th Century, from
Historic Maps,
Reval 1866 |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Articles Estonia,
Narva,
Oesel,
Pernau,
Reval (Tallinn, Revel),
Yuriev (Tartu, Dorpat), from EB 1911 Articles Esthland, Dagö, Ösel, Arensburg, Dorpat, Narwa, Pernau, Reval, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German |
| Religious |
Article Esthonia,
from Jewish Encyclopedia 1901-1906 edition J. Chr. Nelkenbrecher, Allgemeines Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichtskunde für Banquiers und Kaufleute (General Manual on Coinage, Measurement and Weights, for Bankers and Merchants) Berlin 1832, in German, entries Narwa, Pernau, Reval, posted by DTBSWS J. Chr. Nelckenbrecher, Taschenbuch eines Banquiers und Kaufmanns enthaltend eine Erklärung aller ein- und ausländischen Münzen ..., Berlin : Wever 1769, in German, entries Reval, posted by DTBSWS |
| Geographical |
| Historical |
| Parliamentary Debates |
| Tour Guides |
K. Baedeker, La Russie: manuel du voyageur,
1897,
1902, in French, posted on Internet Archive K. Baedeker, Russland : Handbuch für Reisende, 1888, in German, posted on Internet Archive K. Baedeker, St. Petersburg und Umgebung: Handbuch für Reisende 1901, in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| Institutions | Archives |
Estonian Historical Archives, English language page National Archives of Estonia, page in Estonian Estonian Cultural History Archives Foreign Ministry Archives Services of the European Union Member States : Estonia, from Consilium Europa Estonian Archives in the United States, at Immigration History Research Center, Univ. of Minnesota |
| Musea |
Category : Museums in Estonia, from Wikipedia Estonian War Museum Estonian Broadcasting Museum |
| Monuments |
Category : Monuments and Memorials in Estonia,
from Wikipedia Tentative List : Estonia, World Heritage List, scroll down for Estonia; from UNESCO World Heritage Windmills in Estonia, from Windmill World |
| Libraries |
Libraries in Estonia, from LibDex, 19 entries National Library of Estonia History of the Estonian National Library, from The European Library |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag, from FOTW; Coat of Arms, from
International Civic Heraldry;
National Anthem, from National Anthems Net Coat of Arms of Estland (Reval) Gubernia, from Wikimedia Commons |
| Coins, Banknotes |
Banknotes of Estonia, from World Currency Museum, from
Ron Wise's World Paper Money Estonia Coins, from Don's World Coin Gallery |
| Stamps |
Estonia Stamps 1918, from Stamps Catalogue 1840-1920 |
| Others |
| PRINTED REFERENCE |
| Bibliographies | general |
Search ISBN Database |
| on Estonia | survey of bibliographies |
National Bibliography of Estonia, from
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University Library |
| bibliographic database |
Eesti Rahvus Bibliograafia (Estonian National Bibliography); Estonian National Bibliography, from
Slavic and East European Library EBSEES (European Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies) Bibliographieportal zur Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas - LitDok Ostmitteleuropa |
| general bibliographies |
| annual bibliographies |
| specialist bibliographies |
Baltic Amber Bibliography Estonia Estonia Bibliography, from European Centre of Minority Issues |
| serial publications |
Publikationen, from IKGN Estonian Historical Archives, Publications |
|
general bibliographies Estonia entries |
Northern Crusades Bibliography, from Crusades Encyclopedia |
| booksellers |
| Online Libraries | general |
Google Books;
Internet Archives;
Gutenberg Library Online;
HathiTrust;
Gallica |
| on Estonia |
National Library of Estonia : E-Library Central and Eastern European Online Library Virtual Library Eastern Europe, maintained in Germany, most sources in German |
| Online Journals | Links |
Digiteeritud eesti ajalehed (Digitised Estonian Periodicals, 1821-1944) |
| full text online |
Estonian Journal of Archaeology, years 2000-2006 / vols. 4-10 online Acta Historica Tallinensia, years 2000-2006 / vols.4-10 online Jahrbücher für die Geschichte Osteuropas 1936-2006, BSB |
| Historiography |
Article : Estonian Historiography, by T.U. Raun, pp.294-295, in vol.1 of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 [G] |
| General Accounts | on Eastern Europe |
Adrian Webb, The Longman Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919, London etc.: Longman 2002 [G] David G. Kirby, The Baltic World 1772-1993, London : Longman 1995 Kevin O'Connor, The History of the Baltic States, Westport CT : Greenwood 2003, KMLA Lib.Sign. 947.9 O18h Reinhard Wittram, Baltische Geschichte. Die Ostseelande Livland, Estland und Kurland 1180-1918 (Baltic History. The Baltic Lands of Livonia, Estonia and Courland, 1180-1918), Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft (1954) 1973, in German Kevin O'Connor, The History of the Baltic States, Westport CT : Greenwood 2003, KMLA Lib.Sign. 947.9 O18h K.R. Kupffer, Baltische Landeskunde : Atlas (1911) in German, posted on Internet Archive |
| on Estonia |
Toivo U. Raun, Estonia and the Estonians, Stanford : Hoover Institution Press 2001 [G] |
| Specific Topics |
Rein Taagepera, Estonia and the Estonians, pp.75-93 in : Zev Katz et al. (ed.), Handbook of Major Soviet Nationalities,
NY : The Free Press 1975 [G] Estonia, pp.96-98, in : Derek H. Aldcroft, Europe's Third World. The European Periphery in the Interwar Years. Leicester : UP 2006, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 940.09724 A357e |
| Historical Dictionary |
Tojvo Miljan, Historical Dictionary of Estonia, Lanham Md. : Scarecrow 2004 |
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