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The Principality of Poland emerged in the 10th century, and with the introduction of Christianity, was elevated to
the Kingdom of Poland. The Piast Dynasty ruled Poland until the early 14th century. A brief period of Angevin rule
was followed by the Jagiellon Dynasty (1386), under which the Kingdom of Poland and the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
were first joined in Dynastic Union, and in the Union of Lublin 1569 merged to form the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita, 1569-1795). It was a multiethnic state, its population consisting of
Catholic Poles and Lithuanians, Orthodox (later Russian Rite Catholic) Belarussians and Ukrainians, as well as other
groups. This commonwealth also was referred to as a Nobles'
Republic; Poland-Lithuania was an elective monarchy, did not go through the phase of Absolutism; in the later
18th century the Commonwealth was partitioned by its neighbours
Prussia, Austria and Russia. From 1807 to 1813
a Polish state in form of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw existed, a staunch ally of Napoleon. The Vienna Congress of
1815 implemented another Polish partition; now Congress Poland was joined with the
Russian Empire in Dynastic Union;
The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria was one of the many lands of the
Emperor of Austria; the Grand Duchy of Posen
was joined in Dynastic Union with the Kingdom of Prussia. Until 1846 the
Republic of Cracow was a separate state. Following World War I the Republic of Poland was established, which included the western parts of modern Belarus and Ukraine. This Republic was again partitioned by Germany and the USSR in 1939. In 1944-1945 the Republic of Poland was recreated in a different shape. The Polish territory annexed by the USSR in 1939 (the bulk of the population being Belarussian and Ukrainian) remained Soviet territory; instead Poland was compensated by the annexation of large stretches of territory hitherto being part of Prussia / Germany. The German population of these areas was expelled; the ethnic Polish population from the Polish territory annexed by the USSR in 1939 repatriated to Poland. This page focusses on the Republic of Poland (1918-). Poland since 1990 . Poland 1981-1990 . Poland 1969-1981 . Poland 1948-1969 . Poland 1945-1948 . Poland in World War II . Poland between the Wars . Poland in World War I History of the Polish Exile Historical Atlas, Poland Page List of Wars, Poland Page Students' Paper : Kim, Jae Hee, History of Polish-Russian/Soviet Relations (2009) Students' Paper : Song, Yong-hyun, 19th Century Paris, Center of Exiles (2007) |
| E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
| Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
| Social History | Ethnography | History of Religion | Regional History | Local History | Institutions | Culture |
| Biography | Others |
| D o c u m e n t s |
| Historical Data | Documents | Institutions | National Symbols |
| P r i n t e d . R e f e r e n c e |
| Bibliographies | Online Libraries | Online Journals | General Accounts | Specific Topics | Historical Dictionaries | Others |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNAL FILES |
| Country Profiles | current |
from BBC Country Profiles;
from World Desk Reference ;
from Nations Encyclopedia;
from Wikipedia;
from CIA World Factbook Country - Poland Library of Congress, Country Studies : Poland |
| historical |
Poland, Its People, its Society, its Culture (1958), posted on
Internet Archive A.L. Strong, I Saw the New Poland (1946), posted on Internet Archive A. Syski, The United States of Poland (1919), posted on Internet Archive |
| Links, General |
from Library of Congress, Portals to the World;
from BUBL Category : Poland, from Wikipedia |
| Links, on History |
from Virtual Library History : Polish History Index;
from Virtual Library Labour History;
from Virtual Library Women's History;
from Virtual Library Economic and Business History from KODEKS; as of June 2008 exclusively on Kashubia Category : History of Poland, from Wikipedia European History Primary Sources : Poland, from Virtual Library History |
| Organizations |
Georg-Eckert-Institut : German-Polish Textbook Commission Article : Polish Historical Society, from Wikipedia Polish Numismatic Society Archaeology in Poland, click : Institutions The Polish Institute and Sikorsky Museum, UK Stowarzyszenie Nauczycieli Historii, from Euroclio |
| Historical Dictionaries |
| Timelines |
from timelines.ws, from
BBC News Category : Years in Poland, from Wikipedia |
| Accounts of History | General Accounts |
A Brief History of Poland, from Polonia Today; The History of Poland,
by Mieczyslaw Kasprzyk;
Political History of Poland, by F. Kobylarz Article History of Poland, from Wikipedia |
| Specific Periods |
Articles : Second Polish Republic,
History of Poland 1939-1945,
History of Poland 1945-1989, from Wikipedia M. Machray, The Poland of Pilsudski (1936), posted on Internet Archive G. Humphrey, Pilsudski - Builder of Poland (1936), posted on Internet Archive |
| Politics | general |
Political Resources on the Net : Poland;
Governments on the WWW : Poland;
For the Record 2000 : Poland, from UN Human Rights System;
Article Politics of Poland, from Wikipedia The History of the Communist Movement in Poland .. by Zbigniew Wiktor |
| Foreign Policy |
S. Askenazy, W.J. Rose, Dantzig & Poland (1921), posted on Internet Archive W. Lutoslawski, Bolshevism and Poland (1919), posted on Internet Archive R. Umaiastowski, Russia, Poland and Great Britain 1941-1945 (1946), posted on Internet Archive |
| Military |
see here Category : Military History of Poland, from Wikipedia Orders, Decorations and Medals of Poland, from ODM Piotr H. Rosicki, Case Studies : The Katyn Massacres of 1940, from Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence |
| Economy & Finances |
A Global History of Currencies : Poland Article Economy of Poland, from Wikipedia Polish state finance, 1576-1717, from ESFDB Economic History and Economy of Poland, by Thayer Watkins; Polish Economic History, from OK Economics The History of the Warsaw Stock Exchange Articles Wieliczka Salt Mine, from Wikipedia; Mining in Poland, from Global Info Mine; Coal Mining in Upper Silesia & Heavy Industry under Communism, from Polish Site History of Stocznia Gdansk (shipyard) Polish Pub Guide : Beer - Brewing Industry - History, from European Beer Guide; The History of Polish Vodka : Its Origin, Name and Distillation, by Marian Hanik A History of the Calisia Piano Maker (Kalisz), from UK Piano Page Article Polski Fiat 125p, from Wikipedia Janusz K. Tanas, Perspective of Polish Business : a Historical Snapshot (2003) Poland, from European Textile Network (lists historical sites) J. Frejlich, Fundamental conditions of the economic independence of Poland (1918), posted on Internet Archive |
| Social History |
Th. Bach, Education in Poland (1923), posted on Internet Archive |
| Ethnography |
Languages of Poland (12), from Ethnologue Article Kashubians, from Wikipedia World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Poland F. Bujak, The Jewish Question in Poland (1919), posted on Internet Archive A.L. Goodhart, Poland and the Minority Races (1920), posted on Internet Archive I. Cohen, A Report on the Pogroms in Poland (1919), posted on Internet Archive Article : Armenians in Poland, from Wikipedia Tatars : Poland's Muslim Minority, from Krakow Post 2007 |
| Religion |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses - Poland, from Kirken i Norge Virtual Jewish History Tour : Poland, from Jewish Virtual Library; Poland, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project Category Religion in Poland, from Wikipedia Panewniki Franciskanie (Polish language page of the Franciscan Order, Province Polonia); Ordo Fratrum Minorum, scroll down for Polonia E. Kneifel, Geschichte der Evangelisch-Augsburgischen Kirche in Polen Article : Armenians in Poland, from Wikipedia Tatars : Poland's Muslim Minority, from Krakow Post 2007 |
| History of Regions |
Articles Silesia : History;
History of Pomerania;
West Prussia : History;
Masovia;
Voivodships, Counties of Poland, from www.statoids.com |
| Local History |
History of Warsaw, from e-warsaw, from
Wikipedia History of Cracow (Krakow), from Wikipedia History of Wroclaw (Breslau), from Wroclaw Life, from Wikipedia History of Gdansk (Danzig) see at this site History of Szczecin (Stettin), from Wikipedia History of Torun (Thorn), from Wikipedia History of Poznan, from Wikipedia History of Lublin, from Wikipedia |
| Institutions |
History of Broadcasting in Poland, from The Broadcast Archive;
Article Radio Polonia,
Telewizja Polska, from Wikipedia History of the University of Krakow, from Wikipedia History of Rail Transport in Poland, from Wikipedia List of Waterways : Poland, from Wikipedia Poland, from Airline History Structurae : Poland; Search Lighthouse Explorer for Poland Poland Index, from Academic Corporations |
| Culture |
Article Polish Language : History, from Wikipedia Article Polish Literature from Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911 edition; Virtual Library of Polish Literature; Polish Literature, links from Slavophilia Article Cinema of Poland, from Wikipedia |
| Biographies |
List of Poles, from Wikipedia;
Biographies of Polish Saints, from Ökumenisches
Heiligenlexikon, in German |
| Others |
Brier, Robert (2002) : Der polnische "Westgedanke" nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (1944-1950). (The Polish "Perception of the West" after WW II),
posted by Virtuelle Fachbibliothek Osteuropa, in German Hölzlwimmer, Laura (2007) : "In wahrer Sorge um das Wohl des Vaterlandes". Die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Staat und katholischer Kirche im stalinistischen Polen als öffentlich ausgetragene Konkurrenz um Vertrauen. ("With Genuine Concern for the Well-Being of the Fatherland". The Confrontations between State and Catholic Church in Stalinist Poland as a Contest for Trust, Conducted in Public), posted by Virtuelle Fachbibliothek Osteuropa, in German Alcohol and Drugs History Society : Poland Freemasonry in Russia and Poland, by Ernest Friedrichs (1908) Category : Disasters in Poland, from Wikipedia Article Poland at the Olympics, Category Sport in Poland, Football in Poland, from Wikipedia Palearctic Ecoregion, from WWF |
| WEB-BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . EXTERNALLY POSTED DOCUMENTS |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon);
from Rulers (B. Schemmel);
from Regnal Chronologies;
from World Rulers (E. Schulz, illustrated) |
| Lists of Ambassadors |
List of Ambassadors from the
United Kingdom to Poland, from Wikipedia;
Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs de France en Pologne, from Ambafrance;
Liste der deutschen Botschafter :
Warschau, from Wikipedia German edition (1931- ) Article : United States Ambassadors to Poland (1922-), from Wikipedia Embajadores de Mexico en Polonia, from Acervo Historico Diplomatico Chinese Ambassadors to Poland, from PRC MOFA |
| Population Figures |
Historical Population Statistics : Poland, from Population Statistics by Jan Lahmeyer Historical Abortion Statistics - Poland, from Johnston's Archive |
| Election Results |
from Psephos (since 1990);
from IFES Election Guide;
from Electoral Geography 2.0 (since 1989) Poland, from Elections and Electoral Systems (links) |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers |
Kranten Historisch [historical newspapers] Life Magazine, 1936-1972, Search for "Poland", search all issues; 1970 Poland articles, GB e-Kolekcja Czasopism Polskich, 27 Polish journals and newspapers published in the 19th and (early) 20th century [up to 1980] |
| Modern Newspapers | links from Online Newspapers, from World Newspapers |
| Online Yearbooks - Poland Entries |
| Newsreels |
| Propaganda Films |
George C. Marshall Motion Pictures |
| Films on History/Society |
Poland Film Archives linked by National Film Preservation Board (U.S.) Filmarchives Online (Europe-wide); National Digital Archive (Poland), Filmoteca Narodowa Article : Cinema of Poland, from Wikipedia Historical Movies by Nation : Poland (previous site has more Swedish history movies than this one) Poland, from Cinema of the World List of Polish Films, from Wikipedia; Poland Film, from IMDb |
| Radio |
National Digital Archives of Poland, has Polish Broadcasting Section of 'Radio Free Europe'. |
| Image Databanks |
National Digital Archives of Poland, has photo collection Wikimedia Commons : Poland License Plates, from Francoplaque, from License Plates of the World Passport, from World Passports Airline Timetable Images : Poland |
| Archival Deposits |
Poland Documents, from Central Archive for the History of the
Jewish People, Jerusalem Register of the Commission for Polish Relief Records, 1939-1949, at Hoover Institution Hoover Institution, scroll down for Poland Search CIA Released Documents for Poland Guide to the Hoover Institution Archives 1980, GB ; search for Poland Monthly Reports about the Development in Poland 1955-1965, from Vifa Ost Nationaalarchief (NL) : Inventaris van het archief van het Gezantschap in Polen (Warschau), (1913) 1945-1954 (1955) |
| Constitutions, Laws |
List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Poland, from
ILO,
84 docs. since 1934 Internet Law Library : Poland Verfassungen Polens (Constitutions of Poland), from Verfassungen.eu, in German |
| Treaties | General Treaty Collections |
| Bilateral Treaty Collections |
Category : Treaties of Poland, from Wikipedia |
| Document Collections |
Internet Museum of the Polish People's Republic Foreign Office (British) : Peace Handbooks (1919-1920), posted on Internet Archive; v. 8. Poland and Finland, no. 43-48 FOIA Electronic Reading Room; here description of their Fonds pertaining to Poland, from European History Primary Sources, Virtual Library History Skarby Dziedzictwa Narodowego (Treasures of National Heritage) Making the History of 1989 : Poland |
| Historical Maps |
click here |
|
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
General |
Articles Poland,
Breslau,
Byelostok,
Cracow,
Danzig,
Elbing,
Kattowitz,
Liegnitz,
Lodz,
Lublin,
Posen,
Stettin,
Thorn,
Warsaw, from EB 1911 Article Polen, Beuthen, Bialystok, Breslau, Danzig, Elbing, Gleiwitz, Gnesen, Kattowitz, Krakau, Liegnitz, Lodz, Lublin, Posen, Stettin, Thorn, Tschenstochow Warschau, from Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885-1892, in German |
| Religious |
Articles Cracow,
Danzig,
Galicia,
Posen,
Silesia,
Warsaw, from Jewish Encyclopedia 1901-1906 Article Poland, Gnesen-Posen, Cracow, Kielce, Breslau, Tarnow, Plock, Culm, Ermland, from Catholic Encyclopedia 1907-1914 edition |
| Economic |
| Geographical |
| Historical |
| Parliamentary Debates |
| Tour Guides, Travelogues |
| Institutions | Archives |
Repositories of Primary Sources : Europe : Poland, from
Univ. of Idaho. Mostly Archive Webpages, 43 entries Historical Research in Europe, listing of archives; click Atlas Search, Poland, 191 entries Foreign Ministry Archives Services of the European Union Member States : Poland, from Consilium Europa State Archives in Poland |
| Musea | Lists, Links |
Category : Museums in Poland, from Wikipedia ICOM : Museums in Poland |
| Musea | Museum Websites |
Memorial and Museum
Auschwitz-Birkenau National Museum in Krakow Historical Museum of Warsaw Museums in Wroclaw |
| Monuments |
Category : Monuments and memorials in Poland,
from Wikipedia UNESCO World Heritage Site, List (search for Poland), Tentative Lists : Poland Poland Index, from Showcaves, has historical mines |
| Libraries |
Libraries in Poland, from LibDex, 31 entries History of the Polish National Library, from The European Library Article : National Library of Poland, from Wikipedia |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag, from FOTW; Coat of Arms, from
International Civic Heraldry;
National Anthem, from National Anthems Net |
| Coins, Banknotes |
Banknotes of Poland, from World Currency Museum, from
Ron Wise's World Currency Museum Catalog of Polish Banknotes, site in Polish/German Poland Coins, from Don's World Coin Gallery |
| Stamps |
Rare Poland,
Polish Levant,
Polish States Stamps, from Sandafayre Stamps Gallery;
Poland Stamps 1860-1918, from Stamps Catalogue 1840-1920 by Evert Klaseboer |
| Others |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| Bibliographies | general |
Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
(Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies), keywords Polen, Poland (site in German, most titles listed in English;
hundreds of entries; publications mostly since 1970) Search ISBN Database for Poland RHS Bibliography, search for Polen |
| on Poland |
Books on Genocide and Related Topics in Polish, from Prevent Genocide |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus |
| on Poland |
Central and Eastern European Online Library Virtual Library Eastern Europe, maintained in Germany, most sources in German National Digital Library, Poland Kujawsko-Pomorska Digital Library, Silesian Digital Library, Lower Silesian Digital Library, Polish Federation of Digital Libraries |
| Online Journals | full text online |
|
Table of Contents Online |
Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung
1952-, in German |
| Historiography |
Article : Polish Historiography, by E. Domanska, pp.720-723, in vol.2 of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 [G] |
| On Central, Eastern Europe |
Adrian Webb, The Longman Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919, London etc.: Longman 2002 [G] |
| General Accounts |
M.B. Biskupski, The History of Poland, Westport : Greenwood 2000, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 943.8 B622t Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Poland, an illustrated History, NY : Hippocrene 2000, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 943.8 P746p Article Poland, in Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, Vol.25 pp.930-957; KMLA Lib. Call Sign R 032 B862n v.25 Enno Meyer, Grundzüge der Geschichte Polens (Main Features of Polish History), Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft 1977 [G] Manfred Hellmann, Daten der Polnischen Geschichte (Dates in Polish History), München : dtv 1985 [G] Norman Davies, Heart of Europe. A Short History of Poland, Oxford : UP (1984) 1986 [G] Norman Davies, God's Playground. A History of Poland, Vol.II : 1795 to the Present, NY : Columbia UP revised edition (1979) 2005, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 943.8 D255g |
| Specific Topics |
Eric P. Kelly, The Land and People of Poland, Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott, (1943) revised ed. 1964 [G] R.F. Leslie (ed.), The History of Poland since 1863, Cambridge : UP (1980) 1989 [G] Poland, pp.106-116, in : Derek H. Aldcroft, Europe's Third World. The European Periphery in the Interwar Years. Leicester : UP 2006, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 940.09724 A357e Padraic Kennedy, Rebuilding Poland. Workers and Communists 1945-1950, Ithaca etc.: Cornell UP 1997, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 38.9438 K36r Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation 1939-1944, NY : Hppocrene (1990) revised edition 2005, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 940.53 L955f |
| Local, Regional History |
Zdzislaw Zygulski, Cracow, an Illustrated History, NY : Hippocrene 2001, KMLA Lib. Call Sign 943.86 Z99c |
| Historical Atlas |
W. Czaplinski, T. Ladogorski, The Historical Atlas of Poland, Wroclaw : State Cartographic Publishers 1986 [G] |
| Historical Dictionary |
George Sanford, Adriana Gozdecka-Sanford, Historical Dictionary of Poland, Scarecrow 1994, KMLA Lib. Call Sign R 943.6 S224h |
