 |
| Literature on the History of South East Asia |
| Singapore |
 |
 |
 |
Indonesia |
|
|
| Literature on the History of South East Asia |
| Singapore |
|
|
|
Indonesia |
|
1942-1945
The Malay peninsula had a very peculiar political structure, consisting of the Straits Settlements - Penang,
Malacca, Singapore, British colonies, the Federated Malay States - Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Pahang - and the Unfederated Malay States - Kedah, Johore, Kelantan, Trengganu, Perlis, all of which were, politically and economically,
more or less tied with Britain. Together they were one of the world's leading producers of both tin and natural rubber. The country was dominated by the ethnic Malayans, but was home to a large Chinese minority, for the most part brought in by the British to work the plantations and mines. In December 1941 / January 1942 the Japanese easily occupied the peninsula, to stay until the end of the war. The Japanese were interested in securing the peninsula's natural resources. The northern principalities of Perlis, Kedah, Upper Perak, Kelantan and Trengganu were annexed by Thailand. Japanese occupation resulted in food shortage, rationing, inflation, factors which in turn caused a partially voluntary, partially enforced migration of urban, mainly Chinese, into the countryside, greatly increasing the number of squatters. Blaming the Malayan Chinese for having supported China during the Sino-Japanese War (since 1937), Japanese authorities in February 1942 launched a pogrom against the Chinese (Sook Ching Massacre), in the course of which several 10,000 persons were killed. Resistance emerged, developing along ethnic lines, the most significant organization being the MPAJA (Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army; Chinese-dominated). At the end of the war, the northern principalities' independence was restored; the MPAJA moved to punish collaborators; as the latter were mainly Malays, the relation between Chinese and Malays became tense. The cession of the northern 4 Malay states to Thailand and the placement of the remainder - disregarding the previous status (Federated Malay States, Unfederated Malay States, Straits Settlements) under a common administration had created a Japanese-occupied Malaya with an ethnic Chinese population majority. The Japanese pursued a policy of ethnic discrimination, the ethnic Chinese being treated the worst, the Malay, comparatively, the most lenient, the ethnic Indians somewhere in-between. The Malay peninsula was rich in rubber and tin, which, for Japan were of little interest as both resources were not in short supply. Malaya was of strategic value, for it provided access to the vital oil fields of Sumatra, and because of Singapore's naval base. |
|
1946-1957
Administration .
Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, a British Military Administration was installed. It was terminated in March 1946. The former
Straits Settlements except for Singapore, the Cocos Islands and Christmas Island, the Federated Malay States and
Unfederated Malay States were joined to form the Malayan Union. The Malayan Union permitted the indigenous monarchs political authority only in matters of religion, and granted citizenship to anyone born in Malaya, a statute which was criticized by ethnic Malays. The unpopular Union was dissolved in 1948, replaced by the Malayan Federation. A Federal Legislative Council was formed in 1954, with 52 of the 100 seats elected, the remainder appointed by the High Commissioner. State elections were held in 1954, with the Alliance emerging as the strongest force. From 1955, the Federation of Malaya enjoyed a degree of political autonomy. Chief minister was Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj (UMNO). The Emergence of Political Parties . The Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) had been founded in Singapore in 1930, appealing to Malayans of Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnicity. Its aim was to overcome colonialism and ultimately to establish a multiethnic Communist society. During the Japanese occupation the CPM organized active resistance. Because the majority of her members were ethnic Chinese, the community of ethnic Chinese in Malaya suffered worse treatment at the hands of the Japanese, than did Malaya's other ethnicities. When the British returned, and Malaya - unlike India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma - by 1948 was not released into independence, the Malayan National Liberation Army, an organization founded and controlled by the CPM, fought the British in what is known as the Malayan emergency. The United Malay National Organisation (UMNO) was established in 1946, the Malayan Chinese Association (pro-KMT) in 1949, the Malayan Indian Congress in 1946. In 1952, UMNO and the MCA formed the Alliance, which in 1955 was joined by the MIC. The Alliance won state elections in 1954. Inter-Ethnic Relations . According to the 1947 census, the Federation of Malaya had 4.9 million inhabitants, of whom 49.5 % were Malays, 38.4 % Chinese, 10.8 Indians and Pakistanis (BBoY 1958). The concern of UMNO was to shape an independent Malaya / Malaysia which ensured an ethnic Malay majority, which was threatened if one contemplated the inclusion of Singapore. The political allegiance of Malaya's ethnic Chinese community was split in the supporters of the more conservative MCA and in the supporters of the CPM. Inter-racial relations were affected by the structure of Malaya's economy, as most non-British businesses were owned by ethnic Chinese. Malaya's Chinese in 1948 were treated as immigrant residents, denied the right to vote, and the right to own land. The Malayan Emergency . Drawing on the support of Malaya's poor Chinese, the Malayan National Liberation Army in 1948 launched a campaign of guerilla warfare. In 1951 the MNLA succeeded in assassinating the High Commissioner, Henry Gurney. The British authorities in 1951 began a campaign for the hearts and minds of the Malays, providing food and medical aid; the Chinese were given the right to vote and to own land. Military patrols limited the actions of the MNLA. Australian troops arrived in 1955. When the Federation of Malaya was granted independence in 1957, the MNLA lost its raison d'etre. The last skirmish was fought in 1958, with the remnants of the MNLA, which did not surrender, crossing into Thailand. The emergency was declared ended in 1960. The Economy . In 1946, Malaya produced 435,000 metric tons of rice, in 1957 799,000 metric tons (IHS pp.194, 200). In 1946, Malaya produced 410,000 metric tons of rubber, in 1957 648,000 metric tons (IHS p.260). In 1946, Malaya produced 8,600 metric tons of tin ore, in 1957 60,200 metric tons (IHS p.398). In 1950, Malaya produced 70,000 metric tons of refined tin, in 1957 72,000 metric tons (IHS p.434). Social History . When Malaya was again placed under British administration, the country's infrastructure and economy had suffered. Food shortage, inflation, war damage and diseases posed problems. Efforts by the administration to improve the situation were complicated by inter-ethnic strife and by the Malayan Emergency. On the other hand, the Malayan Emergency caused the British to launch the hearts and minds campaign, wich, by handing out food, providing medical care and by improving the status of the Chinese, resulted in improvements for many Malayans. Cultural History . In 1953 the Federation of Malaya Olympic Council was established (the Malayan N.O.C.), and recognized by the IOC in 1954; Malaysian athletes participated in the Summer Olympics in Melbourne 1956, but not in those held in Rome in 1960. 1957-1963 Administration . In 1957 the Malayan Federation became independent and Tunku Abdul Rahman its first prime minister. The Federation consisted of all the Malay states on the peninsula, but did not include Singapore, which, like Sarawak and British North Borneo, remained British. The 1959 elections were won by the Alliance, a predecessor of Barisan Nasional. Foreign Policy . The Federation of Malaya was admitted to the UN in 1957. An Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement as signed in 1957. In 1961 the Tunku proposed the formation of a wider federation called Malaysia which would include Sarawak and Sabah (North Borneo), then still under British administration. As Indonesia's President Sukarno was openly hostile to independent Malaya and the British colonies and protectorates in the region and planned the annexation of all of them, Britain supported the Malaysia plan; in 1963 the Federation of Malaysia was founded, British colonial rule in Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah (former British North Borneo) terminated. Domestic Issues . The 1957 constitution declared Bahasa Malaysia national language. Ethnically Chinese residents (who made up a considerable part of the population and were vital to the country's economy) had to pass a difficult language test if they wanted to acquire Malaya's citizenship. The Malaysian Emergency (Communist insurgency) was contained by 1960. The Economy . The Malayan Federation was the world's leading producer of rubber and tin. The country's ethnic Chinese minority was firmly in control of the economy; most of the country's majority Malays were regarded as poor. In 1957, Malaya produced 799,000 metric tons of rice, in 1963 1,0 million metric tons (IHS p.200). Social History . According to the 1947 census, the Federation of Malaya had 4.9 million inhabitants, of whom 49.5 % were Malays, 38.4 % Chinese, 10.8 Indians and Pakistanis (BBoY 1958). Historical Atlas, Malaya Page (1895-1963) |
| Country Profiles |
from Wikipedia |
| Links | General |
from Library of Congress, Portals to the World;
from BUBL;
from dmoz;
Links on Malaysia (chapter on M. History) from
Univ. Oregon, Asian Studies List of Malaysia-related Topics, from Wikipedia Virtual Library Malaysia Category : Federation of Malaya, from Wikipedia |
| on History |
from Virtual Library Malaysia;
from Univ. Oregon, Asian Studies |
| Historical Dictionaries |
N.B. Dennys, A Descriptive Dictionary of British Malaya 1894, IA |
| Timelines |
from BBC News,
from timelines.ws;
from geographia.com;
another one from Malaysia Stall |
| Accounts of History |
Sejarah Melayu. A History of the Malay Peninsula, from malaya.org.uk History of Malaysia, from World Travel Guide, from Asian Info, Lonely Planet Article : History of Malaysia, from Wikipedia; from Crime and Society. A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World (Robert Winslow) Diane K. Mauzy, From Malay Nationalism to a Malaysian Nation ?, Ch.3 pp.45-70 in L.W. Barrington (ed.), After Independence : Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States, 2006 Global Security : Malaysia History : 1942-1945 - Japanese Occupation, 1945-1963 - The Creation Of Malaysia |
| Politics |
H. Miller, The Communist Menace in Malaya (1954), posted on
Internet Archive M. Rudner, The Structure of Government in the Colonial Federation of Malaya, Southeast Asian Studies 1976, posted by Sejarah Melayu Malaya : The Party System in 1950-1955 and 1956-1962, in : Kenneth Janda, Political Parties : A Cross-National Survey Articles Malayan Union, Federation of Malaya, Malayan Communist Party, UMNO, Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malayan Chinese Association, Malayan Indian Congress, from Wikipedia History of Public Service in Malaysia, anonymous, n.d. |
| Military |
Wars affecting the Malay Peninsula, until 1963 (at this site) Wars of Malaysia, 1800-1999, from ACED Article Military History of Malaysia, from Wikipedia Category : Malayan Emergency, from Wikipedia Article : Malayan Races Liberation Army, from Wikipedia The Psychological Warfare Section : Federation of Malaya, from psywar.org (doc) R.J. Isaacs, Psychological Warfare in the Federation of Malaya NZ and the Malayan Emergency, from New Zealand History Online CASCON Case MAE : Malayan Emergency 1948-1960, by L.P. Bloomfield, L. Moulton The War against Sukarno. Borneo, Brunei and Sarawak 1962-1966, from Britain's Small Wars 1945-2001 C.B. Kheng, The Communist Insurgency in Malaysia, 1948-90: Contesting the Nation-State and Social Change, New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 11, 1 (June 2009): pp.132-152 The Virgin Soldiers. Malaya 1948-1960, from Britain's Small Wars 1945-2001 Lim Choo Hoon, The Battle of Pasir Panjang Revisited, from Pointer, Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces Jan. 2002 |
| Economy & Finances |
A Global History of Currencies :
Malaysia History, from Bursa Malaysia; from Wikipedia Article Malaysian Ringgit, from Wikipedia Economic History of Malaysia, from Economic History Encyclopedia Category Economic History of Malaysia, from Wikipedia Tin Mining in Malaysia - Present and Future, from TED Case Studies; Tin Tales from the Past, from Malaysia up Close The Story of Malaysian Natural Rubber, from Malaysian Rubber Board Search Company History, Funding Universe : Company Histories for Malaysia Company Histories : Petronas, Malaysian Airlines, Sime Darby Berhad, Malayan Banking Berhad, PPB Group, from Funding Universe icapitaleducation, Malaysia's Economic History 1800-1920, 1920-1941, Great Depression, 1945-1963, 1957-1970 pt.1, pt.2, pt.3, pt.4, pt.5, pt.6, pt.7 The Economics of the Second World War in Southeast Asia, by Greg Huff |
| Social History |
C. Hirschmann, Educational Patterns in Colonial Malaya, Comparative Education Review vol.16 no.3 Oct. 1972 pp.486-502 Alcohol and Drugs History Society : Malaysia Malaysia : History of Philanthropy, from Philanthropy and the Third Sector in Asia and the Pacific Crime and Society. A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World : Malaysia S.P. Yeoh et al., Urbanization and Urban Growth during Colonial Rule and Independence in Peninsular Malaysia, Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs vol.14 no.1 1980 T.R. Fennell, Commitment to change : a history of Malayan educational policy, 1945-1957 ? , thesis Univ. of Hawaii 1968 |
| Ethnography |
Languages of Malaysia (141), from Ethnologue Minorities at Risk, scroll down for Malaysia - Chinese, East Indians World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples : Malaysia World Huaren Federation, Malaysian Chinese |
| Religion |
Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Malaysia, from Kirken i Norge Category Religion in Malaysia, from Wikipedia Article History of the Jews in Malaysia, from Wikipedia; Malaysia, from International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project Catholic Church in Malaysia, from GCatholic C.R. Yeoh, Malaysia, Truly Asia ? Religious Pluralism in Malaysia J. Roxborogh, An outline history of Christianity in Malaysia C.R. Yeoh, Malaysia, Truly Asia ? Religious Pluralism in Malaysia Nalanda, Buddhism in Malaysia Malaysia Hindudharma Mamandram, Hinduism in Malaysia |
| History of Regions |
see History of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan,
Labuan, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan,
Pahang, Perak, Perlis,
Selangor, Trengganu at this site States of Malaysia, Districts of Malaysia, from www.statoids.com |
| Local History |
History of Kuala Lumpur, from Kiat.Net; from
Wikipedia History of Ipoh, from Wikipedia; History of Malacca (Melaka), from Wikipedia; History of Penang (Pulau Pinang), from Wikipedia; History of Kuching, from Wikipedia |
| Institutions |
History, from Bursa Malaysia;
from Wikipedia Article University of Malaya, from Wikipedia Radio Televisyen Malaysia, from Wikipedia Keretapi Tanah Melayu (Malaysia Railways), from Wikipedia Malaya, Malaysia, from Airline History Structurae : Malaysia; Search Lighthouse Depot for Malaysia EngRailHistory, The Development of Malaya. A Line that Brought Prosperity to the Jungle |
| Culture |
Online books on History of Malaysian architecture, from ArchNet Malaysia, from UK Food Online, a culinary history of Malaysia Article Malaysia at the Olympics, from Wikipedia |
| Biographies |
List of Malaysians, from Wikipedia |
| Environmental History |
Indo-Malayan Ecoregion, from WWF Disaster History by Country : Malaysia, from Relief Web; Category Disasters in Malaysia, from Wikipedia |
| Others |
Malaysia Directory, from Peace Corps Online |
| Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
from World Statesmen (B. Cahoon);
from Rulers (B. Schemmel);
from Regnal Chronologies;
from World Rulers (E. Schulz, illustrated) |
| Lists of Ambassadors |
List of High Commissioners from the
United Kingdom to Malaya, from Wikipedia; Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs (de France en Malaisie), from
Ambafrance;
Liste der Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), from
Wikipedia
German edition U.S. Ambassadors to Malaysia, from NNDB; Heads of Post : Malaysia, from MOFA Canada List of High Commissioners from New Zealand to Malaya, from Wikipedia |
| Statistical Data | Population Figures |
Historical Population Statistics : Malaysia, from Population Statistics (J. Lahmeyer) |
| Election Results |
Article : Elections in Malaysia,
Malayan General Election 1959, from Wikipedia |
| Documents | Historical Newspapers |
The History of Malaysia, from World History Archives |
| Modern Newspapers | links from Online Newspapers, from World Newspapers |
| Online Yearbooks |
| Newsreels |
British Pathe Wochenschau-Archiv (in German) Archief Beeld en Geluid : Polygoon (in Dutch) |
| Image Databanks |
Sejarah Melayu Gallery Malaysia Design Archive Wikimedia Commons License Plates, from Francoplaque, from License Plates of the World Historic Picture Postcards, from Postcardman, commercial site Airline Timetable Images : Malaysia Locomotives of the Malayan Railway, by Tim Light |
| Propaganda Leaflets |
British/Malay Government anti-Communist Terrorist Propaganda Leaflets, 1948-1960, posted by www.psywar.org |
| Archival Deposits |
Digital Library Malaysia National Archives (UK) U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, search for Malaysia Search Janus for Malaya, Malaysia, Straits Settlements, Sarawak, North Borneo etc. |
| Constitutions |
Malayan Constitution of 1957, from Wikipedia |
| Laws |
Federation of Malaya Independence Act (1957), from
The UK Statute Law Database Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposal 1957, from CPPS; Report of the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Commission 1957, from MCA Malaysian Legislation Database (1914-) Digital Library Malaysia, click "Parliament" International Law Library : Malaysia List of Ratifications of International Labour Conventions by Malaya/Malaysia, from ILO, 15 docs. since 1957 |
| Treaties |
Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Bilateral Agreements (lists titles) Australian Treaty Series : Bilateral Treaties - Malaysia Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Mofa, NL ; enter "Maleisie" in field : "Lijst samenstellen op land of regio", 3 entries; sources posted in Dutch language United Nations Treaty Series, search for Malaya |
| Historiography |
| Document Collections |
Search CIA Released Documents for Malaya |
| Historical Maps |
Maps, from Sejarah Melayu Gallery click WHKMLA Historical Atlas, Malaya Page Maps of Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei, posted by Mapas Imperiales, scans, scroll down for Indonesia, Malasia y Brunei |
| Parliamentary Debates |
Hansard (British Parliament) Hansard Parlimen Malaysia 1959- |
| Tour Guides |
| Travelogues |
| Institutions | Archives |
National Archives of Malaysia;
Repositories of Primary Sources : Asia : Malaysia, from Univ. of Idaho. Mostly Archive Webpages, 8 entries UNESCO Archives Portal : National Archives Asia Pacific, has one entry for Malaysia (Nov. 13th 2006), scroll down; UNESCO Archives Portal : State and Regional Archives, Asia-Pacific Malaysia, 1 entry |
| Musea | Lists, Links |
Museums in Malaysia |
| Musea | Museum Websites |
| Monuments |
Tentative Lists : Malaysia,
World Heritage List, scroll down for Malaysia, from UNESCO World Heritage Malaysia Index, from Showcaves |
| Libraries |
Libraries in Malaysia, from LibDex |
| National Symbols | Flags, Coats of Arms |
Flag, from FOTW |
| Coins, Banknotes |
Banknotes of Malaya;
Malaya and British North Borneo,
Malaysia (attached Sarawak, British North Borneo);
from Ron Wise's World Paper Money; from Zeno Banknotes of Malaya, Malaya & British Borneo, Malaysia, from World Currency Museum |
|
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND PRINT SOURCES Bibliographies . Online Libraries . Thesis Servers . Online Journals . General Accounts . Specific Topics . Historical Dictionaries . Statistical Data . Yearbooks |
| Bibliographies | general |
Datenbasis Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
(Data Base on International Relations and Country Studies) (site in German, most titles listed in English;
numerous entries; publications mostly since 1970) RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database DBNG . |
| on Malaysia |
Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (MBRAS) Malaysia Women's Studies Bibliography, from UC Berkeley Library NNDB Bibliography Malaysia Search Asian Development Bank (ADB) Publications for Malaysia ASEAN Environmental Education Inventory Database, resources, scroll down for Malaysia Food and Culture (a bibliography), by R.T. Dirks, click on South East Asia Books on Malaysia, from Orchid Press South East Asia Dissertations, click Malaysia Malaysia, from The Online Books Page |
| booksellers |
Nutmeg Publications. Malaysian Heritage Publications Books on Malaysia, from Orchid Press mymalaysiabooks |
| Online Libraries | general |
Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus International Boundary Studies, search for Malaysia |
| on Malaysia |
Sejarah Melayu Library Digital Library Malaysia South East Asian Studies, Student Theses, from Ohio University ISEAS Working Papers, Back Issues 2000-2003 |
| Thesis Server |
Open Access Theses and Dissertations Registry of Open Access Repositories, Malaysia Malaysian Theses Online |
| Online Journals |
Directory of Open Access Journals W.S. Tiew, Malaysian Historical Journals (1847-1966): A Bibliometric Study, Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science vol.8 no.1 July 2003: pp.19-43 Search Electronic Journals Online for Thailand Journal of Southeast Asian History 1960-1969, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2009-, from Cambridge Journals Online (require registration) ASEAS (Austrian Journal of South East Asian Studies), open access, 2008- Asia Insights, from NIAS, 2002- Southeast Asian Studies 1963-, mostly in Japanese Explorations, 1997- Graduate Student Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, CSEAS, Univ. of Hawaii |
| Historiography |
Article : Malay Historical Writing, by E.U. Kraatz, pp.585-589, in vol.2 of A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, NY 1998 [G] |
| General Accounts | on SE Asia |
Nicholas Tarling, The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, 4 vol.s, Cambridge : UP (1992) 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign. 959 T188c |
| on Malaysia |
Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard V. Andaya, A History of Malaysia, Honolulu : Univ. of Hawai'i Press 2001, KMLA Lib.Sign. 959.5 A 543h Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, Macropaedia, Vol.27, pp.745-755 Article Southeast Asia : Malaysia KMLA Lib.Sign. R 032 B862h v.27 |
| Specific Topics |
Kumar Ramakrishna, Emergency Propaganda. The Winning of Malayan Hearts and Minds 1948-1958, Padstow : Curzon 2002 Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore Story, 1999, 680 pp., memoirs of Singaporean PM until 1965, has chapter on Japanese occupation The Conquest of Malaya, in : Jasper H. Stembridge, The Oxford War Atlas Volume II, 1 September 1941 to 1 January 1943, Oxford : UP 1943 [G] |
| Historical Dictionaries |
Amarjit Kaur, Historical Dictionary of Malaysia, Lanham Md. : Scarecrow, 2nd edition 2001 Articles : Sabah pp.465-467, Sarawak pp.487-489, in : James Minahan, Nations without States, A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements, Westport CT : Greenwood 1996 [G] |
| Statistical Data |
IHS : B.R. Mitchell, International Historical Statistics. Africa, Asia & Oceania 1750-2000, London : Palgrave 2003 [G] |
| Yearbook Entries | Britannica Book of the Year |
Federated Malay States, 1944 p.281, 1945, pp.282-283, 1946, p.308 [G] Straits Settlements, 1944 p.664, 1945 pp.663-664, 1946 p.702 [G] Unfederated Malay States, 1944 p.706, 1945 p.706, 1946 pp.744-745 [G] Malayan Union and Singapore, 1947 pp.474-475, 1948 pp.457-458, Malaya (Federation of) and Singapore, 1949 pp.404-405, 1950 pp.427-428, 1951 pp.437-438, 1952 pp.440-442, Malaya, Federation of, 1953 pp.434-435, 1954 p.439, 1955 pp.481-482, 1956 pp.417-418, Malaya (Federation of) and Singapore, 1957 pp.479-480, Malaya, Federation of, 1958 p.420, 1959 pp.415-416, 1960 pp.409-410, 1961 pp.414-415, 1962 pp.414-415, 1963 pp.537-538, Malaysia, 1964 pp.529-531, 1965 pp.513-514 [G] |
| Statesman's Year-Book |
Federated Malay States, 1943 pp.188-191 [G] Malay States not included in the Federation, 1943 pp.191-194 [G] Straits Settlements, 1943 pp.182-188 [G] Malaya, 1961-1962 pp.224-231 |
| (New) Int'l Yearbook | British Malaya 1947 pp.105-106 |
| Americana Annual |
Malaya, British, 1943 pp.448-450, 1944 pp.423-424 [G] British Malaya, 1945 pp.115-117, 1946 pp.124-126 [G] British Malaya 1947 pp.101-103, 1950 pp.90-91, 1951 pp.88-90, 1952 pp.89-91, 1953 pp.87-88, 1954 p.88, Malaya, Federation of 1954 pp.425-426, 1957 pp.472-473, 1958 pp.459-461, 1959 pp.432-433, 1960 pp.449-450, 1961 pp.442-444, 1962 pp.452-453, 1963 pp.406-407, Malaysia, 1964 pp.402-406, 1965 pp.438-439 |
| Other | Article : British Malaya, in : Funk & Wagnall's New Standard Encyclopedia Year Book 1946 pp.82-83; Malaya, Federation of 1952 p.251, British Malaya 1961 pp.192-193 [G] |
